8. A formal fallacy is

a. a faulty argument based on intellectual errors.

b. used when a person appeals to the opinions of an expert in a field rather than doing their own research. It is assumed that their conclusions are true based solely on their reputation. It is also used when a person appeals to the authority of a popular, well-liked person, who is respected by the audience, but the person has no real authority on the matter.

c. one that is designed to change the subject.

d. one that seeks a proper conclusion but has insufficient data to support that conclusion.

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