Category: Samples

Speeches made by Sarah Palin and Joe Biden

            Both Sarah Palin and Joe Biden made their speeches at the height of political campaigns. From what they both talked about, they are people who value their families in many ways. During the time that they made their speeches, their families remained a point of reference. Joe was especially touched by his mother’s sacrifice and words of wisdom especially when he was a young man. Palin used the opportunity to speak of his son who was heading to Iraq for war. She also referred to one of her nephews who had special needs. By doing this, she managed to draw two groups of people: those who had a family member who was fighting in the war and those who had to deal with the difficulty and the struggle of taking care of a child or adult with special needs. Biden managed to draw some sympathy when he recalled the fond memories he had of his father.

He talked of how far he had come and how much his father would be proud of him. Palin’s speech was mainly geared to her opponents attack. She constantly referred to what her opponents were doing and offered her objections to their plans. Although she did talk about McCain and his achievements, she also dedicated a large part of her speech to her achievements when she was mayor and the rest of her political career. Biden on the other hand started by highlighting Obama’s achievements. He detailed out some of Obama’s achievements as a senator and what they intended to do as a government. From the speeches delivered both Palin and Biden loved their spouses. They appreciated who they were and what they meant in their lives. I find the speech made by Joe Biden better since it was credible and logical. By Palin focusing on her opponent’s side, much of what she said is lost and one tends to forget other issues that she addressed.

Political songs written before and after 1975

            The song “Blowin’ in the Wind” by Bob Dylan is a good example of a song written before 1975. The song was written in 1962 but was released in 1964. The song speaks against racism. Dylan used the melody of another song, which was commonly sung by black slaves, and he added his own words to the song. It commends those who see it, hear about it, and yet do nothing about it. Dylan was only twenty-one when he wrote the song. He asked how many people would die before somebody did something about it. He said that the answer to all his questions lay in the wind. When he started singing the song, Dylan told the people that it was not a protest song. This was to change as more people listened to the song and they made their own judgments. Many people took it to be a protest song and most thought it spoke against racial discrimination, which was rampant at that time. He inspired other singers such as Cooke who went ahead and wrote more protest songs.

The hip-hop song “Fight the Enemy” was written in 1989 by Public Enemy. It calls for people to have awareness and for them to realize that they ought to have freedom of speech. The song also notes the racial imbalance in the states. It talks about black people not being given recognition. It gives the example of postage stamps where no black person appears. Although the issue of racial discrimination has come a long way, there is still a lot more to be dome. The two songs have one thing in common. They are fighting for a cause. They are both talking against racial discrimination. However, they are different in that the first song by Dylan does not see a solution to the problem.

In the second song, there is a solution to a problem. All that people need is to become aware of their rights including freedom of speech. The first song was released at a time when people were not used to that type of music. Many people therefore welcomed it. The second song was released at a time when hip-hop was gaining ground. The song lyrics are very strong and the writer did not hide the cause for which he was using. Although it used strong language, the song was appealing to those it targeted. Both songs delivered the message that they were supposed to. The first song was more effective than the second song. Not many people understood rap and hip-hop and the message was therefore lost to some.

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Culture Wars and the Future of Cultural Democracy

The impulse for my Chinese family to migrate to the United States of America was similar to that of other immigrants living in this country. My family migrated to the United States or Jinshan (the gold mountain) purposely to look for better economic opportunities. My family was compelled to leave China due to the lack of employment opportunities. My parents were attracted to the United States of America by the availability of job opportunities where they were forced to move to the country to work as contract laborers (Taikaki 320). Since the Chinese first arrived in the United States in the 19^th century, their communal experience as a minority in terms of race is significantly different from other racial minorities and European immigrants.

Chinese were isolated for discrimination using laws, which were passed, in the states they resided. In 1882, they were the first immigrant community to be targeted for denial of citizenship and exclusion by the American congress. Their meeting with Euro-Americans was formed not only on their self-perceptions but also by the varying bilateral relationship between China and America. From a historical perspective, the experiences of Chinese immigrants can be enshrined in my own family experiences in migrating to the United States.

In 1852, the Governor of California, John Bigler, insisted that the Chinese should be excluded on the basis that they could not be assimilated into the American culture. In an 1854 case, Hall vs. people, the California Supreme Court decided that Chinese evidence against the whites was not permitted in a law court. The court was of the opinion that if this was to be allowed, then it meant that the Chinese were also to be permitted equal citizenship and voting rights, take jury positions, be allowed to testify and even take legislative positions. Judicial decisions and congressional statutes barred the immigrants from naturalization. This made them disenfranchised politically in the name of democracy and this exposed them to deliberate and continuous violation of their legitimate rights.

The immigrants could not comprehend why America used gunboat diplomacy to allow the Chinese immigrants on one hand. On the other hand, they used diplomacy to exclude the Chinese Americans. This conflict between hypocrisy and American democracy led to the emergence of modern nationalism amongst the Chinese immigrants. This led to fight for equal rights by the Chinese at home and the orientation of the collective will aimed at liberating China from what they viewed as imperialist domination (Daniels 125). The Chinese Americans associated the oppression experienced in America to the powerlessness of China.

In Chinatown, ghetto life was hard, but this did not imply that it was stagnant. The politically disenfranchised and legally discriminated Chinese Americans battled racism using diplomatic and litigation channels, set-up their foundation in Chinatown, actively engaged in numerous political movements and economic development projects in an attempt to modernize China. The immigration generation had only one purpose in mind, to improve China and themselves. Integration was viewed as impossible and for the generation born in America, they sought to be assimilated, but the mainstream society was inhospitable to them.

By the 19^th century, majority of the Chinese immigrants had no hopes in America and the oriented started focusing their lives on the eventual possibility of going back to their home country. Having this mentality of temporary residence in the US, they developed a high level of tolerance for racial discrimination and hardship. The immigrants maintained a prudent Chinese lifestyle, which involved observing Chinese festivals and customs through district and family associations and living modestly. They sent remittances to children, wives, and parents, regularly maintained village charities, and ancestral halls. Parents sought to instill Chinese culture and language in their kids and mostly took them to Chinese schools within the community and where possible back to China. The parents motivated their children to excel in the American educational system and arranged for their children’s marriages. In this era, the main aspiration of the immigrants was to work hard, accumulate sufficient wealth, and finally, retire back to their villages of origin.

The immigrants joined social organizations such as family associations and district associations. Such associations stood for the collective well-being and interests of people from similar counties or villages and people bearing similar family names. These associations established temples and schools, helped members to find housing and jobs, arbitrated disputes, provided comfort and aid to members, and sponsored cultural and social events.

A majority of the associations had sub-divisions in different Chinatowns, allowing members to tour one city to another. The collection of these associations made up the Consolidated Chinese Benevolent Association, which was put-up in each city (Zhou 259). This was viewed as the ghetto government, whose purpose was to resolve disagreements among organizations and individuals to represent the interests of the community with both Chinese and American governments using litigation, civil disobedience and passive resistance. At other times, they used grass root protests and diplomatic channels to air their concerns. On many occasions, these associations became too oppressive and powerful, and this resulted in the obstruction of political and social progress.

In the American ghettos where the Chinese immigrants resided, there emerged a series of catholic and protestant missionaries. They built schools and churches, which were utilized in trying to assimilate and convert Chinese people to Christianity. In addition, there emerged reformers and political factions from China who sought to engage Chinese Americans to work and support their causes, and advanced their ideas of modernizing China. The missionaries, reformers and political factions were all viewed as agents of change. However, they worked at cross-purposes and on different constituencies. The missionaries aimed at incorporating them, whereas, the reformers sought to instill political and cultural loyalty to China. Nearly all main Christian churches, built schools and missions are found in the Chinatowns in San Francisco. This is the biggest state in America, and the heart of the political, cultural and economic life of the North America’s Chinese. In general, the churches were triumphant in winning the individuals who were born in America, as opposed to the immigrants.

The lesser population of the Chinese that was exposed to American education but were segregated soon recognized their inferior status. Most of them became ashamed of their culture, status and appearance. The need for acceptance and self-hatred became their dominant obsession. This meant that they had to disown their linguistic and cultural heritage in an attempt of being Americanized. This entailed the absorption of American social behaviors, values, personality traits and the conversion to Christianity.

However, in the period before the Second World War, the Chinese denial of cultural and racial heritage did not earn them the social acceptance that they desired. Most of the immigrants found themselves isolated from the mainstream (Daniels 329). These individuals were barred from competing for jobs despite the fact that they had the required qualifications. Some of them were forced to decide whether to continue living in America as second-class citizens or going back to China, where their culture and language had become alien to them, considering their attempt to be integrated. The Chinese people living in America did not know whether to continue living in the United States where getting a job had become difficult or to return to China where there were no jobs at all.

For the generation that had immigrated, their only choice was to focus on their future in China. They were occupied by the concept of modernizing China and concentrated their energy and attention to China as they linked their inferior class in America to the powerlessness of China due to domination by the western nation. Nevertheless, the reformers who came from China always had generous supporters and audiences among Chinese immigrants in America. Between the efforts of political reformers and missionaries, numerous political parties and churches were built and sectarian newspapers and schools were established. Newspaper industries and schools were some of the most enduring and influential organizations in Chinese America. Collectively, they played a crucial part in propagating the culture of Chinese among themselves and introducing ideas of nationalism and modernity to their country.

From the brief history of Chinese immigrants, their experiences are in many aspects similar to those of my family. The push factors include the lack of employment opportunities in China and the need to improve their standard of living. The pull factors include the better economic opportunity, higher standards of education, and better living standards. In the United States, the vacant economic niche is the lack of cheap labor (Taikaki 257). In the past and present, the deficit in cheap labor has attracted many immigrants to the United States. In the United States, Chinese immigrants have contributed a lot to the economy of the United States from their labor.

According to a research in 2002, there are approximately 286,000 firms that are owned by Chinese in the US, these firms have employed over 649, 100 immigrants, and make over $105 billion in revenue. In California, where my family lives, there are approximately 110,823 Chinese-owned firms, which are approximately 38.7% of all firms. These firms generate over $56 billion annually. In New York, there are 57,673 firms, with revenues of approximately $10.2 billion. However, Chinese immigrants encounter a lot of competition from other immigrants such as African immigrants and Hispanic immigrants. These immigrants also target the labor market in the United States and compete with the Chinese in the provision of cheap labor. My family was helped to immigrate to the United States through networking with friends living in the United States. Our family friends connected my family with organizations that employ Chinese immigrants, and it was through this that my family members were employed.

Similar to earlier immigrants, my family also experienced a lot of rejection and discrimination. When my family migrated to the United States, there was still a lot of discriminatory distrust of immigrants and Chinese-Americans. This was indicated by the campaign donor scandals and the Wen Ho Lee spy charges. In addition, there have been recent accusations that China’s sovereign wealth funds that these funds have the potential of undermining the financial institutions in America. These factors have lead to the discriminatory distrust that the Chinese immigrants are experiencing.

In conclusion, people from different countries immigrate to America in such for greener pastures such as employment opportunities and more advanced education systems. This is the same reason as to why individuals from China had to move to America. My family also moved to America in search for job opportunities (Taikaki, 2010). My family faced the same problems that were faced by other individuals living in America. This is where we experienced discrimination and to some extend the American government placed rules and regulations against further migrations to America specifically for individuals from China. This resulted from an increment in cheap labor that was provided in the United States. 

Works Cited:

Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850. Santee, CA: University of Washington Press, 1988. Print.

Taikaki, Ronald. Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Retrieved on June 16, 2010, from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpq722mR6nE

Taikaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Little, Brown and Company, 2008. Print.

Zhou, Min .Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation. New York, NY: TempleUniversity Press, 2009. Print.

 

 

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Media

            The media has been utilized in most cases to portray different gendered and sexualized norms in the modern world. These norms have been employed by many people ignorantly, into their day to day lives. The portrayals may not contain any grain of truth as they are advertising stunts but most people do take this factor into consideration as they are in constant belief that the media does not lie. The focal point of this paper is on the portrayal of women in print media with particular emphasis on five magazines that encompass InStyle, Glamour, Fitness, Women’s Health and Good Housekeeping. Based on the information extracted from the advertisements in the magazines, there is a clear-cut diverse portrayal of the women in different magazines. The imageries exhibited by the magazines yields varied expectations regarding physical appearance, sexuality, relationships and/or gender roles.

Shivprasad in his post on June 9, 2010, asserted that most people believed that if sex was not used in advertising products such as fashion styles, perfumes and other items, the marketing industry would not have been as flourishing as it is today. This is because products that were advertised using sexual imagery attracted the consumer’s interest for a protracted time influencing the particular individual into purchasing the product (Shivprasad, 2010). Since advertisers use sex to enhance their products sales, they resort to extreme of marketing strategies aimed at obtaining optimal attention from their customers.

In the advertising section of Women’s health Magazine, slender, well-toned full-length images of women are used in weight loss drugs segment to achieve the perfect ‘sexy’ look. This more often than never has a negative impact on women, as they tend to indulge in poor eating habits with intent of losing weight. Young girls are also ensnared in their mind frames, as they equate beauty to lean bodies. Work hard into losing their body weight for they will only look beautiful if they are skinny. Men are not omitted either. This advertisement will have a negative effect on men. This is because they will want to be in relationship with skinny women. The women they will get married to, will be influenced by the images found in these magazines.

In the Good Housekeeping magazine, it is found that when marketers advertise household equipments, they will include images of women who are fully dressed and respectful. This is the reason as to why women are said to be homemakers. These kinds of advertisements will affect women and young girls negatively for they will grow having in mind that their role in the society is to carry out the household chores (Dill, 1986). Gender inequality will come in where women will be viewed as dependents who cannot work for their own money. Young boys will grow up having in mind that women have no power over men for they cannot do anything better than performing household duties. On contrary, in most advertisements men are portrayed as strong. In most advertisements, images of men exposing their masculine bodies are used.

In the fitness magazine unlike in Good house keeping magazines the images used are for thin women. In the magazine, one can find some information like one has to lose weight to look more beautiful or even sexier. In this magazine, weight loss drugs are advertised that are recommended for weight loss. This magazine can be influential in that women are encouraged to take the drugs that can be harmful to ones health. Since the only images used in advertising products in the magazine include images of thin women, it encourages individuals in a given society to pressurize women towards weight loss. These women may end up engaging themselves in poor eating habits.

In her article posted on June 9, 2010, Anita said that advertising without sex would be unsuccessful. She argues that it is because people live in a world that is sex crazed and it is the reason as to why marketers use sexual images in the media. Women are used in advertising certain products like jeans and perfumes. For instance, in the Glamour magazine, women wearing clothes such as jeans exposing their butts are used. This will give the teenagers the mentality that they will look more attractive if they wear clothes that reveal parts of their bodies (Ganesh, 2010). For instance, in such advertisements they may use a woman wearing tight jeans with men fancied by her appearance. Having women being widely used in most advertisements to draw men’s attention portray them as sex objects. This where women will be viewed as people who should work hard towards the improvement of their appearance where in turn they will be used by men in satisfaction of their needs.

For instance, in the Instyle magazine, the cover page has the image of a half-naked woman. This is a proof that fashion in most magazines is associated with nudity. This is an implication that women will look more attractive if only they expose most parts of the body. The marketers make use of the sexy looks that the women have in selling their products. In this magazine, it is found that women cannot be used in advertising other areas that do not require nudity such as career advertisements. This indicates women inferiority in the society.

In most of career advertisements in most magazines, the marketers use images of men. This is where an image of a man who is well dressed in a suit is portrayed as successful with his family. This indicates that the only people who can pursue their careers are men and women will just rely on their success. This is an indication of gender inequality where it is depicted that education is only meant for men only. Women portrayed as individuals who have to be submissive to men for they have to depend on them in the satisfaction of their daily needs. In return, women will have to satisfy men’s sexual needs where men will use them as sex objects. This is an indication that women have no significant place in the society.

Mass media may influence individuals from different ethnic and racial groups in the society including the teenagers. Lately, youngsters have access to media materials where they view most of the advertisements in televisions and in most of the fashion magazines. Different commercial advertisements may have positive or negative impacts to different individuals. Most advertisements portray gender inequality where women are depicted as people who are not educated and their role to the society is to perform household duties.

This is the reason as to why in most commercial advertisements women are found improving their physical appearances to draw men’s attention. On contrary, in most advertisements men are portrayed as strong intellectuals who are domineering (Kimmel & Mahler, 2003). This is the reason as to why men are used in advertising products such as motor vehicles. These advertisements will influence teenagers in the sense that they will grow up emulating the social values and practices as depicted in the media.

In conclusion, marketers should come up with different marketing strategies aimed at improving gender equality. This can be achieved by making use of both men and women from different racial groups in all types of advertisements. Marketers should improve on this area for these advertisements influence peoples ways of lives and specifically the young individuals. For instance, women should also be included in career advertisements. This will have a positive impact to young girls who will be encouraged to work harder in their academic work.

The prevalent focus of both Fitness and Women’s Health magazines was on women with petite figures whereas Good Housekeeping magazines focused on full figured women. Glamour magazine focuses on the portrayal of women as sexual symbols through the exhibition of the highest number of naked or inadequately dressed women. Good Housekeeping magazine on the other hand, enhances a good image for women due to the high number of fully clothed women who form its focal point.

Reference:

Dill, B. T. (1986).Our Mothers Grief: Racial Ethnic and Maintenance of Families. Memphis, TN:  Center for Research on Women.

Ganesh, A. (June 9, 2010). Retrieved on June 15, 2010, from

https://portal.cuny.edu/portal/site/cuny/index.jsp?epi-content=LOGIN

Kimmel, M.S. &Mahler, M. (2003).Adolescent Masculinity, Homophobia, and Violence, New York, NY: Sage publications.

Shivprasad, Y. (June 9, 2010). Retrieved on June 15, 2010, from

https://portal.cuny.edu/portal/site/cuny/index.jsp?epi-content=LOGIN

 

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Hamlet

            The play Hamlet is one that brings out several themes the most common being revenge, treachery, incest and moral degradation among others. Claudius, the King of Denmark brings out these themes as the story goes on and develops the plot with his actions. In this paper, I am going to look at Claudius, a character in the play, and how his dialogue develops the plot. He brings out the themes of revenge, treachery, incest and moral degradation, the most prevalent being moral degradation. Claudius has corrupt morals and this can be seen in his dialogue, which is regarded as pouring poison in the ear. His dialogue is persuasive and this is enhanced by his good command of English therefore making his listener view him as an intellectual and makes him go further to follow his evil advices.

Claudius was King Hamlet’s brother, hence Hamlet’s uncle but he went ahead to kill King Hamlet and did not only seize his throne but also married his widowed wife (Timmins & Shakespeare 132). These two actions fuel Prince Hamlet’s anger and he vows to seek revenge. The details of King Hamlet’s death are revealed by his ghost, which goes further to instruct Prince Hamlet to avenge for its death. Claudius dialogue motivates the rest of Prince Hamlet plans of revenge. First, Prince Hamlet does not believe the ghost’s story and seeks to know the truth by staging a play whose theme was to show how his father died and therefore getting an opportunity to study Claudius’ reactions to establish the truth. As the play goes on, Claudius rushes out of the hall confirming Prince Hamlet’s suspicions. With this new truth, Prince Hamlet decides to avenge for his father’s death by killing Claudius but he is not able to immediately do so because Claudius mumbles incoherent words giving Hamlet an illusion that he was praying. This incident saves his life and gives him more time to plot on Hamlet’s death. Earlier on, Claudius had told two of Hamlet’s friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to investigate Hamlet, after Ophelia reported of his strange behavior, and report any strange behavior to him. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern later met their deaths in England as they tried to follow Claudius’ instructions.

When Claudius rushes out of the court, Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and Claudius wife, seek an explanation from Hamlet for his strange behavior. During their conversation, Polonius eavesdrops and Hamlet stubs him thinking it was Claudius. To give justice to the bereaved family, Claudius decides to send away Hamlet to England but in his heart, he has a hidden agenda for Hamlet to die in the battlefront hence clearing his name. His plan does not work out and Hamlet returns to Denmark, which annoys him. In his dialogue with Laertes, he convinces him to take on Hamlet in a fencing match citing the appropriateness of avenging his father’s death and his sisters’ madness and her eventual drowning (Timmins & Shakespeare 97).

After Ophelia’s burial, Laertes and Hamlet went into the ring to battle each other. In his dialogue with Laertes, Claudius gave Laertes the option of doping his sword to make sure Hamlet died. Claudius went further to disclose to Laertes, that if Hamlet missed the sword, then he would not survive the poison he would put in his wine. This dialogue clearly shows moral degradation and how he was poisoning Laertes mind so that Laertes could poison his sword. This dialogue led to the actions that followed, which are as the fight went on, Hamlet was scratched by Laertes’ poisonous sword, Gertrude drunk the poisoned wine and Hamlet scratched Laertes with his poisonous sword. While dying, Hamlet avenged for his father’s death by killing Claudius through piercing him with the poisoned sword and forcing him to take the poisoned wine.

The symbolism of ears and hearing is also brought out through Claudius. Claudius caused King Hamlet’s death by pouring poison through his ear. This means that the dishonest words and advices Claudius gave King Hamlet caused his death and the ghost was warning that the same words would cause Denmark’s downfall, which they did.

 

Work Cited:

Timmins, Samuel and William Shakespeare. Hamlet. London: S. Low, Son, and Co, 1860. Print.

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A letter to my grandson

            It is my greatest pleasure to take this ample time to talk to you through this letter. I am pleased to hear of the social, political and economical changes that have taken place in America for the past couple of years. It is truly unbelievable to hear that you are working towards transforming the social, economic and political lifestyle of the African-Americans in the United States. Long time ago during my days in America, Africans were only there to be seen and not to be heard. Blacks were seen to be inferior to any other race in America. This called for racial discrimination against the black people living in America (Takaki, 1993). Africans were treated as slaves in America by being subjected to hard odd jobs with less payment. Most of them were used as domestic slaves who worked at the homes of the whites. This comprised mostly of the women who were enslaved as house helps in the homes of the whites.

The women were insulted by the whites through different ways, which involved sexual abuse and excess work. On the side of the men, it was very harsh because it involved hard work and brutality. I remember of the long nights that we spend in the cold working without receiving any payment but food and harsh strokes on our backs. Life was full of agony and injustice to the black men. In addition to these assaults, we were emotionally depressed because of losing our beloved ones through slave trade (Takaki, 1993). My aunt and my father were taken away from us to unknown destinations in America. I have never met them ever since that awful day they were fetched together with other people by a black military truck. Flashbacks always race in my mind and leave me in deep pain when I remember of those bad days. The big issue in America was nothing but the slave trade.

I am deeply saddened by the fact that slave trade led to my horrible Future. Slaves in the United States were distributed to the areas with fertile soils for large plantations for growing high value cash crops like cotton, coffee and sugar. The southern United States had majority of slaveholders, where most slaves were involved in proficient machine-like team system of agriculture, with farms of fifteen or more slaves proving to be distant extra prolific than farms devoid of slaves (Takaki, 1993). The slaves were manned by a managerial class of overseers who ensured that the slaves did not waste their working time. I am so worried that am causing great pain to you although this is the reality about slavery trade in the United States. It is before the establishment of outright ownership of slaves that much labor was planned under a system known as indentured servitude, which was a means of employing labor to pay transportation costs for transporting people to the colonies (Brown, 1865). During my time, twelve million people were shipped to America of which 645,000 were taken to the United States.

After some time, more slaves were brought to join us and slave population in America grew to four million. Slavery was later resisted through non-compliance and avoided through voyage to non-slave countries, promoted by the Underground Railroad (Takaki, 1993). Supporters of abolitionism were involved in political debates, and promoted the making of Free Soil states as Western development went on. Slavery was one of the major subjects leading to the American Civil warfare. Later on slavery was made illegal after the thirteenth amendment to the United States constitution.

It was now the time for the blacks to exercise their freedom in America because slave trade and unfair laws were overlooked in America. Blacks were now free to own their property and free to work at any place (Brown, 1865). It is during this time that I was able to buy a piece of land at Mississippi after working for two decades. I left this land for your father and his brothers when I decided to return to Africa. I would refer to this as the brutal suffering of the blacks in America but personally, I Experienced a hard life.

My mother died when I was seven years old still living in Africa. She was attacked by a wild animal when she had gone into the bush to fetch food and water. I was left with my father whom we were shipped together to America where we were separated from each other. That was the last day for me to see my father who had brought me up to the age of twelve. I was left with my aunt under the same slaveholder in Mississippi (Waldinger, 1996). It was during this time when I witnessed my first brutal act of slavery when I saw my aunt Esther being whipped. Despite the beating were involved in singing as we worked. It was necessary as we sung praise songs to our masters who punished us whenever we failed to sing.

I vividly remember the first death of one of our fellow slaves who was shot. He declined taking part in the singing of the songs a factor that led to our master shooting him in the head (Waldinger, 1996). The master said that he shot him to set a good example to other people that rules were to be obeyed strictly in the farm. His death was so painful that it left me in fear that I may too die soon. It was after sometime that our master wanted to relocate to Africa when we got new masters. The land, livestock and the slaves that he had were all his property. He sold us together with his land and livestock to other whites in America (Takaki, 1993). It is at this time when my aunt left to unknown destination. I have never met her again ever since we parted ways. I cannot tell whether she is alive or not and the place where she is living at. I am hoping that she has been good ever since that day. Her first-born son she left in Africa at the age of two is now married and with five children. I confess that tears roll down my cheeks when I remember the sad disappearance of my father and aunt. It gets me wary when I think that they might have been killed by the brutal whites. A reminisce of the good memories of the good life we had before being shipped to America makes me sick.

My worst time came when I was posted to a new working station. Mrs. Claudia was my new master who turned to be more brutal than what many men expected. She was the real devil’s incarnation and mistreated many of us. I did not believe my eyes when she whipped a woman slave and warned to shoot anyone who did not adhere to her rules (Brown, 1865). The good thing about her is that she used to reward her employees by offering gifts. The slaves were not also very good people as they could take their revenge when opportunity rose. Mrs. Claudia was later killed by one of us when she was asleep. Charles sneaked into her room at night slashing her into pieces with his machete (Brown, 1865). The news spread and Charles escaped to unknown location. It was after three days that the death of Charles was made known to us. Our lives were in danger and the whites became harsher to the slaves. We could now work for long hours without food and water. The whites whipped our backs as we worked in the farms to make us work more efficiently (Waldinger, 1996).

It was now time for us to have a third new master, Mrs. Alex who was a widow and a Christian. This was a complete transformation of our lives as slaves (Brown, 1865). She introduced us to reading the bible and taught us more about the bible. This was truly a rare character in America and all the slaves were interested in her character. She treated everybody equally and enabled us live together as a family. Her idea was not to enslave any one but to cease slavery in America. She requested us to work hard in our daily activities for a bright future in front of us (Waldinger, 1996). Her friends used to come at her home in the evening to pray and worship the lord. We were taught gospel songs and new bible memory verses that we could recite after the prayers. Whites who came to her home were friendly to us and would sometimes bring gifts for us.

Life was in a new dimension and to us it was nothing but a movie. Everybody was so taken aback by the new acts and suspicious that they might be planning to kill us. It was though honest and true that they wanted to support us when we discovered that they had formed an alliance to abolish slavery in the United States (Takaki, 1993). It is during this time that we were free to attend church meetings and even get payment for the work that we were assigned to do in the firms. It is also during this time that the blacks were able to purchase property from the whites. Slave trade ceased and no more Africans were shipped into America.

Racial discrimination reduced in the continent. This is the time when I started earning from the work that I did. My payments enabled me to buy a land at Mississippi in which I settled with my family (Waldinger, 1996). I got married to a white, Mary who is the mother of your father. Mary and I met at church and loved my hardworking character and God loving attitude. We lived together as husband and wife for thirty years before she died. She died of cancer in Mississippi after a long illness. It was after her death that I decided to elope back to Africa to join my other people leaving your father and his sister at Mississippi to take care of the property.

It is good news that you are working towards the African-American improvement of social, political and economical status in the United States because during our times it was very hard. I would like to encourage you to work hard towards the achievement of the movement’s goal (Brown, 1865). You are capable of changing the life of African-Americans to a better place through this movement. I am also pleased that that my words have unraveled so much information which your father may not have told you. I trust in you and hope that you will work towards making the African-Americans a superior community (Waldinger, 1996).

 

 

Works Cited:

Brown, Robert T. Immigrants to Liberia, 1843 to 1865: An Alphabetical Listing. Philadelphia: Institute for Liberian Studies, 1980. Print.

Takaki, Ronald T. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America.Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1993. Print.

Waldinger, Roger David. Still the Promised City? : African-Americans and New Immigrants In Postindustrial New York. Cambridge, Mass.: HarvardUniversity Press, 1996. Print.

 

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Teaching Self-Advocacy

            Teaching self advocacy to students with learning disabilities encompasses imparting knowledge about how to make informed decisions, how to solve the problems they may encounter as well as developing critical thinking skills in their future lives (Wong, 2004). This is not only aimed at helping in changing their decision making process on matters to deal with sex, drugs and crime but it also aimed at enhancing their self-esteem and self confidence.

Metacognition encompasses the control center of a person’s cognitive system that enables him to acquire knowledge about his cognitive process which is relevant for effective learning. Effective learning for the students with learning disabilities encompasses instructions on how to monitor and control their Metacognition process (Israel, 2007). Most students with learning disabilities take a lot of time to decipher the information contained in their reading materials. This is because their Metacognition monitoring is at a low level, as their working-memory capacity is limited.

The students engage in Metacognition monitoring when they are reading simple texts that are easy to understand but they fail to monitor when reading difficult texts. To enhance the students Metacognition monitoring, they should be encouraged to build enough background knowledge and vocabulary about the topics they are learning through reading other related materials about the topic (Cartwright, 2008). This boosts their inferences so that they can pay attention to what they are reading. Before the strategies for improving Metacognition monitoring are implemented, the level of monitoring for the students should be measured to provide insight as into what strategies to be used.

The first method to be used is thinking aloud when they reading which helps to know the students who did not understand the text. The second method to be used is the reading of a comprehension and rating them according to the answers they provide on questions asked about the comprehension. The third method is error detection where mistakes are inserted into a text and student re asked to find them (Israel, 2007). The fourth method is putting error in a text and analyzing those students who reread the parts where the errors are. The last method encompasses the use of interviews or questionnaires to root out the students with learning disabilities.

These are students, who do not utilize such strategies as memorizing, summarizing, text structure, skimming or rereading and who provide the answers they think the interviewers want though they are wrong. Cognitive strategy instructions or Metacognition control strategies are utilized in eliminating these problems (Cartwright, 2008). These strategies include rereading the text, making diagrams to provide more insights, summarizing or paraphrasing as they read and using dictionaries to provide more understanding.

The students should also be encouraged to ask questions when they do not understand, and to read ahead to make more comprehension of the text being used in class. PQ4R which stands for Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review should also be utilized especially when reading difficult texts that are hard to comprehend. This also encompasses the making of predictions which enhances more understanding (Wong, 2004). Teachers they should use multiple strategies where the students work with teacher support first and then work with the teachers, because studies show more success when multiple strategies are used as compared to the use of one strategy.

Students with learning disabilities find it hard to comprehend the texts they read because their level of Metacognition monitoring is low (Israel, 2007). To help them enhance their learning abilites Metacognition control strategies should be employed. Before these strategies can be employed the level of their learning disability should be measured using different methods so that the best strategies can be employed in the controlling of their Metacognition. The acquisition of a high level of Metacognition monitoring does not only boost their reading capacity but it also boosts their self-esteem and self confidence.

 

References:

Cartwright, K. B. (2008). In Literacy processes: Cognitive flexibility in learning and teaching. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Israel, S. E. (2007). In Using Metacognitive Assessments to Create Individualized Reading Instruction. Newark, Del: International Reading Association.

Wong, B. Y. L. (2004). In Learning about Learning Disabilities. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.

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Drug Trafficking and its effects in United States

            Drug trafficking is trade in illegal drugs and involves a global black market that is involved in a chain of activities before the drugs get to the consumer. These activities include cultivation of the illegal drugs followed by their manufacture and eventually their distribution to the consumers. Most constitutions prohibit drug trafficking but there has not been much success in stopping this illegal act. The business has been known to be very lucrative and has enriched many people. A report by the UN said that approximately US$321.6 billions were earned through drug trafficking in 2003. This illegal drug trading gives almost 1% of global commerce (Tree & Sherman, 2010).

Illegal drug trafficking began when drug prohibition laws were introduced. In China during the First Opium War, they banned opium but Britain lobbied for their merchants to continue selling opium in China. This was around 1800s and the result of this lobbying is that most people begun taking opium therefore enlarging the market and giving huge returns to the British merchants. The adverse effect was that many Chinese became addicted to opium. On the ban of opium, due to the adverse effects it had on the citizens, there was emergence of drug trafficking to the already opium dependent population. This is a similar story of the emergence of drug trafficking in others countries. An example is the emergence of bootlegging by the mafia groups. Bootlegging involves selling of alcoholic beverages to areas that have laws prohibiting sale of these drinks. One such mafia was Al Capone’s syndicate, which emerged in the 1920s and operated in Chicago. In 1954, there was an abnormal rise in drug trafficking and from that time, the crime levels have increased with the peak being in 1979 (Miller, 2002).

The most traded illegal drugs include heroin, cocaine, hashish, ecstasy, cannabis, methylphenidate, crack, tobacco, alcohol, temazepam and methamphetamine. Cannabis is illegal in most countries with the exceptions of Canada and Holland. It is sold in various forms, one of them being hashish. In some states in the US, it can be allowed if prescribed by a doctor. In the Arabian Peninsula, alcohol is illegal and in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, for instance, there is a ban because most of the citizens are Muslims. Muslims are not allowed to take alcoholic beverages by their religion; therefore, these substances are prohibited in the Muslim states whose constitution is based on the Sharia. Some non-Muslim countries have gone further to prohibit trade in alcoholic drinks whose alcohol content exceeds a certain level. High tax levied on tobacco has resulted in illegal trade in it especially in the United Kingdom. In other countries, it should only be sold to adults, which has resulted in vendors sneaking it to students in schools and minors elsewhere. Afghanistan is the largest exporter of heroin in the world. In 2003 alone, 93% of opiates sold around the world had their origin in Afghanistan and there was a lucrative return of $64 billion, which ended in the pockets of farmers, drug traffickers, insurgents, district officials and warlords (Tree & Sherman, 2010).

In the US, heroin is 8 to 10 times more expensive than cocaine thereby attracting many traffickers. Heroin can be easily smuggled because a small package can contain many doses. In the Vietnam War Ike Atkinson supplied heroin in dead America solders’ coffins but since that time, there has been more scrutiny, making it difficult to smuggle drugs into the US. Methamphetamine’s trade is a serious concern in the US because it can be easily produced therefore making it easily available in large quantities. It is also very addictive. Its common street names are “crystal”, “crystal meth” and “ice.” This drug is chemically produced in laboratories and there has been an increase in the number of these laboratories in this decade. Michigan, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Illinois and Ohio have the largest numbers of these laboratories.

Temazepam is a strong hypnotic drug that is mostly produced in Eastern Europe. It is produced through altering the chemical components of oxazepam, lorazepam or diazepam. Temazepam has been identified as the most abused drug in the United Kingdom, China, Finland, Russia, Australia, South-East Asia and Hungary among others. It has been known to be the cause of many deaths in Sweden and has therefore been banned. Ecstasy is a lab produced drug whose chemical name is MDMA (3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and is illegal in most countries. It is associated with electronic dance music and raves. Although it has been proposed as a possible medication for treating post-traumatic stress disorder, it is easily abused to cause euphoria (Thomas et al., 2008).

In the USA, illegal drug trafficking has been one of the most profitable businesses hence attracting most of the social crimes into the business. It can therefore be characterized as the business that has the most criminals and the most ruthless people. Drug law enforcement agencies are facing a big challenge of securing the US bounders because of the many people who enter the country through the various means of transport in a year. For example, at least 675,000 planes land in the country each year. The US Customs Service has gone further by saying that an estimated figure of 60 million people visit the US every year, at least 90,000 ships dock with more than 9 million containers and 400 million cargo tons (Public Agenda Foundation & Hinds Some, 1997). These voluminous cargos have brought in many illegal drugs to the country. Criminal groups from South America have been known to smuggle cocaine and heroin into America through various routes for example Mexico inland routes and maritime routes along its East and West coasts. Other routes have been used too to bring illegal drugs to the USA. Methamphetamine has been distributed by criminal groups from Mexico in the West and mid-West and currently in the eastern parts. The use of ecstasy has increased rapidly with the greatest traffickers being Russian, Europe-based an Israel syndicates. Commercial airlines and package carriers are the most used to bring in this drugs.

Domestic organizations based in America also produce these drugs and distribute them. This has made it even more difficult for the government to detect these drugs because motorists and just anyone around the country carry them. Methamphetamine is produced in many laboratories across the US and when one is shut down in one place, another is opened in another area making it difficult for the government to overcome the chain. Many people especially those in the mid-West or western side of the country are hooked to methamphetamine. Due to its availability, it has found its way into schools posing a health hazard to teenagers (Harris, 2009).

Cocaine has continually threatened the lives of many Americans and now its use has moved from the big cities to smaller ones and even to suburbs increasing crime levels and violence. Though the level of cocaine nowadays has not exceeded those of crack cocaine in the 1980s, there is still a considerable crime level caused by cocaine users. The US/Mexico border is the main entry point for cocaine into the US. Colombia is the main cocaine transporter in the world and in collaboration with other criminal groups from Mexico; it has transported many tons of cocaine to the US. Cocaine is still transported through Puerto Rico and Haiti. The lawlessness in Haiti has increased drug smuggling into the US. Crack is the most dominant type of cocaine in the US because it is cheap. Crips, Bloods and other criminal groups from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, are the main traffickers of crack cocaine (Thomas et al., 2008). There has been a tremendous growth of street gangs who fight to maintain monopoly in drug trafficking and this has resulted in an increase in armed robberies, homicide and assaults. With low prices of cocaine in the past years, there has an increase in users and the supply has also gone up. A gram of cocaine goes for at least $12,000 with a purity level of at least 73% while crack rock can go for as low as $3 per 1/10 gram.

The availability of heroin is also shocking, especially on the streets. Middle East particularly Afghanistan, Mexico, Colombia and Burma are the main transporters of cocaine. Almost all cocaine produced in Mexico is meant for the American market and is sold in the form of “black tar” and “brown powder.” Since 1993, there has been an increase in the availability of South American heroin especially along the East coast (Thomas et al., 2008).

Marijuana is the most abused illegal drug with at least 115 million users in the US due to its availability. This drug is known as a gateway to abusing other drugs with at least a third of the American population having abused it once in their lifetime. Its wide spread use has been fueled by the media, groups that fight for its legalization, people’s perception of its harmlessness and production of “blunts.” The internet has gone further to give wrong information especially of its harmlessness to encourage its use. MDMA is one other drug whose abused rate has rapidly increased in the US. It is mainly shipped from Netherlands and Belgium, who are the key produces in the world and the main targets are nightclubs and bars. The consumers are middle-class adolescents and young adults, who view it as non-addictive. Some laboratories have been opened up in the US to manufacture this drug.

Due to drug trafficking, there have been various effects caused by the readily available drugs to the consumers. The various effects are specific to the drug abused for example; marijuana affects the brain hence slowing learning and the interpretation of senses. It also causes lung related illnesses for instance bronchitis and lung cancer and problems of retaining knowledge (Baucum, 1996). These effects affect the user’s productivity making him redundant in a growing economy. Most of the addicts have a problem sustaining their jobs. MDMA effects are anxiety, depression and paranoia, loss of focus,fatigue, irritability, gastro-intestinal disturbances, aches and pains and loss of appetite among others. The chronic use of this drug increase depression and liver damage. Cocaine dependence can result in brain and cardiovascular damage in the end but it has other effects that occur in the short run like psychosis, tachycardia pain attacks and insomnia among others. It is also known to cause changes in personality, which could result in aggressive behavior. The effects of excessive intake of alcohol are nausea, slurred speech hangovers and dizziness among others. These effects can impair a person’s working ability, hence causing their retrenchment or causing the company financial losses. Alcohol is also known to cause violent behavior (Hartstein. 2003). Methamphetamines cause psychosis heart and blood vessel toxicity and convulsions. Heroin’s side effects are skin infections, slurred speech, impaired night vision, respiratory depression or failure, slow gait among others.

The effects of drugs are seen in the rise of crime rates most of the reported rape cases were performed by a person who was under the influence of drugs. People under the influence also commit most armed robberies and homicides. These crimes have been on the increase. Although the American government is putting all the measures it can think of to stop smuggling of drugs into the country, it has not succeeded. Part of the reason is that most of the addicts go an extra mile to help the suppliers to transport the drugs. There are high secrecy levels that are not easy to break because of the risk involved, some of the people helping in shipping are also under oath, which if broken could lead to their death or worse, that of an innocent family member. Drug trafficking especially that of marijuana has increased because the plant is planted locally. For others like methamphetamines, the laboratories are situated in most parts of the country with others being in the traffickers homes (Cozic, 1998). Due to these facts, the crime rates have increased and the adverse effects of these drugs have continued to have bad implications on the user’s health. The government has resorted to using a lot of money to protect the US bounders and on free treatment to the addicts. There has been an increase in HIV infections due to sharing of needles especially by heroin users and this has increased government spending on ARVS.

Many organizations are involved in bringing in drug trafficking in the US most of which are Mexican and Colombian. These organizations use human mules. Human mules are people who are hired to smuggle goods to other countries especially internationally by criminals. Human mules who specifically smuggle illegal drugs are referred to as drug mules and they smuggle the drugs by hiding them in their clothing, bags and shoes or even in their bodies (Information Plus et al., 2006). Some these drug mules undergo surgery to hide these drugs in their bodies while others swallow them on empty stomachs and on arrival in the country of their destination excrete them. These people do not mind their health or even the lawsuits they are exposing themselves to. Just as a mule has a thing tied on its sides, it is the same case that these people have baggage on them. They carry loads of drugs in suitcases; others carry them in suitcases that have seals for the UN to ensure they are exempted through scrutiny.

Submarines have been used to traffic drugs because they cannot be easily seen whether by sonar, radar or infrared systems when on water. Drug traffickers specifically made Narco submarine to traffic drugs. Columbian drug cartels use these submarines mostly for trafficking cocaine to the US. This cocaine has its origin from Colombia and Mexico. Some of the cartels involved in drug trafficking include Cali cartel, Medellin cartel and Norte Del Valle Cartel and they are all from Colombia (Tree & Sherman, 2010). It is therefore evident that drug trafficking is a global crisis that needs to be solved. Most countries including the US have set death penalty as the appropriate sentence for drug traffickers (Manski, 2001).

Drug trafficking as seen above is trading in illegal drugs, some which are heroin, cocaine, hashish, ecstasy, cannabis, methylphenidate, crack, tobacco, alcohol, temazepam and methamphetamine. The effects of this drugs are not only experienced by the individuals when the get addicted but also by the government. It is also clear that there are many individuals and organizations involved in drug trafficking.

 

Bibliography

Tree, S., & Sherman, J. (2010). Drug Trafficking. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub.	This book defines drug trafficking and goes ahead to give the most commonly trafficked drugs
Harris, N. (2009). Drug Trafficking. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub.	This book speaks about the effects of drug trafficking to a nation
Miller, R. L. (2002). Drugs of Abuse: A Reference Guide to their History and Use. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.	The book is on the most abused drugs in United States of America. It names them and gives the effects of both addiction and withdrawal
Baucum, D. (1996). Psychology. Hauppauge, N.Y: Barron’s.	It gives the commonly abused drugs, their effects on the user particularly their health, withdrawal symptoms and treatment of these symptoms.
Thomas, K. W., Schaller, G., & Gilbert, R. (2008). Side Effects: The Hidden Agenda of the Pharmaceutical Drug Cartel. Clearwater, Fla: Present Time Books.	This book names some of the famous drug trafficking cartels and their networking.
Hartstein, M. (2003). The War on Drugs: The Worst Addiction of All. New York, N.Y: Writer’s Showcase.	The book gives the history of drug trafficking and its rise over the years. It also shows the various laws that have been set in US and other countries to fight drug trafficking
Cozic, C. P. (1998). Illegal Drugs. Current controversies. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.	The book gives details on the drugs that are trafficked and their mode of trafficking including use of human mules and submarines.
Manski, C. F., Pepper, J., Petrie, C., NationalAcademy Press (U.S.), & National Research Council. (2001). Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs: What we don’t know keeps hurting us. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press.	The book illuminates people’s ignorance on the effects of illegal drugs. It goes further to name illegal drugs, their effects to individuals and to the government.
Information Plus (Firm: Wylie, Tex.), Thomson Gale (Firm), & Jacobson, R. (2006). Illegal Drugs: America’s Anguish. Information Plus reference series. Detroit: Thomson Gale.	The book gives details on the widespread use of illegal drugs in America. It also details the fight on drug trafficking in various states of America
Public Agenda Foundation, & Hinds, M. C. (1997). Illegal Drugs: What should we do Now?Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.	The book gives details on the list of illegal drugs and when they were banned in America, their side effects and available treatment for addiction.

 

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Bong Hits 4 Jesus.

            Speech is the ability to speak without any restrictions or limitation. Freedom of speech in the Bill of Rights indicates that parliament has no power to make laws in respect to establishment of religion or restricting free exercise or limiting the freedom of speech. Until 1986, the guiding principle concerning limits of student speech was that school officials could not censure student speech unless it creates substantial and material disruption or interruption on school activities. In April1999, there was the killing of thirteen and wounding of 23 people at ColumbineHigh School in Littleton, Colorado. Two of the perpetrators who were teenagers committed suicide. This story led to the uncovering of many other killings committed by students, sometimes at schools. This occurrence also led to the justification of limitation on student speech in several ways. For example, dress codes were introduced, which required students to wear school uniforms to school. It was assumed that by imposing school uniforms on students, incidences of wearing clothes with violent expressions would reduce. School districts have challenged student expressions in terms of vulgar expressions, sexual innuendos, rude expressions and plainly offensive expression. Other forms of expressions that are challenged are wearing of t-shirts with drug related or anti-homosexual messages and some theatre performances for example vagina monologues.

The case Morse v. Frederick questions the limitations of free speech in that Frederick decided to display the fourteen-foot banner in front of a large crowd outside his school. His principal decided to suspend him for ten days regarding the message displayed as being pro-drugs. This case questions the limitations of free speech in that, he was not actually in school and this raises the issue of whether the principal had the power to limit his free speech. On the other hand, this was a school-sponsored event thus the principal might have acted in her jurisdiction. The lawyers Kenneth Starr and Jay Sekulow are similar in that, they both oppose the message that Frederick was displaying. Sekulow describes it as uncommonly funny and says he deeply opposes it. In addition, they also agree that when it is a school-sponsored event, school authorities have the power to limit the student free speech if it disrupts school activities and is not in accordance to school basic rules and regulations.

On the other hand, Starr is the dean of PepperdineUniversitySchool of law while Sekulow is chief counsel for the American Centre for law and justice. We expect that they should be on the same side when it comes to legal matters, but this is not the case. Starr represented Principal Morse while Sekulow supports Frederick. The main issue that they disagree upon is that Starr says that he was under the authority of the school while Sekulow says that he was outside school and could express himself. Sekulow even says that the principal overreacted when it came to this matter.

Supreme courts’ oral arguments were very tough and argumentative. Justice Kennedy was very tough and always wanted direct answers from the lawyers. Starr was given eighteen minutes, Kneedler was given ten and Mertz was given seventeen minutes to present his argument. Justice Kennedy and Justice Souter interrupted Starr severally. He handled the interruptions calmly and continued to answer the questions asked. Mr. Kneedler was also interrupted by Justice Kennedy but was not so calm about it. He sometimes got agitated and could not answer the questions asked. Mr. Mertz was also interrupted severally and he acted very calm about the questions asked and was direct in his answers to the Justices. Most Justices decided that limits on student speech should be tightened and Frederick lost the case.

The Tinker case of 1969 was about students who wore black armbands to school, to protest the Vietnam War. They were suspended and went to Supreme Court to report this issue. The court decided that the students were right and that the school districts did not have the right to censure student free speech not unless it causes material disruptions on the school activities. I agree with the court ruling because it encourages free speech among students. It gives students the freedom to express themselves without limitations.

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Resource Scheduling

            Resource scheduling can be defined as the process of selecting fundamental resources that need to be worked on for full satisfaction of project completion. This means that different resources are available to be used by different people or different organizations in different stages of accomplishing a project. It is therefore important to note that resource scheduling is applied in different stages of a project (Cadwell, 1992). It is commonly used in multi-project environment because most projects require resources hence a competition arises. Therefore, the competition for resources encourages resource scheduling because of the increased demand of available resources.

On the other hand, the duration for completion of the project is likely to be short hence the reason as to why the project has to be done in stages (Fields, 2010). This means that people are supposed to accomplish the work in a given time through a process called resource aggregation. Out-sourcing is the process of hiring a person (contractor, freelancer or consultant) to perform a specific job for an organization, which does not have the time or professionals to do the required job. In outsourcing, it is evident that organizations are able to buy services from other organizations offering the services (Fields, 2010). It is therefore evident that resource scheduling goes hand-in-hand with outsourcing of projects. Projects are done by the parties with the right resources for accomplishing them.

Resource scheduling is therefore important in accomplishment of tasks as evident in most projects done with the help of resource scheduling. It is important in circumstances where project delay is unacceptable because it offers adequate time for considering other options like changing of precedence and trade-offs. If project delay is not advocated in the completion of the project, it is therefore significant for an organization to come up with a project scheduling strategy in order to ensure the completion of the project at the required time. This means that the party with the obligation to finish the job is capable of taking other measures in order to complete its project. Project delay may lead to reprimands or punishment to the party hence the need to finish the project in time (Fields, 2010). The work to be performed is therefore shared between different organizations to be accomplished within the given time. This means that different resources are obtained from different organizations and hence offering the party in need a complete project that it was incapable of completing.

Resource scheduling is also significant to managers as they help them know the flexibility they have over some resources (Fields, 2010). This means that organizations have different flexibilities hence the reason as to why few make to accomplish their projects independently. Managers are able to discover the flexibility of their companies hence they make proper and concrete decisions about their organizations (Cadwell, 1992). It is through resource scheduling that they are able to discover the potential of their organizations. They get to know what their organizations are capable of offering and not capable of. It is therefore important to know that resource scheduling is important to managers as it helps them in their management work (Wyer, 1916).

Outsourcing project work can help ease some of the common problems brought about by multi-project resource scheduling through different ways. This is because outsourcing of project work allows different organizations to do the projects on behalf of another organization. The organizations doing the project are paid or compensated as per the agreement between them and the project owner (Cadwell, 1992). Outsourcing of project work is therefore vital because it enables organizations with multi-project resource scheduling have their many projects done within a given duration. In conclusion, it is fundamental for people to understand the importance resource scheduling to avoid delays in completion of their projects.

 

References:

Cadwell, L. Lee. (1992). Staff Report, Initial Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking: Public Hearing to Consider Adoption of New Specifications for Gasoline Certification Fuel for Motor Vehicles.Sacramento: State of California, California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Stationary Source Division

Fields, T. (2010). Distributed Game Development: Harnessing Global Talent to Create Winning Games. Burlington, MA: Focal Press.

Wyer, S. S. (1916). Reasonableness and Legal Right of the “Minimum Charge” in Public Utility Services. Carlifornia, LA: University of California

 

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Character Analysis

            This play is about Egeus who brings his daughter Hermia to court for she has declined a marriage proposal from Demetrius. According to Athenian law, Hermia was subjected to marry the man of her father’s choice or choose between being killed and becoming a nun. Hermia is not willing to marry Demetrius for she is in love with someone else, Lysander. In the story, it is indicated that Demetrius has an affair with Helena who happens to be Hermia’s friend. To accomplish their mission, Hermia and Lysander decide to move to another town, which is past Athenian law. Before relocating to a different town, Hermia informs Helena about it, who in turn tells Demetrius so that she can ingratiate herself to him. Once the two run away to the woods, Demetrius and Helena follow them. It is in the woods that the whole play takes place with everything turning out to be as expected by Egeus, Hermia’s father. Puck uses flower juices to make Hermia fall for Demetrius and in turn, Helena falls in love with Lysander. Later in the story, the love portion is again used by Puck to make Demetrius fall for Helena and Lysander falls in love with Hermia (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). Despite the fact that there is modest character development in the play, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by Shakespeare and there is no actual protagonist, reviewers point to Puck as the most imperative character in the play.

The roguish quick-witted fairy sets the play’s occurrences in action with Puck’s magic by means of both deliberate mischief and ill-fated mistakes on human characters. For instance, Puck transforms Bottom’s head to resemble the head of a donkey. It is also in the play that he soiled love portion on Lysander’s eyelids instead of Demetrius’s by mistake. The most important part is Puck’s unpredictable spirit, magical imaginations, fun-loving humor, and lovely reminiscent language that impart the impression of the play to the audience. Wild contrasts such as the implied comparison between the jagged, earthy crafts-men and the fragile, attractive fairies dictate the play, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. The other characters in the play think of Puck as an elegant but not saccharine as the other fairies such as Oberon. Puck is given a definite crudeness that leads him to make over Bottom’s head into that of an ass. This indicates that he is good-hearted but he is capable of nasty tricks. Whereas most of the fairies are beautiful and insubstantial, Puck is depicted as a character with weird looks. In the play, Puck is referred by other characters in the play as “hobglobin” (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). This means that he is not as glamorous as other fairies in the play.

The director of the play uses Puck in plot development. Puck plays a major role in giving a resolution to the plot. The theme of love is difficulty in the play as surveyed through the motif of contrast. This refers to the romantic state of affairs in which inconsistency or inequalities impede the synchronization of established relationships in the play. The imbalance is depicted by the irregular love that exists among the four young Athenians; Hermia, Lysander, Helena and Demetrius. It is illustrated in the play that Hermia loves Lysander, Lysander loves Hermia, Helena loves Demetrius, and Demetrius loves Hermia but not Helena who is in love with him. In the play, there is imbalance where two men are in love with the same woman. The play has a probability for a traditional ending, and the plot is in many ways based on a mission for internal balance. This implies that when the lover’s tangle is resolved into proportioned pairings; the conventional happy conclusion will be acquired. Similarly, in the relationship between Titania and Oberon, an imbalance occurs where Oberon’s admiration for Titania’s Indian boy overshadows the love he has for her. In the play, Titania’s love for Bottom corresponds to an imbalance of appearance and nature (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). This is because Titania is beautiful whereas Bottom is inept and ugly.

Puck was used to bring out the theme of love as difficulty in the play. Love is impossible in the play because the characters cannot be with the persons they love simply because there are people against it or there is no mutual love between the lovers. This is evident in the play where Hermia cannot be with Lysander because her father is against it. In addition, Helena cannot be with the person she loves for he is in love with her friend, Hermia. It is through Puck that Shakespeare gives the play the traditional happy conclusion and imbalance is ultimately resolved in the play. This is because with love portion, he makes sure that there is equality. Initially, love portion is applied on Lysander’s eyelids where he falls for Helena with Demetrius falling for Hermia. Later, after correcting his mistake, equality reigns with Demetrius loving Helena and Lysander falling for Hermia (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000).

In the play, Puck was also used by the director in bringing out the theme of magic. The fairies’ magic that causes most peculiar and comical situations in the play is the other element that is essential to the incredible ambiance of “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. Shakespeare uses magic both to signify the supernatural power of love as symbolized by the love portion, and to generate a strange world in the play. Despite the fact that the misuse of magic results into confusion when Puck erroneously applies love portion on Lysander, magic eventually determines the play’s apprehension by restoring the love balance among the lovers (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). The theme of magic helps the director in theme development where Puck applies love portion to Demetrius and Lysander making them fall for Helena and Hermia respectively.

As suggested by the heading of the play, dreams are an imperative theme in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. Dreams are connected to the strange, magical occurrences in the forest. Hippolyta’s opening words in the play substantiates the pervasiveness of dreams. In the play, Hippolyta says that, “Four days will quickly steep themselves in night, Four nights will quickly dream away the time”. The theme of dreaming reappears pre-dominantly when characters try to explain strange occurrences in which they are involved. For instance, an incidence in the play where Bottom’s head is transformed to that of a donkey by Puck, he says that, “I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was. Man is but an ass if he go about t’expound this dream” (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). Shakespeare is also fascinated by the definite workings of dreams, in how proceedings occur without clarification, time loses its actual sense of flow, and the impossible transpires as a matter of course. Towards the end of the play, Puck pulls out the idea of dreams to the audience by telling them that in case they have been offended by the play, they should consider it as nothing but a dream. The sense of misapprehension is vital to the impression of the play “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”. It gives the play a fantastical familiarity rather than a profound drama.

Motifs are the inveterate structures, contrasts, and literary strategies that can assist directors in to develop and inform the major themes of a play. The thought of contrast is the fundamental edifying block of the play. The entire play is created around groups of opposites and doubles. For instance, Hermia is short whereas Helena is tall. Puck plays pranks whereas Bottom is the victim of pranks, Titania is beautiful and Bottom is ugly. The three main groups of characters are premeditated to contrast effectively with one another. The fairies are elegant and magical while the artisans are inept and simple. The crafts men are cheerful while the lovers are serious people. Contrast acts as the defining image characteristic of the play. The plays ineffaceable image is that of the beautiful subtle Titania interlacing flowers into the hair of ass-headed Bottom (Shakespeare & McDonald, 2000). It is not possible to picture the compatibility of the two figures. The concurrence of extra-ordinary differences is the most important characteristic of play’s fantastic ambiance.

The motif of the play is illustrated by Shakespeare through Puck. Puck was the one who deliberately transformed Bottom’s head to resemble that of a donkey. Through his magic, he applies love portion on Titania who falls in love with Bottom despite his physical appearance. This brings out the motif of contrast between the two individuals. Motif is an element that has been used by Shakespeare in the play’s plot development. In addition, symbols are also incorporated in the play.

A symbol can be defined as objects, characters, figures and colors used to represent conceptual thoughts. In the play, Puck uses love portion when performing his magic. The love portion that he uses is made from flower juice that was smacked with one of the Cupids misfired arrows (Shakespeare &McDonald, 2000). The situation of the four Athenian lovers was worsened when Puck mishandled the love portion. The use of the love portion creates devastation in the play and at the same time, it provides a solution to the problem of love among the youths.

In conclusion, the director used the character, Puck, in the development of the play’s plot. Puck contributed a lot in providing a resolution to the plot of the play towards the end. In the play, there is imbalance where two men are in love with the same woman. This is where both Demetrius and Lysander love Hermia. This problem is solved by Puck where he used his love portion appropriately by smearing love portion on Demetrius’s eyelids. Demetrius falls in love with Helena, thus coming up with a solution to the discrepancy of love as illustrated in the play. This is where instead of letting Demetrius fall in love with Hermia after his first mistake; he goes ahead to find a way in which he could make Demetrius love Helena, and make Hermia love Lysander.

 Works Cited:

Shakespeare, William & McDonald, Russ. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. New York, NY: Penguin Classics, 2000. Print.

 

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