Critical Thinking
Name
Institution
Question 1: Jasper’s assignment will be late
Based on this sentence, an argument would derive regarding the explanation given. First, there would an argument that, all assignment should be delivered on time. In essence, what makes this sentence an argument is that; there is an order imposed concerning assignments being required on time. For that reason, an explanation is given regarding the assignment being late. With this in mind, what makes the sentence an explanation in that; the sentence is a statement, which makes something clear of the assignment being late. In conjunction with this, the statement imposes justification or reason for an action intended to have been done.
Question 2: Linked or convergent
Convergent
The below sentence is a convergent in that, the sentences tends to come together from different directions outlining butler intention of confessing to murder the cook, to his character of lack of loyalty to everyone
The butler has confessed to murdering the cook, but he couldn’t have done it because was out of the country when murder occur, so he must be covering up for someone. The butler has no loyalty to anyone except the gardener, so only person the butler would cover up for is the gardener, and the gardener also had a motive for murdering the cook. So the gardener must have done it.
Linked
The following sentence is linked statement in that; the sentences are connected to each other providing a preview that had occurred previously. There is continuation of sentences explaining why Barbie dolls are bad influence to young girls.
Barbie dolls are a bad influence on young girls, since all their accessories are pink, and that just reinforces gender stereotypes. Also, Barbie dolls promote an unrealistic body image.
Question 3 (Target argument and counterargument or linked or convergent)
Target argument and convergent
The below sentence is a target argument because it specifies fact of how children in NSW are permitted to start in school with those at five years held back. The argument tends to target children in NSW based on the year they should join the school. Additionally, the following sentences tend to be linked attributed on how they are connected to each other. This implies that, it is a continuation of a story.
Some educationalists believe that though children in NSW are permitted to start school when they are four and a half, those who have not yet turned five should be held back until the following year. They argue that many four year olds are not ready for school, and having young children in the year means that there is a very wide range of ages in a class for the teachers to have to deal with. Also, they suggest that sending children early could lead to problems later on, since children who reach puberty much later than their peers may find it difficult to socialise.
Convergent and counterargument
The below paragraph is an example of convergent in that, the story diverts from the effects of sending children early to school to outlining how parents should hold their children back based on the development of the child. In addition, the paragraph represents counterargument in this case presented as a quick move in the paragraph where parents should not hold their children back but, the main idea being, children starting school at specific age.
But parents should not have to hold their child back if they believe the child is ready, since the individual development of the child is more relevant to their readiness than their age, and parents are able to judge the development of their child. And although having a wide range of ages in a class does pose challenges, the fact that there is now such a wide range is as much a result of parents holding their children back longer they need to as it is a matter of sending them early. It should also be noted that children reaching puberty before their peers may have as many difficulties socializing as those who reach puberty later.
Question 4 (Conditional statements)
He likes disco music but he does not like dancing
Disco music is good if there is no dancing.
He does not like dancing but he likes disco music.
Question 5
Students are required to follow teacher instruction despite being wrong or right. While I was helping my teacher to mark exams, I found a sentence that deserved to be wrong and for that reason, the teacher told me to take marks off and since the student was my friend I denied. Denying the necessary condition made me punished particularly when I was asked to take marks off and I said “I won’t take marks off”
Question 6
Conditional argument and invalid
If people spend all the money the Government gives them as part of the economic stimulus package, the government’s action will be vindicated.
The above sentence is a Conditional argument, and for that reason, invalid since, the government only gives people economic stimulus when people spends all the money. In other words, there are conditions for the government to take action.
Valid and sub-argument
But people won’t spend the all the money, because they would only spend all the money if they thought their jobs were secure, and currently they don’t think their jobs are secure. So the Government’s action will not be vindicated.
The above statements are valid because the sentences clearly outline the desired results or the effects. Additionally, statements are sub-argument because it is easier to identify other elements. These include people failing to spend all money, people feeling their jobs are secure and government actions being vindicated.
Question 7
A deductive argument is the argument that the premises offer an assurance of the truth or conclusion. The premises provide support to the conclusion. On the other hand, in the inductive argument, the premises may be so strong unlikely the conclusion. In this case, argument may fail to establish the truth about the conclusion.
A deductive argument
To perform well academically, one requires being adequately prepared and since you have prepared yourself adequately you will do well in the test.
Inductive
The first semester is good for a start; you will do well in the test.
Question 8
The invalid argument with true premises may have a true conclusion if the premises support conclusion. For instance, all ladies are relationship oriented therefore, many tend to be sensitive when it comes to matters of love. The sentence is invalid in that, there is no truth presented in this case on why ladies are relationship oriented but, the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
Linked premises
Love is paramount important in people preparing to be married and because of love, Harry and Harriet will get married.
The above sentence is linked premises because there is connection between love and Harry and Harry getting married.
Convergent
Many people do not opt to be married but, Harry and Harriet will get married.
The above sentence is a convergent because it highlights two subjects one being people not opting for marriage and ironically Harry and Harriet getting married.
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