Human resource planning 

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Executive Summary

The report focuses on the Ford Motor industry in Australia, which is one of the manufacturing sectors that have become successful in the global market. It is an American motorcar company founded by Henry Ford and it is best known in car manufacturing and designing of passenger vehicles. It is located in Geelong near Victoria and South Australia. The report provides diverse factors in Ford Motor industry’s internal environments that one considers when carrying out human resource planning and job design functions including resources, capabilities and management practices. In addition, it talks about the external environment the implication, which they have on Human resource planning processes in the next five years in different ways. It focuses on diverse factors in Ford Motor industry’s external environments that one considers when carrying out human resource planning and job design functions. The factors include economic, physical and technology environmental factors and their implications on the industry. The conclusion gives a brief summary of the internal and external environmental factors. Lastly, it gives a recommendation on what should be done in order to help the Ford Motor industry in manufacturing lower emission vehicles in the future. 

 

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary———————————————————————————-1
2. Table of contents————————————————————————————-2
3. Introduction——————————————————————————————-3

4. Discussion

4.1Internal environment factors——————————————————————–3

4.2 Implications of internal factors on HR planning processes——————————–4

4.3 External environment factors —————————————————————–5

4.4 Implications of internal factors on HR planning processes——————————-6

4. Conclusions——————————————————————————————-7

6.   Recommendations————————————————————————————7

7.  Reference List—————————————————————————————–9

 

 

1.0 Introduction

Ford Motor industry in Australia is one of the manufacturing sectors that have become successful in the global market. It is an American motorcar company, which was founded by Henry Ford in 1903. It is located in Geelong near Victoria and South Australia. It is best known in car manufacturing and designing of passenger vehicles. It has been the major player in the automotive industry for many years in Australia (Park, Erwin and Knapp, 2001 pp 787). It dates back in 1904 but it officially became a Ford nation in 1925. This industry is supported by the supply chain with the capacity of designing and manufacturing full range of vehicle parts (Snell and Bohlander, 2010 pp 27). Although sales dropped considerably, they struggled to be successful through lowering prices to a reasonable price in order to gain market globally. There are more than two hundred automobile component manufactures and most of them are highly internalized. The industry has sophisticated production capacity in diverse parts such as engines, panels, clutch systems, air conditions and many other components. However, the internal and external environmental factors are considered in human resource planning and job designing because they have implications on the business environment.

2. 0 Discussion

2.1 Internal environment factors

There are diverse factors in Ford Motor company’s internal environments that one considers when carrying out human resource planning and job design functions. First, resources are one of the internal factors considered in planning and in job designing. Resources are evaluated in different ways including employees’ capabilities, product portfolio analysis, existing overall brand and the relative cost of the products (Arnold and Pulich, 2007 pp. 26). When all these resources are evaluated, it is easier for managers to plan and determine the requirements needed to support the industry in terms of growth (Gallagher, 2000 pp 62).

Secondly, management is another internal factor that should be taken into consideration in human resource planning and job designing. Many industries perform poorly because of poor management thus management of the industrial products and the resources needs to be evaluated. Lastly, capabilities are another internal factor that should be considered into consideration. Managers should understand that resources are not productive on their own. Thus, capabilities are evaluated through use of functional classification approach. This approach identifies organizational capabilities in relation to each of the principal function areas (Etoundi, Ndjodo, Monessa and Zobo, 2006 pp 611).

2.2 Implication of internal factors on HR planning processes

Internal factors will have diverse implications on human resource planning processes in the next five years. For instance, resources will have an effect on the overall performance of the company. This is because some resources especially the intangible ones are hard to evaluate but they may become more significant over time since they are main source of competitive advantage. Resources such as employee’s capabilities and product qualities are among resources of the company and this determines the performance of the industry (Florjancic and Novak, 2009 pp 12). Another resource that will be impacted is capabilities. Capability in financial management and expertise in strategic control will be affected in case the managers will not evaluate these capabilities and plan a head (Deakin University, 2010 pp 45).

Management is another internal factor and this will be affected in the next five years because the study report indicates that the Ford Motor automation industry is not showing a better improvement. This is because of increased petrol prices. The Ford motor vehicle manufacturer seems to avoid shifting consumer preferences an indication of poor management. Oliver (2009) reveals that the Australia’ automotive industry is vanishing due to poor management. However, the federal government is trying to maintain capacity through investing on the company and encouraging more research on this industry (Price, 2000 pp 124).

2.3 External environment factors

There are diverse factors in Ford Motor automotive industry’s external environments that one considers when carrying out human resource planning and job design functions. First, economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, disposable incomes and energy availability can be taken into consideration. Economic conditions often dictate whether the industry will hire or lay off their workers (Reddy, 2005 pp. 211). hey are critical determinants of economic development and they always influence management of human resource in general. When carrying out human resource plans in automotive industry and job designing, it is crucial to consider the economic factors because these may hinder the performance of the business if not well evaluated (Chermack and Swanson, 2008 pp 134).

Secondly, technological factors can be taken into consideration especially when designing job functions. We live in an extremely competitive age whereby everything done requires use of technology. Technology is vital especially in Ford Motor automotive industry because it is only through technological innovations that this industry can develop new products and services (Guinness, Martin and Nagle, 2009 pp 122). In addition, the use of technology will help them to improve on the existing products thus becoming competitive in the global market. In addition, physical elements especially physical characteristic of the location in which this automation industry is located may hider human resource planning process (Doving and Nordhaug, 2010 pp 300). The living costs vary from one location to another thus may create a significant impact on the compensation workers will expect. Geographic shifts in population may create a change on demand for good s and services and supply of employees in the labor market (Open University, Storey, Salaman, Thomson, 2009 pp 167).

2.4 Implication of external factors on HR planning processes

The external environment exists outside the industry and they will have an implication on Human resource planning processes in the next five years in different ways. First, advanced technology will affect many employees because of the skills needed to perform the task. The technology advancement requires skilled labor to operate the machines thus the semi-skilled labor will be replaced (Cooney, 2010 pp 400). In addition, there will be a reduction in the number of jobs because machines will replace human labor since they perform a specific task within a short period. Technology provides a basis for attaining the productivity and quality needs of the organization. For instance, advancement in computer technology has enabled automotive industry in Australia to take advantage of information explosion. Due to use of computer technology, the industry is now able to keep records properly, store information and control complex equipment. This will lead to better performance in the next five years and increased productivity (Malone et al, 2011 pp 57).

Economic and physical elements of the external environments will have implications on human resource planning process. Economic elements will have an implication in the next five years on human resource planning process and job designing because they have a profound influence on the business (Reddy, 2005 pp 46). For instance, economic recession will limit operations in Ford Motor automotive industry and this will affect the employees and the entire industry. Unemployment will result due to economic recession thus affecting the performance of the industry (Bhattachary, 2004 pp. 23). On the other hand, physical elements will have an effect on the automotive industry because this organization will pay attention to geographical areas where they will recruit skilled workers (Marsden, Kelly and Snell, 2006 pp 27). This will alter the demand for supply of workers in the local job market.

4. Conclusions

Ford Motor Company in Australia is one of the manufacturing sectors that have become successful in the global market. There are diverse factors in Ford Motor automotive industry’s internal environments that one considers when carrying out human resource planning and job design functions including resources, capabilities and management. These major internal environmental factors determine the performance of the industry. In addition, the external factors such as economic, technology and physical environmental factors will have an implication on the automotive industry. Thus, it is recommended that understanding and anticipating the environmental factors is crucial. Moreover, responding to those environmental factors will enable the automotive industry to perform better thus increasing its profitability.

5. Recommendations

The Ford Motor Company cannot change or influence the environmental factors but they can have fair control over the environmental factors on its performance. Therefore, the following recommendations are vital when analyzing the internal and external environments of an automotive industry within the context of human resource planning. First, responding widely to the environmental factor and taking actions. This can be done through formulating policies that should govern employees in the industry. Secondly, understanding and anticipating the environmental factors is vital because it will enable the industry to overcome economic crisis and associated problems within the industry.

The government should play the key role in establishment of a viable automotive industry. This can be done through implementing policies with the aim f assign the industry to operate efficiently in both domestic and international markets. In addition, the government should sponsor the industry to carry out research on product production in order to enable them produce high quality products that are highly competitive in the global market. Nevertheless, the federal government should build innovative responses to overcome global crisis and encourage further research to help the industry to adapt to the changing environment. Lastly, the government should invest more on this sector and support them with funds to reposition the investments of the industry. This will help them in manufacturing lower emission vehicles in the future.

 

Reference List

Arnold, E. & Pulich, M. (2007). The department manager and effective human resource

planning: an overview. The Health Care Manager. 26.

Bhattachary, A. (2004). Human resource planning. [S.l.], Excel Books.

Chermack, T., & Swanson, R. (2008). Scenario Planning: Human Resource

Development’s Strategic Learning Tool. Advances in Developing Human Resources. 10, 129-146.

Cooney, R. (2010). Workplace training in a deregulated training system: Experiences from

Australia’s automotive industry. Economic and Industrial Democracy. 31, 389-403.

DeakinUniversity. (2010). Human resource planning. Study guide and readings

. Geelong, Vic, DeakinUniversity.

Doving, E., & Nordhaug, O. (2010). Investing in Human Resource Planning: An

            International Study. MANAGEMENT REVUE. 21, 292-307.

Etoundi, R. A., Ndjodo, M. F., Monessa, M. A., & Zobo, E. P. (2006). Feature-

oriented workflow modeling based on enterprise human resource planning. Business Process Management Journal. 12, 608-621.

Florjancic, J., & Novak, V. (2009). Human resource planning as a strategic managerial

process. ECON ’08. 7-15.

Gallagher, P. (2000). Human resource planning. Kent, C.T., SciTech.

Guinness, P., Martin, C., & Nagle, G. (2009). OCR geography: planning and delivery

            resource. Harlow, Heinemann.

Malone, J., Ross, L., Wells, J., Davidson, P., Sandercock, T., Glassop, L.,

Soo, M., & Saville, K. (2011). Human resource planning. Study guide and readings. Geelong, Vic, DeakinUniversity.

Marsden, G., Kelly, C., & Snell, C. (2006). Selecting indicators for strategic

performance management. Transportation Research Record. 21-29.

Oliver, D., & AMWU national secretary (2009). Australia’s automotive industry far from dead

Retrieved on August 3 2011 from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-04-17/australias-automotive-industry-far-from-dead/1654044

Open University B827/Unit 6, Storey, J., Ball, K., & Cornforth, C. (2009).

Performance management. Milton Keynes, Open University.

Open University B827/Unit 8, Storey, J., Salaman, G., & Thomson, A. (2009).

Evaluating HR policies and practices. Milton Keynes, Open University.

Reddy, M. S. (2005). Human resource planning. New Delhi, Discovery Pub. House.

Snell, S., & Bohlander, G. W. (2010). Principles of human resource management.

Mason, Ohio, South-Western.

Park, R., Erwin, P., & Knapp, K. (2001). Teams in Australia’s automotive industry:

Characteristics and future challenges. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 8, 780-796.

Price, A. (2000). Principles of human resource management: an active learning approach.

Oxford, Blackwell Business.

 

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Unit 3 IP Community-oriented Policing

Introduction

Community-oriented policing is the means that lead to the promotion of organizational strategies that provide support to the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques. These techniques are used in addressing urgent conditions that lead to the safety of the public from crimes, social disorder, and crime fears (Batavian, 2005). Community-oriented policing aims at creating unity between the police and the public being served to make the task of identifying crimes a bit easier. Community-oriented policing requires information technology systems to help them in compiling data about criminal statistics and analyses that can assist in how patrol officers are organized. According to Batavian (2005), these systems can also enable patrol officers to carry out their research on the new programs that involve the police department officials and community members. Furthermore, the systems help in the prevention of crime and criminal investigations. Information technology systems used within the community-oriented policing include databases, computer software for crime analysis, and record management systems.

The Federal Bureau of investigation’s (FBI) Uniform Crime Record database

According to Dempsey (2011), the Federal Bureau of investigation’s (FBI) Uniform Crime Record database is one of the technologies used by law enforcement agencies within a community-oriented policing program especially in keeping records for internal crucial information. This technology is used in various institutions, companies and states that voluntarily offer to provide report data on any crime they face and that is brought to their attention. The main purpose of this technology is to provide information that is reliable to be applied in the process of enforcement of the law during operation, management, and administration (Dempsey, 2011).

The information recorded in these program include data concerning the offense and the arrest data received from the traditional summary reporting system and the national incident based reporting systems. Furthermore, information concerning the law enforcement officers that were attacked or killed is also recorded. Theft reporting and hate crimes data are also recorded by the Federal Bureau of investigation’s (FBI) Uniform Crime Record database. The law enforcement agencies therefore, use this technology in recording crimes that are reported to them by the public, crimes discovered by the police officers and crimes reported by other sources that are not revealed to the public (Oliver, 2008).

CompStat technology

COMP Stat, which means Computer Statistics, is a technology used in the management process particularly in the department of the police. The law enforcement agencies use this technology in reducing crimes, providing quality life to the public, and in the management of resources. Research shows that CompStat includes geographical information system so that problems could be identified and map the crime. According to Oliver (2008), a CompStat is used by the law enforcement in analyzing as issue, designing and then making implementation strategies or measure that could be used in solving the issue. Through the strategies formulated, they can be modified as required so that they can successfully be employed in reducing crimes and improving the safety of the community.

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System is a national fingerprint and criminal history system that is controlled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Criminal Justice information system division (Oliver, 2008). This technology is used by the law enforcement within community-oriented policing program to find the automated fingerprint search capabilities, electronic image storage and the exchange of fingerprints electronically. This therefore helps in identifying any criminal using the fingerprints.

Significant benefits of the above technologies on the law enforcement operations on community-oriented policing

The law enforcement agencies benefits from these technologies in that by using these tools, they are able to track criminal movement thereby reducing crimes to the community. For instance, the law enforcement agencies benefit from The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Record database through the information recorded concerning a certain crime. Through this technology, the law agencies are able to know the crime rate in a particular community being served, therefore lay the necessary strategies in dealing with such crimes. The main goal of the community-oriented policing program is to provide safety and quality life to the community. Therefore, by employing this technology, the law enforcement agencies will be able to address issues such as street, gang, and drug abuse violence within a community.

Another benefit of these technologies to the law enforcement agencies within a community-oriented policing is making analysis of the particular crime rate within a community. The main technology used in such case is the CompStat tool. Research by Wayne (2006) shows that for any problem to be solved, there must be a clear analysis of the exact cause of the problem. Analysis therefore helps in learning more about the problem so that the police officers are able to identify the exact cause of the problem. Thus, this requires that the law agencies gather enough information about the nature and causes of the issue using a CompStat. Law enforcement agencies are more likely to benefit from a CompStat because it helps them in solving problems since it is designed in a way that helps in the collection and provision of feedback related to crime and quality life issues (Wayne, 2006).

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) benefits the law enforcement agencies by maintaining fingerprints. This means that if a person is charged with a criminal offence, his or her fingerprint is checked for any criminal history against the Department of Justice’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Therefore, with a community under security, fingerprints provided via the state to the FBI are checked electronically against the FBI criminal history records in IAFIS. The technology is designed in a way that handles a huge volume of fingerprint checks against large information of fingerprints. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System is in a position to help an investigator in identifying a person even if deceased. The turnaround of the submission of a crime is known to occur within two hours implying that a person is able to submit fingerprints and receive the response within the same business day.

Drawbacks to the technologies selected on law enforcement operations

According to research, federal bureau of investigation’s Uniform Crime Report database has a limitation in that it does not reflect accurately the crime rates because they are only able to list crimes that are reported by the public, police officers and other sources to the law enforcement agencies. This means that only serious crimes are recorded in case more crimes are reported and committed. For example, in case a person was killed through manslaughter during time of theft, only the crime of manslaughter will be recorded because it is the most serious crime. This technology also does not include child abuse in its recordings of crimes (Wayne, 2006).

Furthermore, rape cases are in most cases avoided or biased because they consider such cases as the carnal knowledge of a woman forced against her wish. Thus, rape is not recorded against men, which shows how biased the technology is in some cases. Therefore, such technologies are not reliable in dealing with crimes because they do not record all information and it assumes that other crimes are not very important hence does not include them in its recordings. Another drawback encountered while using these technologies includes lack of enough knowledge and skills concerning the tools. This is because these technologies were just invented recently and some of the law enforcement officers have not acquired enough training on how to use them (Wayne, 2006). They require the officers to be well versed with the information technologies such as computers, to enable them apply it where necessary. For instance, CompStat technology requires a person to be well informed with computer applications so that he or she can use the system in analyzing the nature and the causes of the reported crime. Therefore, lack of enough knowledge and skills makes the utilization of these technologies difficult within the community-oriented policing program (Wayne, 2006).

Problems addressed directly by these technologies

The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report database addresses the issues concerning the number of law enforcement officers such as the police attacked or killed, reports on issues concerning theft, and hate-crime problems. This information recorded helps the law enforcement officers to note the rate at which crime has increased or declined over a certain period. It addresses issues by collecting data concerning murder, manslaughter, and property crime, which includes theft and burglary. Therefore, FBI’s Uniform Crime Report database directly addresses issues concerning murder and theft within a community-oriented policing program.

CompStat technology on the other hand addresses the operation of the law enforcement officers or agencies with a proven record of accomplishment in the most important departments of the police. The technology addresses the issues concerning the transformation of the risk change mentality, making the leading police department into law proactive business, in turn creating a high performance institution that embraces change.

According to research by Oliver (2008), IAFIS addresses the issues concerning the identification of fingerprints of a person considered a criminal. The system deals with issues such as providing automated and latent search capabilities, electronic storage and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses. Therefore, the technology is designed in away that handle a huge volume of fingerprint checks against large information of fingerprints. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System is in position to help an investigator in identifying a person or even a deceased person (Oliver, 2008). The turnaround of the submission of a crime is known to occur within two hours implying that a person is able to submit fingerprint and receive the response within the same workday.

Conclusion

Information technology in the community-oriented policing program is very necessary because it helps in compiling data about criminal statistics and analyses that can assist in the organization of the patrol officers. These systems can also enable them to carry out their research on the new programs that involve the police department officials and community members. Therefore, to achieve this goal, involvement of technologies such as the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report database, CompStat, and the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) could be employed successfully. For instance, by employing the CompStat technology, there are benefits that will enable the law enforcement agencies within community-oriented policing in making analysis of the particular crime rate within a community.

The main technology used in such case is the CompStat tool. However, various drawbacks are encountered by using these technologies such as lack of enough or inadequate knowledge and skills by the law enforcement agencies or the police officers. Therefore, community-oriented policing aims at creating unity between the police and the public being served to make the task of identifying crimes a bit easier. Community-oriented policing requires information technology systems to help them in compiling data about criminal statistics and analyses that can assist in how patrol officers are organized.

 

 

 

References

Batavian, A. (2005). Information technology and the criminal justice system.Los Angeles, MA: Sage.

Dempsey, J. (2011). An Introduction to Policing.New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

Oliver, W. (2008). Community-oriented policing: a systemic approach to policing. Denver, CO: Prentice Hall.

Wayne, B. (2006). Criminal investigation. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

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Psychology

Question 1

There are some differences of the first paragraphs within Norman and Malla’s introductory paragraph and the guideline illustrated by Burton. In accordance to APA style format, an introduction paragraph is supposed to contain a general overview of the topic under research. The introduction paragraph of Norman and Malla contains part of the hypothesis. Burton states that the hypothesis should come at the last statement of the introductory paragraph (Burton, 2010). Another difference is that their introductory paragraph unlike Burton’s guidelines, mentions the research method used, rather than mentioning more on the importance of the research to catch the reader’s mind. The introduction paragraph does not connect the reader to the other part of the research or body, as it should.

Question 2

In my opinion, I do not think the Norman and Malla’s article provides a clear and critical literature review of what it intend to cover in the research. More still, I do not believe that the article followed a logical order that leads to their hypothesis tested considering the introductory paragraph did not follow APA guidelines of writing an introduction in a transitional way to give the reader a clear notion of the hypothesis. Instead, the article confuses the reader; it is not concise and does not follow any particular organization to connect the hypothesis to the body, and another reason is that one does not know the purpose of the research or its importance to the reader fro the introduction (American Psychological Association, 2010).

Question 3

The authors have not stated their hypothesis clearly since the have divided it into two sections, and they are written in form of what the article has addressed, while I believe it should be written as a statement showing something like an observation or an issue that the person wishes to find out or test stating  prediction (Burton, 2010). More so, the authors have put the hypothesis in form of a paragraph instead of making it a statement. One specific suggestion that would fit to improve this hypothesis is using formative words such as “May” or “if, and then” statement to show a comparison that the authors are trying to prove such as “different types of education programs my influence on attitudes towards mental illness.” With such a statement, the reader would have a clear understanding of what the research covers (Experiment-resources.com, 2011).

Question 4

            The procedure does not provide enough information to allow replication by a person who has read the work since it does not provide the way the process took place in detail. Some more information that would be important in this work is to define what were the dependent variables and the independent ones, which is a requirement in APA research writing (Gravetter & Forzano, 2008). This is because at different classes people students tend to have different opinions about issues where a fourth grade pupil will have a different idea about the topic than an 11^th grade student. Some more information that could have been important is what kind of studies or units the students took at school considering that the research talked about different education programs may influence the attitude towards mental illness. This would help a person intending to replicate the work understand the exact procedure and reason behind the procedure (Asher, 2005).

Question 5

            The authors did not follow APA guidelines for presenting the results there was no different discussion section that is required in APA format. More still, I believe the results were not reported in APA format considering that the authors provided the table containing correlation first, which is supposed to be the second after another table describing the results. The authors start this section by explaining the figures used in the results, and they do not remind the reader of the hypothesis that would have been necessary for the reader to understand what the results measure and at the same time tell the reader whether the hypothesis was supported (Kahn, .). Clearly, the authors did not follow the APA format after combining the results with the discussion.

 Question 6

According to the table 1 in the article, the perception of mental illness is correlated to physical etiology positively with an alpha figure of 0.30 showing a positive correlation. Psychosocial etiology is correlated to mental illness perception negatively according to table 1 with a figure of -0.01, showing that the more a person may be considered mentally ill, the less the psychosocial component. Social distance correlates to perception of mental health with an alpha figure of 0.23 showing that the more a person will be considered mentally unstable, the further the distance required from that person. According to me, the three correlations mean that students will prefer a bigger distance with those considered mentally ill (Rosnow & Rosnow, 2008).

Question 7

First, the correlation between psychosocial etiology and perception to mental illness is not discussed well in the section. I do not think the results are discussed thoroughly since it does not show whether the results are according to the prediction in the introduction, which was also not well written. In the introduction one of the hypothesis is to show beliefs about mental illness, where the article explains succinctly about the relationship in the discussion. Secondly, the point of relating the person’s sex and beliefs has been addressed but needs more information about the applicability of the results to this fact, which I feel the authors are yet to do.

Question 8

In the future, it would be necessary to conduct a research that includes all age group members in a society to come up with a comprehensive conclusion about people’s perception towards mental illness. Fro the research it is evident that most of the people at this age prefer psychosocial etiology and treatment is positively related to the prognosis of the mentally ill, as opposed to physical etiology and medical treatment is perceived negatively. Gender differences arise in acceptance of psychosocial etiology of the two sexes (Norman & Malla, 1983).

 

References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (6th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Asher, J. (2005). A simplified guide to statistics for non-mathematicians. Los Gatos, CA:

Sky Oaks Productions

Burton, L. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in psychology. Milton Queensland: John Wiley.

Experiment-resources.com (2011). How to write a hypothesis. Retrieved from http://www.experiment-resources.com/how-to-write-a-hypothesis.html

Gravetter, F.J., and Forzano, L.B. (2008). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning

Matthews, T.C., and Kostelis, K.T. (2011). Designing and Conducting Research in Health and Human Performance. Milton Queensland: John Wiley and Sons

Norman, M. G., & Malla, A. K. (1983). Adolescents’ attitudes towards mental illness: Relationship between components and sex differences. Social Psychiatry, 18, 45-50.

Kahn, J.H. (2011). Sample APA Paper for Students Interested in Learning APA Style 6th Edition. Retrieved from http://www.illinoisstate.edu/~jhkahn/APAsample.pdf

Rosnow, R.L. and Rosnow, M. (2008). Writing papers in psychology. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning

 

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Homeland Security

The issue of terrorism is a plague that has haunted the government and the innocent citizens for a very long time. Due to America’s influence to the world and its position as one of the world’s superpower, America has earned itself a fair share of friends and mutual foes alike. America’s involvement in the Middle East especially has earned itself a fair share of enemies in the region. A good example is the Al Qaeda terrorist group that has vowed to cause terror in the American soil. The terrorist group has in the recent past achieved in carrying out its threats. One in particular and the most devastating one was the September 11 attack where the group hijacked national flights and rammed them into the twin towers and the pentagon. The details of the attack were strategically planned and secrecy being highly maintained that the homeland security did not have a clue about the attack until it happened.

The grim reality is that it is almost quite difficult to determine the next form of attack, when, how and where it will be carried out. However, by having the relevant information regarding the financial ability and access to some of the weapons it is possible to speculate on the most possible form of attack that the terrorist groups a likely to use on the United States on America. Reliable sources site after careful consideration, the most likely form of attack by a terrorist group on the United States is a chemical one. This threat is now realistic after one if the terrorist groups unleashed it in an attack in Japan. An attack using chemical weapons is a grim possibility because of the very nature of chemical weaponry having diverse characteristics that are suitable to terrorists for an attack. The advantages posed to terrorists on using chemical weapons are so many and diverse that they outweigh the disadvantages posed by such. The threat posed by a possible attack cannot be assumed because it raises a dark cloud of fear that an ill-motivated person or organization could have the capacity to commit random acts of mass casualties at a very low expense or risk.

Terrorist organizations may now opt to go for chemical attacks due to the various advantages posed by such ventures. Many of the advantages posed by chemical forms of attack are exclusive in that they are only evident in such attacks. Another major advantage is that such attacks would cause severe damage that the relevant authorities would have little capacity to establish any countermeasures (Matthew, & Robert, 2003).The terrorist organizations are aware the homeland security, the department responsible for the security against terrorist attacks, is inadequately prepared in terms of having the relevant countermeasures against terrorist potential. The department lacks the relevant facilities to detect weapons being shipped into the country. This is compounded by the fact that agents of chemicals warfare cannot be detected at all. Technological advances have failed to come up with relevant tools to detect chemical warfare agents when they are being stored in a container. This makes the weapons ideal to transport and set up in the American soil with minimal detection (Johnson, 1990).

Another advantage is the low price associated with the purchase and acquisition of chemical agents of warfare. The manufacture of chemical agents is usually very low; this is reflected in the purchase values leading to the weapons’ being termed as the poor mans atomic bomb. Reports indicate that a terrorist group intending to cause large-scale damage on a dense population would only require spending close to $200 per kilometer of intended damage. This is relatively cheap considering the large amount of funds required to carry out the same kind of attack using other forms of weapons like nuclear or conventional bombs. Considering that most of the terrorist groups are well funded this is more than an option (Johnson, 1990).

A negative report by the CIA also went ahead to indicate that the manufacture of chemical weaponry meant for multiple casualty attacks would be that difficult for the group to perform. In fact, it would take the same effort as that required to manufacture narcotics by the same group. This factors make it possible for agents of chemical weaponry to be easily acquired by terrorist organization that are not well funded that have enough motives to carry out such an attack.

Another aspect of chemical weaponry that makes them a preferred form for terror attack is the horrifying mature of the effects caused by such weapons. The use of chemical weapons in warfare has received much criticism all-round ranging from armed forces personnel to civilians and political leaders. This is because of the gruesome nature of their effects terming them as unconventional and uncivilized. Terrorist groups would readily use such weaponry because they would largely benefit from the shock factor that would be received after such attacks. The main aim of terrorist groups is to create fear and this would go a long way in satisfying their objectives and goals. One major disadvantage is that some of the chemical weapons end up causing effects that is against the religious beliefs of some of the major terrorist groups. This means that carrying out such an attack would not only result into retaliatory attacks from the united states of American government and its allies, but also from religious groups that deem the act a sacrilege to human dignity.

The above indeed shows that the use of chemical agents of weaponry would be the most likely preferred form of attack by a terrorist group on the United States. This however, is not supposed to raise any fears but is supposed to serve as a necessary impetus for the concerned authority to develop relevant measures that would deter such an act and counter measures to with such an attack if carried out.

 

References

Johnson, J. (1990). The Kaiser’s Chemists: Science and Modernization in Imperial Germany. CA: University of North Carolina Press

Jonathan B. T. (2006). Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. NY: OxfordUniversity Press.

Matthew, C. & Robert, C. (2003). Department of Homeland Security: Community Policing and Terrorism. New York, NY: Palmgate.

 

 

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“Triumph of the Will”

The film “The Triumph of the Will” is a good example of a propaganda film used in the times of Hitler’s reign in Germany. The film tried to demonstrate how perfect Germany is as well as the greatness of Hitler as a leader. The main aim of the film was to try to convince the Germans to share the same hatred for the Jews. This film helps its audiences to understand how Germany fell under Hitler’s spell. Hitler was known to be the best in everything he did unfortunately he was the greatest hypocrite. This propaganda film was created by the German filmmaker known as Leni Riefenstahl.

The film contains the chronicles of the 1934 Nazi party congress in Nuremberg. This congress was attended by a large number of people who were supporters of the Nazi Party. Some of the examples illustrating the film as propaganda include the speeches made by various leaders of the Nazi during their meeting at the congress. These speeches included Hitler’s interspersed with footage of massed party members. It is noted the film was commissioned by Adolf Hitler himself where he served as the unofficial executive producer as evidenced by his name appearing at the start.

Propaganda according to research is the process applied in order to influence human action through manipulation of representations. The representations may be in form of spoken words, written, pictorial or even musical form (Fox 45). In most cases, the cinema utilizes all of these representations making a filmmaker to have more power as a propagandist if he decides to use his power to its fullest potential. Therefore, a film is most likely to be a weapon of propaganda when it contains all four types of representations as mentioned above. Whereas a film may just be, a visual epic when its purpose is just to entertain its audiences thus does not contain such representations. The significant distinction lies in the purpose of the propagandist to persuade the audience to accept the attitude or action he or she demonstrates. For instance, in this film “the Triumph of the Will”, Hitler was able to gain support from people of his country to throw away the Jewish people from the Germany and Europe alike (Barsam 89 ). He achieved this using his Nazi propaganda films as a weapon of mass distraction and manipulation Germany’s population. Hitler was very clever to idealize the Germany soldiers as heroes, bestowed nationalism to his people and finally put the economic hardships of Germany on the Jewish people.

To a small extent, Riefenstahl should be held responsible for her actions in using Nazi propaganda. This is because through the film, she was able to gain sudden and lasting international fame as one of the greatest female filmmakers. However, to a large extent, she should be held accountable for her actions ion using Nazi propaganda. This is because the film promoted unethical government system. The film also promoted Hitler’s genocidal policies and this could be seen through Hitler’s speeches, a deliberate decision aimed at enhancing the propaganda associated with the film.

Communist propaganda is a film demonstrating power of propaganda as weapon during wartime. The film was shot on victory day showing a military parade in Moscow in 1945 (Giesen 34). Through this, we see many countries have chosen to use films as away to promote propaganda especially during wartime. For instance, in this film, we learn the Chinese, the soviets and the North Koreans have invented this type of approach as their weapon during wartime.

A contemporary film made during wartime includes the film by Charlie Chaplin known as “The Great Dictator”. This film was created in 1940 during a battle of World War I. The film was an advancement of Hitler’s controversial condemnation of fascism and the Nazis. The author of the Film intended to influence people against Hitler’s reign, which was full of hypocrisy. For instance, the film is used to portray propaganda through the speeches from the leaders and other followers of anti-Nazism. A good example from the film showing Chaplin’s propagandist includes the statement where he said that “one does not have to be a Jew to be anti-Nazi, all one has to be is a normal decent human being (Fox 67)”. Therefore, in my position, this is a propaganda film and this could be seen through the sound and speeches made during the various meetings.

  

Works Cited

Barsam, Richard .Film guide to Triumph of the Will. Bloomington, IN: IndianaUniversity Press, 2004.

Fox, Jo.Film propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II cinema. Michigan, CA: Berg, 2007.

Giesen, Rolf.Nazi propaganda films: a history and filmography. Los Angeles, MA: McFarland & Co., 2003.

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Accounting Cycles

Explain why adjusting entries are necessary.

Adjusting entries is essential because the adjustments made bring the financial statements up to date. It presents accurate balance of the financial statements and this will help the company to adhere to the returns recognition and the matching principles of the organization. Moreover, a single transaction may affect the returns or expenses in more than one accounting period thus it is necessary to make adjustment entries. This is because all the transactions that have not been documented during the financial period of the year will be adjusted thus enabling the organization to make necessary changes. In addition, the accountant clerk needs to make adjusting entries because each adjustment entries usually affect the income statement account. However, if the adjustment entries are made, it is easier for an accountant clerk to avoid expenses of understating or overstating a balance sheet (Berry, 2011).

Describe the 4 types of adjusting entries, and provide a manufacturing industry example of each.

An accrued expense is one of the adjustment entries whereby expenses are incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded. For instance, let has assume the General Motors industry provided $289 worth of consulting services over the past month. Thus, the accounting clerk will prepare a trial, financial statements and closing entries by adjusting entries to account for the unbilled services. Another adjusting entry is accrued revenues. These are revenues earned but they are not yet recorded down or received in cash. These revenues are recognized but their cash payments have not yet been recorded. For instance, the Electronic industry may deliver their goods and the accountant clerk will record down as receivable goods even though the expenses have not been paid for thus the information is recorded in a payable account.

Consequently, prepaid expenses are whereby expenses have been incurred but they are not yet recorded as assets. For example, let has assume the Home appliances industry paid $450 insurance three months ago and they still have three paid months remaining on the policy after this accounting period. Thus, to reflect accurately on the value and expenses of the remaining policy, the accounting clerk can make adjustments to balance the debits and credits. Lastly, unearned revenue is whereby revenues are received in cash and then recorded down as liabilities. For example, Pharmaceutical industry may purchase an annual service contract from another company worth $4890, which was paid upfront. In case the months of the contract are within the accounting period, this means that the following months of the contract’s revenues are unearned.

Describe how these entries would be recorded in a computerized accounting system.

There are various steps followed when recording the above adjustments in the computerized accounting systems. The first stage of a computerized accounting system in transaction process is data entry, which is followed by data validation. Data validation detects and corrects errors of the actual input data. Processing and revalidation of data is done when online transaction processing provides a valid data that has been fed into the system. Validation process ensures the transaction in terms of data delivery is duly completed. The last entry system is storage whereby the processed actions described from the first step results into financial transaction data. This makes it clear that only the stored transactions are processed and stored well in the database (Bodnar and Hopwood, 2001).

Describe 1 ethical issue that could result from the preparation of these manufacturing entries.

One of the ethical issues that could result from the preparation of these manufacturing entries is good economic decision making. This is crucial because it will enable the accounting clerk to make better decisions. This will enable him or her to utilize economic resources of the industry thus contributing to economic expansion. In addition, the cost information can be disseminated in a manner that can enable the accountant clerk to focus on the business components or held accountable for business activities. For instance, particular reporting periods may be replaced with real time data and this will enable the accounting clerk to make quick responses to the changing situations.

References

Berry, L. E. (2011). Financial accounting demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Bodnar, G. H., & Hopwood, W. S. (2001). Accounting information systems. UpperSaddleRiver,

N.J: Prentice Hall.

Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M., & Fess, P. E. (2005). Financial & managerial accounting. Mason,

Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.

 

 

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Smart Fabrics

Due to the evolving needs of the customers in the clothing industry, for a company to remain competitive in the market it has to respond to these needs. Technology is one of the ways in which companies can use to remain competitive and respond to the changes in the market. In the clothing industry, technology helps in the designing of products, improvement of the quality of the fabrics and in their distribution. Technology is necessary in all four stages that any product goes through before it reaches the consumer; the production and design stage, the manufacturing stage, the sales and marketing stage and the delivery stage.

An important part of this technology that the Kucera Clothiers Company can apply is the implementation of smart fabrics. Smart fabrics are materials that are specifically made to change in response to their environment. They are fabrics that allow digital components, computing and electronic components to be incorporated in their designs. This is the reason they are called smart clothing or intelligent fabrics. The two main broad categories in which smart fabrics can be divided in to are; smart fabrics with electronic devices like conducting wires, light emitting diodes and batteries and the smart fabrics with electronics directly on the fibers of the fabric. The latter might include wires or conducting fibers or advanced technology like solar cells, diodes and transistors. Fibertronics is the term used to refer to the art of fitting advanced technology onto fabrics (E-merge, 2011).

The company shall require establishing a whole wing of fibertronic research and a laboratory to aid the same if it were to venture into this kind of business. Just as it is in electronics, the incorporation of electronic capabilities in the textile fibers requires the incorporation of conductive textiles. These shall have to be either produced within the company or bought externally and their cost shall be quite expensive. Some of the materials that would allow the incorporation into textiles include organic fiber transistors and organic solar cells. These are used since they allow the folding of clothing and are less stiff than the metals thus allowing incorporation into the textiles.

In the choice of materials, the company shall see it important to select materials that are fit for the purpose in which they are going to be used. These choices in fabric have to ensure that the fabrics are of not only the appropriate quality but also are cost effective in terms of purchase price and sales price. Making this important choice shall ensure that the fabric shall be of the right quality, cost and to ensure that the target market is satisfied with it. This shall also ensure that the role the product is supposed to play in the market is fulfilled. When making this choice, the company and the task force it shall have chosen to spearhead this venture shall have to analyze the questions concerning the content of the fiber, if natural or synthetic. They shall also have to formulate whether the fabrics shall be non-woven, knitted or woven (Thiry, 2009).

Another question shall be concerning the process of manufacturing that the company wishes to venture in. For instance they shall have to select between the options of mechanical finishing, printing, dyeing or chemical finishing. Another important question that the taskforce should place on the table is the target market and the product they intend to produce, whether sportswear, jeans, office wear or even an accessory like a scarf or a cap. Another inevitable question is about the aftercare of the clothing after it leaves the manufacturer’s premises and gets on the hands of the consumer. This involves how the clothing shall be washed, dried, ironed or dry-cleaned to avoid spoilage. These questions shall be key in determining the construction of the fabric, the finishing process that is employed, the fabric’s aesthetic capabilities and finally its functional capabilities.

The costs incurred in the venture are a very important subject since the aim of the company initiating the venture is to earn profits and to satisfy the demands of its customers. The manufacturing of the smart fabrics shall incur heavy costs especially in the sourcing for the raw materials and in the laboratory costs for putting the raw materials and the textiles together. Other costs shall include research and development costs, sales and marketing costs and production costs. This however should not be a discouraging factor for the company, as the new line of smart clothing shall become the clothing of the future. As time lapses and technological advances are made, many people shall want to be ahead of the technology or keep up with it. Therefore, smart clothing shall fall into place into the general market and move from the niche market where it is currently located.

The company should then aim to target specific clients in specialized fields like sports personalities, medical practitioners and their patients, office-working professionals or entertainment lovers just but to name a few. As the time lapses, the rate of return on the investment shall be high since the company shall have anticipated the future need of these smart textiles and shall have a ready production line, customer base, a marketing strategy and dedicated funds to work on the venture. Therefore, while competitors are working hard to keep up, Kucera Clothiers Company shall be in the front line with a lion’s share of the market. Here the company shall be reaping from whence it sowed. The research that the company shall have carried out shall place it on the front line and other companies shall seek counsel on from it on the subject (Fralix, 2006).

The security issues that the company shall concern itself with shall be mainly in the protection of its designs and its ideas from reaching competitors. This shall involve ensuring staff that handle delicate company matters are well paid to avoid industrial espionage. Moreover, the scientists doing the research work for the company require motivation to improve their output and help protect the company secrets. This is mainly because most attacks on a company come from within it and they mostly start with a disgruntled employee. Other security issues include technological security. This means that the company has to ensure that it always remains top notch in terms of technology. This is because its products on this venture deal with the latest technology.

The products shall make the organization far more efficient. This shall help the company in anticipating the high output periods. This shall work to the company’s advantage since it shall have been experienced in the field. This shall work to increase the company’s efficiency in the field also because the planning shall have taken several years to put into place and therefore by the time the peak production periods are reached the company shall have had firm strategies in place to run the venture successfully. Productivity levels shall also increase as at the time the peak production period shall reach. This is due to the proficiency level that the company shall have achieved as at the time the peak levels are reached.

Technology, proficiency and patience are very important for Kucera Clothiers Company as they engage in the smart clothes venture. Moreover, the company shall require having a good vetting process to ensure they acquire the right staff for the job since it is quite a sensitive venture. Kucera Clothiers Company should highly consider taking up the smart clothing venture since it should mean high future income for the company. The company should also highly consider the venture since it should attract a higher customer base due to the futuristic clothing that it shall be producing. The smart clothing venture is a wise venture to engage in and Kucera Clothiers Company should take it up. The growth of the company shall be like shown in the graph below:

 

As is observed, the growth of this company started slightly below the zero mark. This indicates the time in which the foundation was being laid. The company then grew steadily since the product is slowly venturing into the market and is being gradually accepted (Peak Oil Australia, 2011).

References

E-merge. (2011). Technology trends for the fashion/apparel industry. Retrieved from http://e-merge.posterous.com/archive/6/2011

Fralix, M. (2006). Technology advancements in the Global Apparel Industry. Retrieved from

Peak Oil Australia. (2011). Positive lifetime growth graph. Retrieved from http://www.peakoil.org.au/news/eroei.3.lifetime.25.growth.5.gif

Thiry, M. (2009). Smart fabrics for today and tomorrow. Retrieved from http://aatcc.informz.net/admin31/content/template.asp?sid=2575&ptid=99&brandid=4199&uid=0&mi=229771

 

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Gender and Politics

What does it mean to “gender” a policy debate?

Gender has become a policy debate because feminists are now seeking a policy that favors them. It refers to ideas that are in relation to both men and women as groups separate from each other (Tolleson-Rinehart 129). Gender has been a debate since the ratification of affirmative action in the convention in order to rectify logical discrimination. President Lincoln introduced affirmative action whereby gender became the major issue. This policy aimed to promote equal opportunities to both men and women in order to eliminate the perpetuate discrimination in the society. However, since the formulation of this policy, many issues have been raised on gender whereby women now advocate that their voices should be heard. They seek to be included in things such as politics and even get the same wages as those of men.

In addition, it means that the issue of gender has become a political process because of the challenges that women face. Gender needs to correspond with the perspectives of women and it should advance their status. In order for democratic policy process to be successful, feminist activists needs to be taken into consideration. Policies cannot be defined as gender but what feminists expect from gender debate is to see the policies working towards improving their rights and status. Moreover, they want legislation that advances their agenda in relation to that of men. They want policy reforms that meet their welfare and that strike a balance between men and women in all political, economical and social sectors.

 Why might feminist activists want to “gender” a policy debate?

Feminist activists want to “gender” a policy debate because there central issue is that of race, social class and sexuality. Nevertheless, they are also concerned with the workplace issues such as sexual harassment in the working place, fair maternity leave and fair wage payment policies. All these issues have led feminist activists to desire for a gender policy debate that rectify the policies in order to favor women. Racism and sexual harassment has been common in the place of work thus women want a gender debate that promotes their interests. Since the 1980s, feminism became the subject of debate up to the present. The policy debate embraces challenges, differences, irrationality and attempts to accommodate diversity and transformation (Lawless, Richard and Jennifer 95).

Abramovitz (67) points out various forms of feminist activism whereby women need to secure and defend their rights. She argues that the state has to promote the welfare of women in order to avoid discriminating them from social, economical and political issues. She provides a survey of different ideas on the subject of gender and describes diverse activism by women of different classes and times. Consequently, she comments on the welfare activism of poor women whereby she views as the base for movement in fighting the attack welfare, which has been supported by AFDC safety net. The debate on feminist activism represents gender issues on reproduction, sexuality, work and family. The debate on these issues has affected social movements but the debate on welfare reform reveals that the lobbying of women without any allies will not make any changes in the process.

Lastly, some women’s rights activists believe that women should take their own decision to make free choices about sexuality. Thus, this issue has enabled feminist activists to make gender a policy debate. Many efforts have been made by feminist activists to influence the congress but the encounters between movements and government are dynamic. They want to “gender” a policy debate because they desire to advance their status. However, the activists do not agree precisely on vital actions that will accomplish their goals. Thus, they push their priority conflicts on the government agenda and influence the dominant frame of debate on significant issues on equality.

What were the main purposes of welfare (ADC) when it was created as a federal program in 1935?

The main purposes of welfare (ADC) was to provide federal grants to help the mothers to maintain aid laws in the states, which was passed in forty states in early 19^th century. The Aid to Dependent Children is an act that was included in the Social Security Act of 1935. The program provided aid to poor parents whereby the federal government contributed one third of the costs. During this period, this program assumed that women always cared for their children alone. Later ADC was changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Although ADC was one of the controversial provisions of the 1935 law, it benefited the single parents. However, it led to provoked opposition and public criticism since the Depression period. The general relief helped not only single mothers but also the impoverished families.

Another purpose of ADC welfare was to support the unemployed workers seeking aid. During the Great Depression, President Roosevelt introduced general relief policy and many programs were formed including ADC. This program helped those mothers who were unemployed and the pensions for mothers’ caseloads were increased. By the late 1932, the federal fund from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation that was part of federal funds was given to unemployed mothers to help them meet their basic needs. The process of legislative that produced ADC attracted the attention of the public. Later, the ADC program was moved to the Children’s Bureau and left to the task of administering relief starting from 1933. This was considered a victory of the New Deal movement.

What are the main purposes of welfare (TANF) now?

One of the main purposes of welfare (TANF) now is to assist low-income families with children in order to meet their basic needs. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is a joint federal cash assistance program that has been operating since the major welfare reform in 1996 (Tolleson-Rinehart 130). Currently, about 1.8 million families receive financial aid in every month from TANF. Another purpose is that this program requires people to seek employment while receiving financial aid. However, this program provides people with limited aid and the amount of aid is usually given at an interval. Nevertheless, only the States can choose the amount of resources to devote to a certain program. TANF is a newly created program that requires the federal government to move the share of their caseloads to work and implement time limits in the way families are supposed to receive the funded aid.

What factors explain these changes?

There are diverse factors that led to above changes. First, economic expansion became more vigorous and even wages among the semi-skilled workers increased. This led to diverse changes of the ADC and TANF programs and time was limited, at which the financial aid was given. Secondly, the economic and policy changes also contributed to changes of these programs. The economic and policy changes became endogenous and intercausal thus contributed to changes of the ADC and TANF programs. Many states enacted different pioneer programs to the federal welfare reform that granted stronger work enforcement among the public. The states that enacted these programs had high unemployment rate than those, which did not enact them. Thus, these policies adopted during the legislation of 1996 became different due to different economic environments. Lastly, indirect substantial number of effects a rising from rapid economic growth, which is difficult to measure separately. This also contributed to the changes of these programs. The economic expansion increased the availability of jobs and earnings in the current welfare recipients thus affecting the nature of state policies and implementations of welfare programs.

Works Cited

Abramovitz, Mimi. Under Attack, Fighting Back: Women and Welfare in the United States. New

York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 2000. Print.

Lawless, Jennifer, Richard Fox, and Jennifer Lawless. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why

Women Don’t Run for Office. New York, NY: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2010. Internet resource.

Tolleson-Rinehart, Sue and Jyl Josephson. Gender and American Politics: Women, Men, and

 the Political Process. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. Internet resource.

 

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When is “Linking” an Illegal Trespass?

Question One

As noted by the legal arbitrator Ronald Whyte, Bidder’s Edge contravened eBay’s intellectual property as reflected by the institution’s servers. Normally, consumers are capable of acquiring a right of entry to eBay’s products online as it is open for public access. Information of course divulged to the public is constrained only to what the company deems important to the consumers with the rest of the streams categorized as private and therefore inaccessible to public consumers (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002). EBay’s programs were included to aid with its direct promotional exercises towards the enhancement of its public sale programs and therefore the constraint to the consumers is noted in that only eBay’s products are accessed within their site.

The inclusion of Bidder’s Edge therefore disregards this limitation because it enables consumers from other bidding sites into eBay’s space and therefore supporting the contrast element across all linked locations. Without the inclusion of Bidder’s Edge service, a consumer on eBay’s space is only restricted to the company’s products and thereby enhancing the sales factors since further searches would require additional site navigation that is time-intensive. This acts as a disincentive towards further searches and therefore accentuating purchases on eBay’s products. However, the inclusion of Bidder’s Edge discredits independent additional navigation and thus easing the comparison element for the consumers, thereby lessening the sales capability (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002). This is a concern for eBay as Bidder’s Edge enhances the rivalry aspect to the organization leading to issues as price wars ordinarily noted in oligopolistic settings. Subsequently, price wars lead to lessened sales and market shares, affecting the profitability element.

Question Two

            Various conventional perspectives are given towards the term trespass. First, it is viewed as the illegal admission into another individual’s land or building. Secondly, it is viewed as the unlawful intrusion or utilization of another individual’s belongings (Statsky, 2010). Thirdly, it concerns deeds directed to another individual or his/her possessions accomplished by the application of force. Lastly, trespass concerns any form of wrong towards a given individual.

Question Three

            California has transcribed its chattel edicts to computer cases. A chattel is viewed as any tangible property and therefore trespassing as prohibited by chattel edicts disallow third parties from interfering with an individual’s possessions. Employing the same view to automated services supported by computer networks, any form of interference to signals generated from one computer to another is termed as trespass (Statsky, 2010). Additionally, any form of intrusion to some given information supported within a computer system is also termed as a trespass activity. Replication of data form, a given web page to a different one without the owner’s approval is termed as trespass. In actuality, trespasses according to the preceding aspects are prone to legal litigation because of contravening property rights as noted within California’s criminal provisions.

Comparing California’s computer edicts to the conventional standpoints as concerned with trespass, a similarity is noted in all elements. This is primarily noted by mutual consents in both approaches that attribute trespass into an illegal form of access or intervention into another’s property (Statsky, 2010). The only dissimilarity is noted in that the conventional edicts are directed to material belongings like land and buildings while the latter is concerned with an intangible element as evidenced by automated procedures, documentations and data (Statsky, 2010).

 

References

Statsky, W. P. (2010). Torts: Personal Injury Litigation. Farmington Hills, MI: Cengage Learning.

World Intellectual Property Organization. (2002). Intellectual property on the Internet: a survey

             of issues. Geneva, Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization.

 

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Milians’ Painting

Executive summary

Milians’ Painting Company will provide top interior and exterior residential and commercial services. It is located at 122 Rutland Avenue, Fairfield, CT; 06825 and it has successfully served many customers from the surroundings. It will increase sales to more than $300 dollars in four years through focusing on its strength, its key customers and the underlying values that customers need. In addition, it will improve on the gross margin on cash, working capital and sales management. The company focuses on local markets, home and industrial coating applicators. Due to high competition from other painting companies especially Lomar Painting Company, the company seeks to provide high quality services while ensuring the environment is maintained green. In conclusion, the company seeks to achieve successful business through integrating their business and making adjustments through a marketing plan. This will enable them to overcome competition in the market thus achieving high profitability.

Objectives

• Sales will increase to more than $300 dollars by the end of four years
• Continue gross margin at a level of 50% and keep maintaining that level
• Improve on the inventory turnover to more than five turns in the following year
• Go green through reducing toxic waste substances in the environment

 

Introduction

Milians’ Painting Company is a painting company that was established in 2005. Its location is at 122 Rutland Avenue, Fairfield, CT; 06825. It has successfully served many customers in the Fairfield and Westchester regions for the past six years. The company focuses on local markets, home and industrial coating applicators. It specializes on all categories of paintings including residential, commercial, new construction, faux finish, high-end decoration and antique painting. The company seeks to provide services in a timely manner and with a comprehensive quality control to satisfy customers. The business has become more challenging and many companies are constantly competing with each other. Therefore, Milians’ Painting Company provides a systematic plan for improving our sales, gross margin and profitability through introducing a low-cost leadership strategy while maintaining a suitable high quality level of products.

Background

The company will initially focus on residential and commercial customers in the Fairfield and Westchester regions. By the end of four years, the company expects to be serving many customers in other parts of the countries. However, with high competition from other companies especially Lomar Painting Company, which is among the leading painting companies in the globe. Milians’ Painting Company will provide high quality services while ensuring the environment is maintained green. Consequently, it will continue to improve inventory turnover and maintain the level of gross margin while focusing on its strength, its key customers and the underlying values that customers need.

 

 

Discussion

The company seeks to provide high quality services because of the high competition that has been the biggest challenge in the market. Therefore, the company plans to improve their sales and profitability through introducing a low-cost leadership strategy while maintaining a suitable high quality level. This will enable the company to be counted among the leading painting companies globally. Bergeron (56) points out that without a better plan, the business will not be successful. Thus, the business owners need to have a business plan to enable them make timely changes in order to overcome completion and other business challenges. Thus, the company has introduced a low cost-leadership strategy that ensures customers get high quality products at the lowest price in order to get more customers.

Consequently, the company has established key procedures of continuing to maintain gross margin at the level of 50% and going green through reducing toxic waste substances in the environment. In order to meet market demand, Milians’ Painting Company has decided to improve on the inventory turnover to more than five turns in the following year. Davis (2010) comments that inventory turnover is crucial in business because it enables business owners to operate business smoothly. In this company, one of the goals is to improve on inventory turnover since it is vital in planning for the financial aspects and resources needed for the company.

Lastly, when it comes to marketing, the company believes that a marketing plan will enable the company to achieve more customers globally (Kuiper 78). Therefore, they seek to provide high quality products while ensuring toxic waste substances are reduced to avoid environmental problems that might cost them. At Milians’ painting company, marketing plan demonstrates the way business is growing and their achievements. Thus, it enables the company to make the necessary adjustments for achieving their goals through using the business plan.

Conclusion

Milians’ Painting Company provides a plan for improving their sales, gross margin and profitability through introducing a low-cost leadership strategy while maintaining a suitable high quality level. The company has tried to establish key procedures to enable them to continue maintaining their gross margin level. Moreover, they produce high products but ensure the environment is kept green through avoiding toxic waste substances on the surroundings. Thus, with the use of marketing plan and strategic objectives, the company is able to make adjustments essential to overcome the issue of competition in the market thus aiming to achieve successful business.

Works Cited

Bergeron, Ron. Business Plan Writing. Baltimore, ON: Building Better Business, 2004. Print.

Davis, Ken. The Mcgraw-Hill 36-Hour Course: Business Writing and Communication. New

York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010. Internet resource.

Kuiper, Shirley. Contemporary Business Report Writing. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western,

2005. Print.

 

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