a. is used when a person justifies a course of action because “everyone else is doing it.” This argument is often used when peer pressure (fear of rejection or promise of affection) causes a person to defend their action or inaction.
b. occurs when a person comes to a conclusion about the way things ought to be on the basis of how things are or are assumed to be.
c. occurs when one makes a judgement on the bases of one or even a few samples. This argument is used when a conclusion is made without enough evidence.
d. occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible. There are times when only two options exist. However, when this fallacy does occur, you should ask yourself whether additional options are plausible.
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