– this Essay is between 1375 to 1500 words
– 5 pages
– 11 to 12 references
– referencing style is Harvard style not apa
– the time limit is 4 days
– the time limit i said 4 days but there is another one day for correction if the writer write differing things or any mistake in referencing style …etc
– below are the instruction from the course coordinator regarding to this essay and the writer has to read them all carefully to know well what are needed
the instruction is : To evaluate the pharmacological effect and mechanism of action of the given test compound ATROPINE on the contractility of isolated guinea pig ileum using a range of agonistic substances (acetylcholine, carbachol, methacholine, histamine, and barium chloride).
• Find information about these drug substances in regards to their pharmacological action and mechanism of action on intestinal smooth muscle before proceeding with the experiments.
• Continue with the experiments as explained in the previous sections.
• You will need to think about explanation for observed
– below is the whole instructions of this essay
VIRTUAL EXPERIMENT ASSIGNMENT Background and Aim:
This virtual experiment is to characterise drugs that can affect the contractility of the guinea pig ileum smooth muscle using the simulated program “Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum”. Students will be provided a copy of the simulation program to work at their own pace for this assignment. Students need to click on the file Start.exe in the folder to open the program. The aim of this assignment activity is to provide an opportunity for you to design and perform experiments to evaluate the pharmacological effect and mechanism of action of the given test compound (assume as unknown sample) on the contractility of isolated guinea pig ileum following a systematic drug evaluation procedure.
Experimental Setup:
The software simulates an experimental setup on an isolated piece (about 2 cm) of guinea pig ileum removed from a freshly killed guinea pig and suspended in warmed and aerated physiological solution called Tyrode’s solution. The tissue is carefully suspended in an organ bath with the bottom end of the tissue fixed and the top end attached to a freely moving isotonic lever which is in turn connected to a transducer. The lever responds to the contractions of the longitudinal muscle in the ileum and the resulting movement is converted into an electrical signal by the transducer. The electrical signals are then sent to a chart recorder which displays the signals as a trace. The organ bath is kept at a constant temperature of 37C by means of a water jacket which circulates water at the required temperature. A variety of drugs are added into the organ bath to observe the effect on intestinal contractility. The set up also allows examining how antagonists can interfere with agonists at tissue level.
Experimental Procedure:
• When performing experiments in which you are finding the effect of agonists on guinea pig ileum, it is essential that the length of time tissue is exposed to an agonist is same for all agonists tested.
o In this simulation, the length of time that the guinea pig ileum is being exposed to an agonist is set at 30 seconds.
• When finding the response of the ileum to an agonist, the ileum is exposed to several concentrations of the agonist which are added to the organ bath using a three minute cycle (30 seconds response recording followed by two washouts). It is important to ensure that the ileum is adequately washed and it returns to its original length before any further additions of agonist are made.
• When using antagonists, the tissue has to equilibrate and the time allowed for equilibration has to be the same throughout the experiment.
o In this simulation, the time for the guinea pig ileum to equilibrate with an antagonist is set at 5 minutes.
• When measuring the effect of an antagonist on an agonist, the antagonist is added to the organ bath and left to equilibrate for 5 minutes. The agonist is then added and left for 30 seconds before the organ bath is washed out.
o In this simulation, no need to do washouts. The drug is automatically left in contact with the tissue for 30 seconds. Also, the time between the doses is not
critical, since it is assumed that between doses the tissue has been adequately washed.
Using the Simulation:
• On the homepage of the simulation program, click on the section
“Agonists/Antagonists on Guinea Pig Ileum” and click on “Several Combinations” on screen-5.
• In this experiment, the ileum is exposed to different concentrations of the agonist of interest to construct a dose-response curve. As each concentration is added, a trace as given below can be seen showing how a real piece of ileum would respond.
• When constructing dose-response curves, you need to ensure that you have measured the maximum response (ceiling response) than an agonist can evoke. The dose that produces the maximum response is called ceiling dose.
• Select a sub-maximal agonist dose (usually the penultimate dose to ceiling dose). Reproduce the selected agonist dose and save the recordings (screenshots) for future use.
• Complete constructing dose-response curves for the given list of agonists, select and reproduce a sub-maximal dose for each agonist.
• Now repeat the selected agonist dose in the presence of several concentrations (starting from the lowest) of the given test compound until you think you have sufficient results that you characterise the antagonist.
Your Task:
To evaluate the pharmacological effect and mechanism of action of the given test compound ATROPINE on the contractility of isolated guinea pig ileum using a range of agonistic substances (acetylcholine, carbachol, methacholine, histamine, and barium chloride).
• Find information about these drug substances in regards to their pharmacological action and mechanism of action on intestinal smooth muscle before proceeding with the experiments.
• Continue with the experiments as explained in the previous sections.
• You will need to think about explanation for observed changes. Format:
• The assignment has to be in a scientific report with the following sections.
• Title
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References
• Maximum word limit is 1500 words (main body of the report).
• The assignment must include references according to Harvard Referencing Style.
• Students are advised to familiarise with the detailed marking criteria and standards provided for this assessment task in the Learning Guide.
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