Civil law

Civil law can be defined as a system of law that is involved in inquiring about resolving disagreements that are not criminal related such as property ownership, divorce, differences over the meaning of contracts and personal or property damage among other issues. One is able to learn that a civil court is a special place where people with problems are able to settle them peacefully. In addition, it is worth noting that the purpose of civil law is to provide a lawful remedy for finding solutions to issues. However, this type of law can be based on a state or centralized decree while at other times it is based on a ruling by the court thus such cases regularly involve lawsuits filed by a plaintiff in the hopes of being awarded damages caused or some other favorable form of compensation by the court (Merryman & Perdomo, 2007).

The laid down procedures state that if a civil case involve a plaintiff who has been harmed or injured due to the action or inaction of the defendant, the latter may be entitled to payment of damages. Therefore in the case where Walter G. Tonkle, the former president of the United States, is charged with war crimes by the International Criminal Court based on allegations of torture in a military prison, the civil court ruling may decide to order the accused to compensate the accuser since as per the constitution it is clearly stated that each and every person has the freedom from torture (Langbein, Lerner & Smith, 2009).

The judge from the International Criminal Court may choose to consider different systems of civil rights jurisdictions based on the countries that the plaintiff comes from. For example, in Rome, the case may be dismissed since torture in military prisons is considered as part of the disciplinary actions against fugitives whereas on the other hand, in the United States of America, the constitution clearly protects this type of treatment against humans regardless of being a prisoner. From the above arguments, it is significant to note down that civil law may be included in common law which encompasses equity matters. Moreover, civil cases may have common characteristics with criminal law cases in which an individual may be charged with both civil and criminal transgressions (Patterson, 1999).

The history of civil law can be traced back to 1500AD during the times that the organization of scholars and judges trained in Roman law principles. One is able to learn that the said principles were modified with time and later used in courts to deal with all classes of legitimate disputes although the local jurisdiction still relied on enforcement of customary law for long before fully adjusting to the civil laws. History has it that the Corpus Juris Civilis had become the foundation of officially authorized science throughout Western Europe and this opened way to the next step which consisted of  emulating the regulation of Justinian. The latter was accorded the function of stating the laid down principles in the accurate and ordered form (Merryman & Perdomo, 2007).

The structure of civil laws follows a systematic procedure before a ruling is made about an issue raised. It is therefore worth noting that in this form of litigation, the weight of proof begins with the dispute tabled by plaintiff to the jury. Nevertheless, there are a number of technical situations which shift the weight to the defendant. For instance, a case whereby the petitioner has prepared a prima facie, the burden transfers to the defendant to disprove or invalidate the plaintiff’s indication. According to this form of law, an accuser wins compensation if the predominance of the evidence given favors the individual.

Common law

The term common law which is also known as case law refers to a type of law that is built up by the jury through decisions of courts and similar tribunals but not through legislative statutes or executive branch action. This is a type of a legal organization that accords priority to the common law on basis of treating unsocial traits for different purposes and different occasions. It is therefore worth noting that the jury comes up with common law through writing down their opinions and views regarding the case presented before them in courts by lower courts in lower jurisdictions (Sypnowich, 1990).

The groundwork for common law is shaped by contracts, torts and property thus each state is solely responsible for its common law which evolves persistently. For instance, in the case study given, former United States president, Tonkle allegedly authorized torture of military prisoners in specific camps within the states of America. This decision by the commander-in-chief is likely to be dropped by the jury of the United States of America considering the situation that the constitution requires the president to be above the law. However, the jury in the International Criminal Court and other nations which clearly stipulate the common law and its recommendations like England will instead pass a ruling against the president for acts of torture because it is internationally prohibited; this may be seen as a threat to human life and most probably attracts a warrant of arrest (Sypnowich, 1990).

The history of common law can be traced back to old England where there were two types of courts namely law and equity. One can observe that in law, the court judge applied statutes to pass the ruling. statutes can be described as laid down procedures and elements that explain the law in details thus this is the type of system that has served as the basis of legitimate structure in England and several other English-speaking countries, particularly those that were former British colonies like Canada, Sri-Lanka, the united states with exception of Louisiana, Hong Kong and the Philippines. Studies by history scholars reveal that law was invented in England by three courts with an aim of establishing a system that could take over from the judgments of narrow courts. The three are; the King’s Bench, the Court of Common Pleas and Exchequer (Merryman & Perdomo, 2007).

The structure and application of the common law is designed in a manner to ensure that those people who suffer wrongful acts also called torts are compensated. It is worth noting that the reasoning used during the legal proceedings to deliver a ruling on common law is known as casuistry. This is a severe, principle-based way of thinking which utilizes the prevailing circumstances of a case in evaluation of the applicable laws. Verdicts made from previous similar cases are vital and valuable in determining the current ruling. In addition, the potency of the resemblance among the cases, in turn, supports the reasoning based on them. Codification is the method by which a statute is passed and is mostly contained in a solitary document which makes it easy to understand and differentiate civil laws and common laws (Friedman, 1975).

Religious legal systems

Religious law which is derived from the sacred texts of religious traditions alleges to envelop nearly all the aspects of life as a faultless fraction of devotional responsibility to an inspirational, impending, or deep theoretical authenticity, either delicate or planetary. This type of law is viewed as a guide of comparative and permissible study since it is argued that it is part of traditional lethal philosophy which is to date considered a crucial back up segment during formulation and making of new laws. However its application to ritual is an older area but normally excluded from dialogue and categorization (Langbein, Lerner & Smith, 2009).

In relation to the Tonkle’s trial, the aftermath of events that took place in the military prisons after the president authorized the torture were highly condemned as a threat to human life. The academic attention in Islamic law and countries governed by its principles as implemented along with material positive law grew in an attempt both to understand the legal culture of human right conflicts and devised ways of addressing issues arising in multicultural jurisdictions with greater understanding. In addition, it became clear that in vicinities of private law such a freedom from torture and right to life influence the secular law and are usually incorporated as regimes in various communities especially in Russia (Friedman, 1975).

Researchers in response to the international criminal court’s trial regarding this case argued that even though the judiciaries in India and Israel generally issue verdicts in support of secularism, they have inadequate ability to resist the trends that control the superpower politics like the USA and the Soviet Union including the pressures of religious constituencies, without losing legality and authority. Therefore, one can observe that states that are usually committed to ideologies of secular supremacy and decree should be cautious when introducing elements of religious law into their legal systems since there are cases where civil legal principles conflict with religious mandates resulting to regular civil courts having difficulty upholding and enforcing the civil law as well (Patterson, 1999).

Socialist law

Socialist law is termed as the legal system used in Communist states. it is observed that this type of law is based on the civil law organization with minimal alteration so as to help it in the Marxist-Leninist ideology. Nevertheless, the most essential points to note about these alterations  is that it contains the provision for state or agricultural co-operatives-owned property and has special courts and laws for state enterprises. Prior to the end of Walter G. Tonkle’s term as the president of the United States, the socialist law was generally considered to be one of the major legal systems of the world that was concerned with his trial for allegations of torture which socialists viewed as abuse to human life. However, due to the disintegration of communism in most countries, and the fact that it was very similar to the civil law system, various states no longer took interest in the trial thus giving the defendant an easy time to defend the actions accused against him (Osakwe, 2007).

Comparison of Legal Systems

It is possible to point out that all the legal systems consider breach of law as a serious offence and take tough actions during their ruling. Tonkle’s case was viewed by all the systems as an abuse of human life and a violation of right to life. It is evident how all the systems condemn the authorization of torture against military prisoners. Secondly, one can observe that all the systems concerned about law have room for transparency which is the most essential characteristic of a good legal system. Scholars argue that there can never be a functional legal system if it is not crystal clear, based on honesty and easy understand the basis used in passing the verdict (Patterson, 1999).

Post-Colonial Thought

In conclusion, for a justice system to run efficiently there must be minimal government interference as well as political stability in the country. The post colonial freedoms have left the politicians making the judiciary systems puppets of manipulation for own selfish gains whenever they are trapped in scandals that may jeopardize their political careers. Steps to ensure this should be maintained by ensuring that each and every judicial system in any given state is independent of government influence and that there is application of fairness in every trial before a verdict is passed. Corruption is another factor that should forever be eliminated from the judicial chronicles even though the inescapable like oxygen. The people commended with applying and enforcing the law should never agree to bribes from the affluent who wish to have the results of cases bend in their direction. There is no use of having the law when the people entrusted with the conscientiousness of protecting it are fraudulent themselves; in any case they should be leading by examples so that the others can accept and respect the law (Osakwe, 2007).

Reference page

Langbein,J. H, Lerner R. L , Smith, B. P., History of the common law: the development of Anglo-American legal institutions. California: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2009

Osakwe C., Socialist law. Palo Alto: StanfordUniversity Press, 2007.

Merryman J.E., Perdomo, P.R., The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal systems of Europe. Palo Alto: StanfordUniversity Press, 2007.

 

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Introduction

The society today is influenced by the occurrences of the past, such that, there is no general understanding as to what is expected. The general concept of good and bad is no longer applicable as the past dictates the present and the present, the future. Revenge has been a normal occurrence where no forgiveness exists; instead, payback is promoted. This is clear in the American movie, ‘Hotel Rwanda’, based on the genocide of Rwanda. The brotherly love and respect for human life, which is a virtue, is evidently absent. There is an outburst of rage that had built up over the years, which led to the execution of almost a million people.

The movie, which is based on a true story, indicates the kind of social decay in the world today. This include the level of racism and ethnic divides, poor political standards, corrupt educational systems and environment, gender discrimination and religion disrespect and lack of social reliance.

Social Stratification

Social Support

Being from the same country and probably neighbors, one would expect a show of hospitality in time of need. This is flagrant in the movie. As much as there was violation of the human right to life, there was some element of social support. Paul Rusesabagina shows leniency to the fleeing Tutsi by hosting them in the hotel. It also brought out the ethical concept and societal acceptable mannerism in the movie. Zoeller, (2006) states, “… his sense of obligation to his neighbors and his countrymen deepens. Indeed, rather than abandon the refugees he is sheltering, he sends his family to safety while he stays behind.” This shows there was support to the fellow people who were under threat from the Interhamwe. Therefore, regardless of the extreme massacre, the movie shows that there are still people who held up their humanity.

Environment

As the movie begins, we are introduced to an environment full of tension. There are discussions being held by the malicious groups who are roughly planning attacks on the Tutsi people. The tension is much more conspicuous as the president, a Hutu, is assassinated at the airport. Threats to the smaller group are sent out through various media channels including radio stations. The unrest persists and the Tutsis are seen to vacate their homes to seek safety at Paul’s residence and others at the hotel.

Besides the tension environment, there is also an untrustworthy environment among the people as they are not sure who is and who is not for them. This is evident as one of the workers at the hotel is unhappy with Paul’s decision to host the Tutsi people. He is seen to become defiant and uncooperative when asked to help them out. He also fails to follow orders from Paul until he is threatened by the General to be respectful. The people prefer to keep to themselves as they are not aware who really is on their side, and who might be a spy of the Interehamwe militia. The movie therefore brings a grim, tension-filled environment.

Socio-economic Status

In the movie, the concept of socio-economic status is observed roughly. It however becomes more evident when the attacks commence and the victims begin searching for safety. It incorporates the influence one has and the economic status of the people. Clearly, majority of the people were not very capable and could not access any form of help themselves. Paul’s wife is seen to plead with him to contact his sources to get them help. He however initially declines claiming that he is saving the favor for a more critical time. Earlier in the scene, there are views of him dining and having fun with prominent people who have visited the hotel. This shows of his diversity in influence and his social status, where, he associates with big people like him. The existence of the disparity of the socially and financially capable and incapable in the society is apparent in the movie through him.

As the attacks become extreme, Paul is also seen to take advantage of the friendships he made with the prominent people to get help for his family and the large crowd that was quickly building up inside and outside the hotel. He pressurizes them to do something to end the massacre or get help from outside the country since they were in a better position to do that. He also uses his influence to get the General to channel water to the hotel after they had run out of the available water. Clearly, these could only be done by a well-connected person, both socially and economically.

Race and Ethnic Classification

Racism

From the occurrence in the country, Rwanda, it is clear that there was some element of racism. The genocide was ignored by the rest of the world especially the West because it was an African state. Zoellner, (2006) stated that, “It was genocide whatever way you look at it, whatever way you try to rationalize it (it can’t be rationalized) but it was ignored by the world – in particular America and the UN ‘peace-keeping’ force on the ground, who turned a blind eye every time someone raised a machete.” One would wonder if the same would have been the reaction had it been in a country with white skinned people. As the people continued killing each other, the United States congress went on debating whether it was ‘genocide’ or ‘acts of genocide’. Really, the ignorance was because of the skin color, thus showing evidence on the existence of racism.

 

 

Ethnicity

In the movie, there is a clear existence of ethnic divide and disregard of the opposite ethnic group. Although there are only two groups, the Hutu and Tutsi, there is no understanding among them. Bloodshed is evident where Hutus mercilessly kill the Tutsi people, regardless of the neighborhood they had been in before the eruption of the Genocide. For instance, having housed the Tutsi people in his hotel, Paul Rusesabagina was encouraged by his supplier, George to let them go so that they would be killed. The Interehamwe who were the Hutu militia also attack the hotel demanding the handing over of the Tutsi. Therefore, there is clarity of the existing ethnic divide.

The level of ethnicity is also evident from the acts of the Belgians who had colonized them earlier on. They chose to work with the smaller group, which was the Tutsi over the majority, Hutu, where they had the option to balance. This is where the ethnic division begins; where the Hutu believe they are being left behind deliberately, thus develop hatred towards the Tutsi. Working together and sharing power becomes impossible following the division, (Brym and Lie, 2006).

Religion and Gender

Religion

The concept of religion is not clear in the movie, though one would wonder, ‘Do these people have a supreme being to whom they account to their deeds?’ Any normal human being would be uncomfortable to take the life of another human being. Having a religious background makes it even harder since no religion permits the murder of an innocent human being for a conflict that can be solved amicably. It is overwhelming as to how much there is disregard of religion, where almost no one cared about another.

As would be expected, people facing threats on their lives would seek refuge in places of worship, regardless of the faith or religion. This is not seen in the movie. Therefore, possibility that the religious group had also divided based on ethnicity is an option. It is a religious leader’s responsibility to accommodate everyone and give hope where needed. However, the people preferred to seek refuge in the hotel and other places as opposed to the worship place. Given the tension that was there, it was almost impossible to trust the religious group, as they could also be enemies. The morals of the people were also overwhelmingly uncouth and contrary to religious teachings as they publicly called the Tutsis ‘inyenzes’, meaning cockroaches, and asking their people to finish them.

Gender

As the movie proceeds, one realizes that the massacre was not gender sensitive and that the murderers killed indiscriminately. There were no considerations as to whether the victims were men, women or children. Their age too did not matter. As long as one was a Tutsi, they were murdered brutally. This is seen where as Paul was driving to his supplier, George, he came across a heap of dead people along the road, which had all people, old and young, male and female. He was so bitter with George who was undoubtedly an Interhamwe local leader.

Conclusion

From the analysis, it is clear that the Hutu intended to wipe out a whole race. Though the massacre was only for one hundred days, the number of people killed was overwhelming. The sad thing, which is clear in the movie, was that the whole world watched as the Rwandese people destroyed themselves and acted brutally towards their minority, the Tutsi. This movie is also a clear indication of the society today, where morals are becoming outdated. The people should realize that another person’s life is as important as their own and that diplomacy is always the best option to get things done.

 

Works Cited:

Brym, Robert, and Lie, John. Sociology: Your Compass for a New World. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2006. Print.

Zoellner, Tom. The True Story behind ‘Hotel Rwanda’. May 27 2006. Web. 23 Jun 2010.

 

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Case Study on Bilingual Person

The aim of this case study is to show the historical, societal and social-political context of bilingualism. Victor’s case is used to explore these aims. Victor, a Czech, had moved to England due to safety issues. At the time, there were civil wars in Czech and high crime that resulted in the open boundaries it has with its neighbors. Czech was a hide out for terrorists who came from its neighboring countries therefore making it even more insecure. Afraid for their lives victor’s family had moved to England. Victor had gone through Czech elementary education for some time and gotten used to it. When his family went to England to seek refuge he attended the English schools and encountered difficulties due to the change in education system and the use of English in school. In Czech, victor used Czech not only at home but also in school since that is the national language. In England, everyone uses English both at school and at home and this made it difficult for Victor to learn at the same pace with the native students. Though he was trying to learn English, he lacked support from teachers, who thought he was a slow learner, and his family, who spoke Czech. In England, Czech was viewed as a minority language therefore increasing chances of racist attacks towards Victor by other pupils. Other factors that contributed to Victor’s low performance are first, there was no continuity in his education since he had changed schools severally and had many EAL teachers. More than one Educational Psychologist had assessed him. These changes greatly affected his concentration and gave him an uncertainty that disrupted his education (Baker, 2006).

To improve Victor’s grade, he continued receiving LSA support, High Frequency and Key Word card support and continues receiving EAL support. He has a new Australian SEN teacher who initiates consistent differentiated support. The SEN teacher knows Victor’s strengths and weakness because she spends time with him. She knows that he can empathize, that he understands his teachers and his peers that he needs encouragement prior to attempting an activity, and that he needs guidance by an adult in his learning. With this knowledge, the teacher has continued to encourage him and to focus on his strengths to improve not only his class work but also his personality. It is therefore very essential for schools to be careful in assessing their students for otherwise they can create new problems. For example, it is not right to assume that a pupil performing below average has SEN only, since he or she could have additional difficulties (Pavlenko, 2006). Victor could record personal experiences such as visiting a Nature Study Centre or the local river with scaffolding support but was not able to perceive and interpret graphic symbols. It is therefore important for teachers to encourage pupils to talk so as develop this skill. An EAL teacher should take time to know what a student needs before he can come up with a strategy to help. In Victor’s case if the first EAL teacher had taken time to know Victor’s needs, he would have spared him the heartaches that ensued (Hargreaves, 1998).

Collins Baker, in his book “Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism” (2006), stressed on the theories of BICS and CALP. BICS stands for Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills and CALP stands for Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency. BICS theory intends to create an awareness of the time that an immigrant child takes to learn a second language and be able to express himself using that language while CALP focuses on the time taken for the same child to be able to use the language to answer questions asked in class or on paper. A pupil can communicate in a language after two years but will take approximately five years to be at the same level with the native speakers in using the second language in academics. The failure by many schools to take into account the BICS/CALP theory, which can also be referred to as conversational/academic, has led to many bilingual students especially in the US to be put in the wrong classes as is seen the case of Victor. If the teachers had put into account the facts of this theory, they would have given Victor more time to learn English rather than having him in an SEN class (Pavlenko, 2006). There is a misleading nature of BICS, which lead to teachers overestimating children’s skills. This is because it gives an estimation of five years and it is tempting to withdraw support after that long. This would definitely mean the child’s literacy level would deteriorate. In Victor’s case, it is good to keep up the support even after five years.

The issues of Bilingualism can be viewed in the social-political context. Some countries have statues denying its people to use certain languages. This could be spurred by the labeling the society has on speakers of that language. This could adversely affect people especially those with refugee status and there first language is prohibited in the country they have sought refuge. Some issues could be only societal. For example, in North Korea, people are encouraged to speak English in class but not outside the class since those who speak English outside the classroom are seen to be proud. In a country where collectivism is valued, it is seen improper for people to elevate themselves. This has a negative effect on those studying English as their second language. Over the years, it has become easier to study a second language due to improvement in technology. People can study on line and use sophisticated materials to improve on pronunciation and other aspects of language. The world is also becoming a global image everyday; hence, one can interact with the natives more in business and social places therefore making learning fast.

Many students have exited language support programs because they feel that they are below average. This could be because of the teachers’ remarks or a student’s own assessment of failure, which leads to frustration hence withdrawal. It is therefore vital for the teachers to know the theory in order to encourage students to learn their second language at an appropriate pace. Finnish immigrant children who lived in Sweden were fluent in both Finnish and Swedish but the verbal academic performance was below age expectation in both languages (Cummins & Davison, 2007). In another circumstance, a psychological test showed that both teachers and psychologists assumed that a child who could communicate well in English had already overcome all the challenges in English. Contrary to this belief, most of the students who talked proficiently in English did not perform well in class (Cummins & Davison, 2007). These findings support the BICS/CALP theory. The reason behind these performances is that though it could take a person two years to communicate in a second language, it could take him five to seven years to perform at the same level with the natives in that language (Menken, 2008).

In his BICS/CALP theory, Cummins differed with John Oller who emphasized the individual’s differences in language proficiency was due to “global language proficiency.” Oller showed strong correlations between performances on standardized reading tests, Cloze tests of reading and measures of oral verbal ability but Cummins differed with him stating the fact that the various aspects of language could not be summed up into “global language proficiency” citing an example of a twelve-year-old and a six-year-old English speakers. He explained that though the six year old could not tackle the same academic paper as the twelve year old due to the vocabulary used, the six year could understood everything the twelve year old said because he used the language in social contexts. This applies to second language speakers who first get the language spoken in the social contexts before that in the books. This case is not any different from that of Victor who at least could express himself in English but had difficulties understanding the questions asked in papers, which resulted to his poor marks (Pavlenko, 2006).

Some people have believed that learning more than one language can overload the brain. Yet others believe that it is easier to learn some languages than others are; bilingualism can cause stuttering and dyslexia; a child learns a second language faster than an adult does; the quality of the first language determines the quality of the next language to be learnt. All these are myths but the following factors affect learning of a second language: aptitude, motivation, consistency, opportunity and support whether at home or school, timing, strategy, siblings, gender, use of hands as it reflects cerebral dominance and the linguistic and historical relationship between the languages (Pavlenko, 2006). When looking at the windows of opportunity or the timing, it is best to teach a child when he is between zero to nine months. Though the child cannot speak at this time, they recognize the language and familiarize with it in their mind. When teaching a language it is also good to use gestures, intonation and facial expression, and for academic purposes, de-contextualized language should be used. If in Victor’s case gestures were used, he would have learnt to speak English faster and if he were given specialized attention and a de-contextualized language used he would have learnt faster (Cummins et al., 2001).

In the case of aptitude, it is good to note not everyone is the same. For example, Victor had special abilities like empathizing but was not fast enough in learning English. The teachers should be keen to give students external, positive motivation. Some students like Victor who had lost hope of learning and therefore skipped lessons are supposed to be motivated by teachers and parents since they lack intrinsic motivation. The strategy chosen by the teachers should not only be appropriate for the pupil concerned, it should also be consistent (Hargreaves, 1998). This can be seen in the case of Victor who had several EAL teachers and Learning Mentors. He was not improving and expressed psychological trauma. Social networks can affect learning. This was illuminated by Milroy in his social networks theory where nodes represent individual actors and the ties the relationships (Garcia & Baker, 2006). Victor’s social network is shown below

 

Government and School administration

 

Victor

 

The Society

 

Communication flow

 

The society has many actors for example the family, other pupils, friends and neighbors. Teachers are in the school administration and so are the psychologists. It is also important for the parents and teachers to give the child an opportunity to use the new language. Victor’s mother was not speaking English and the same was true for the other siblings. The teachers did not give Victor a chance to ask or answer a question in class. These two circumstances did not promote the learning of English (Baker & Jones, 1998). It is good for the teachers to do more of listening than talking in a classroom so that students can learn more. They should also make classes student-centered, which will ensure all students participate and use the language more. The teacher can put students into small groups so that to encourage them to speak out especially those who are shy in a crowd. All EAL teachers should be highly qualified so that they can have a good impact on the students (Clarke et al., 2010).

Victor a refugee in England underwent several difficulties to learn English, which affected his performance in class. He also missed school a lot. He had changed schools many times and EAL’s. To improve his grades, a new teacher and a new Literacy Mentor who spent more time with him were employed. These steps helped him to improve. This case has brought out the facts stated in BICS/CALP theory by Cummins and the effects the social and political factors have on bilingualism. The various variable affecting leaning have also been looked at one of them being the historical connection between two languages. If the two languages are not connected, it takes more time to learn the second language. Finally, to encourage second language learning, the teachers should do several thing including being consistent in applying the most appropriate method for example student-centered learning.

Civil wars and the general security issues forced Victor and his family to move from Czech to England where Victor encountered many challenges mostly in his education. He was not conversant with English, which was used in schools, and he faced racial discrimination. At first, the teachers had put him together with other students with special needs and since he was quiet and well behaved, little attention was given to him and he continued deteriorating in class. When his problem was analyzed and given new EAL’s he improved. Social situations affect language acquisition like if speakers of a certain language are seen to be proud like it happens to English speakers in North Korea. Political factors like statues not allowing use of certain languages affect acquisition of the prohibited language. The BISC/CALP theory explains that people take longer to achieve the same performance levels with the natives in academics than they do in communicating. Though it explains this support should be given for longer periods. Milroy’s social network theory explains the relationships between individuals as is shown in Victor’s case.

 

References

Baker, C., & Jones, S. P. (1998). Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Baker, C. (2006). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. Clevedon: [u.a.], Multilingual Matters. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0517/2005021289.html.

Clarke, S., Westbrook, J., & Dickinson, P. (2010). The complete guide to becoming an English teacher. London: SAGE.

Cummins, J., & Davison, C. (2007). International handbook of English language teaching. Springer international handbooks of education, v. 15. New York: Springer.

Cummins, J., Baker, C., & Hornberger, N. H. (2001). An introductory reader to the writings of Jim Cummins. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 29. Clevedon: [u.a.], Multilingual Matters.

Garcia, O., & Baker, C. (2006). Bilingual education: an introductory reader. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Hargreaves, A. (2005). Extending educational change. International handbook of educational change, 1. Dordrecht: [u.a.], Springer.

Hargreaves, A. (1998). International handbook of educational change. Kluwer international handbooks of education, 5. Dordrecht, Pays-Bas, Kluwer Academic.

Menken, K. (2008). English learners left behind: standardized testing as language policy. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 65. Clevedon; Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Pavlenko, A. (2006). Bilingual minds Emotional experience, expression, and representation. Bilingual education and bilingualism, 56. Clevedon [England], Multilingual Matters.

 

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Compare and Contrast “The Da Vinci Code” Film With the Book

            The Da Vinci code novel was written in 2003 and three years later the movie was produced. A book allows the reader to develop a relationship with the character, an aspect that is lost when the book is adapted into a movie. Watching a movie is definitely not the same as reading a book. Due to expenses and time constraints, a film cuts out most of the parts of a book and the viewer is left with only a shallow version of the story. This is a feature that was present in the adaptation of Dan Brown’s book ‘The Da Vinci Code.’ The film did indeed leave out most parts of the novel. In both the characters are the same.

The protagonist is a Harvard professor who specializes in Symbiology. The story also involves a fugitive code breaker. In his attempt to remain truthful to the book, the producer jumps around the conversation too much. He tries to fit everything that he can about the book in a film that is approximately two and a half hours. The director relies so much on flashback it becomes a bit difficult to keep pace with the movie. He takes the viewer from one country to the other in his attempt to cover all that he can. The book provides a more relaxing atmosphere and it allows the reader to take the pleasure in all the sites mentioned.

Despite the fact that there are many conversations which take place in the book, this fact has not been highlighted in the movie. Of course it would be absurd to expect every conversation, but the movie could have tried to add some of the topics that were being discussed in the novel. The movie also lacks the tension that keeps the viewer at the edge of their seats. This is a sad fact indeed since most movies will use video imagery to capture some of these facts. It could have utilized video technology to make the tense part more thrilling.

The book captures and develops the relationship between Langdon and Sophie. Their relationship develops and ends up in a passionate love. Unfortunately the reader can only imagine this and can only allow himself or herself to form the images that he or she desires since the movie makes it to be so dull and boring. The book seems to be fighting more for female rights to power where all matters concerning church Christianity and religion are concerned. However, watching the movie, the same old male dominance seems to be taking center stage. The woman who is supposed to be the main focus and attention of the so called power is relegated to some beauty who rarely thinks for herself. Although the novel seems to be advocating for feminine power this is not the case as far as the movie is concerned (Karounos 2006).

The book also includes more artifacts than the movie. As the story ends in the book, the reader is given the option to choose the side that he or she believes in. Langdon repeats that phrase twice. In the film the words are changed and rather than the reader, it is commented that it is what Mary Magdalene believes to be true. There are some parts which the director, Ron Howard added that were not part of the novel. For instance, when Sauniere is murdered messages begin to appear this is not something that is seen in the book. There is not much that is said in the movie even by the major characters. This is especially evident in the character of tom hanks who actually says very little.

The first chapters of the book open when he is the protagonist. His importance is seen as he is called to help solve a murder case. The book had a lot of suspense build upon it. It was not easy to predict what the next thing that was going to happen was. This is something that lacks in the movie. The only character bringing out the element of suspense is Leigh Teabing a character played by Ian McKellen. When Dan wrote the book, he classified it as a work of fiction, something that the movie directors and producers refused to do (Thavis, 2006). This is an important fact, because as is common knowledge, pictures influence a lot of people more than words do. The movie is bound to make a lasting impression on its viewers.

The novel begins with a fact page. In the preface, Dan brown writes that all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals that have been included in the five hundred page novel are accurate. This is something that is missing in the movie. Some of the documents cited by Dan as proof in the novels preface were discovered to be forgeries which leaves a person to question the books credibility. The character of the Opus Dei in the book is not as brutal and cruel as that portrayed in the movie. Another important factor that is given prominence in the book is that of the Vatican.

The book mentions the Vatican a number of times and gives it a bad name. Although there is the mention of the Vatican in the movie, it is does happen as much as it does in the book. This fact can however be explained by the fact that the book has a lot of space to tell the story unlike the movie. Although the book and the movie, give the Priory of Sion prominence, at one time the character of Langdon declares that the organization was discovered to be a deception. Another thing that seems to cheapen the film’s adaptation is the type of codes that are to be broken. Some of them are at the elementary level and it does not take much effort or skill to break them (Giese 2006).

An additional point where the difference between the movie and the novel are clearly exhibited is the movie’s claim that the church played a role in hiding Mary Magdalene’s tomb. This part is not clearly spelled out in the novel. Furthermore the movie claims that the source of God’s power here on earth is provided by St. Mary’s relics. Another difference is that the novel does not say that Silas is an albino but classifies him as one without tan. However, the movie directors chose to use an albino. The movie also uses more violence in some scenes than the book called for (Green 2006). Some of the differences noted include the physical appearance of the characters. Dan brown has spelt out how he expects his characters to look like a fact that has been ignored in the movie. Sophie’s character is described as a lady who is tall and redhead. In the movie, Tautou, who plays the character, is a lady of average height who is also a brunette. Another difference is Teabing’s character who;, according to the book is plump and fat. This is not the case in the movie.

There are other points which the movie cannot explain, but which are brought out clearly in the book. For instance, the book seems to be obsessed with sexual themes. According to Dan, the Star of David is represented by two triangles which show the male and female parts. It also sees sex as an act through which a person gains gnosis or spiritual knowledge. Another peculiar thing is that according to the book, the worshippers of Mary Magdalene see orgasm as a form of prayer (Brown pp 308-309). One of the major similarities between the book and the film is their inaccuracy where history and biblical facts are concerned. There is also the desire by both the author of the book and the director to demonize the church especially the Catholic Church.

Dan brown, when writing his book, knew very well that he would rub a lot of people the wrong way when he chose the subject of Jesus. He knew that if he sparked controversy in the church a lot of people would be attracted to his book. One of the inaccuracies made in the novel is that of the Priory of the Sion. This is a sect or a secret organization that worships Mary Magdalene. According to them she is a goddess who was left to head the church instead of peter. According to the catholic website this is not true and it is a fraud that was discovered a long time ago (Thavis 2006).

One of the biblical inaccuracies is that Jesus Christ was a mortal man who was married to Mary Magdalene and they apparently had a daughter. This was apparently done so that they could unite two royal Jewish families. Dan does not seem to realize that prior to Mary Magdalene meeting Jesus, she had been a prostitute. The only thing that made her follow him was the fact that Jesus, unlike other men, had looked favorably upon her and had not judged her. he had instead forgiven her and accepted her. According to Dan, Jesus left his descendants on earth. In the novel, it also talks of the followers of Jesus seeing him as just another prophet and not the son of God.

Another controversial fact which the book claims is that the church used the pagan idols and rituals and incorporated them ion their services. This fact is not dwelt on in the movie. Infact, brown contradicts himself when he says that the same pagan idols that the church used are the same ones that it demonized (Watts, 2006). Whichever way a person may choose to look at it both the movie and the book are very controversial. It requires a person with a sober mind who is not into religion to review the work and note the differences. The differences noted, though some may seem minor, are very important.

The director tried to flow the flow of the book but this is not easy to do. Adapting a book to a film requires the careful scrutiny of the most minute details. The two are of different media. While literary text allows the reader to engage his imagination and create the images as he would want them, such s not the case with the film. A person gets to see what is presented before them and can only critique it without hope of seeing any changes being done. Adaptation gives the director an opportunity to correct the points that the book had left out. Some of the directors are quick to capitalize on this and they end up making a good movie. Others miss the opportunity and they do not want to do the extra work. So in the end, they end up presenting shoddy work which may even be poor than the original text.

 

Works cited:

Brown, Dan. The Da Vinci code: novel. Doubleday. 2003. Print

Giese, Rachel. The Da Vinci code: from page turner to cinematic snooze. 19. may 2006. Web. 21 June 2010.

Green, Frederica. Worse Than the Book. 19 May 2006. Web. 21 June 2010.

Karounos, Michael. The Da Vinci Code. The Greatest Story Never Told. 2006. web. 21 June 2010

Thavis, John. ‘Da Vinci Code’ Softens Book’s Hard Edges, Draws Press Viewing Laughs. 17 May 2006. Web. 21 June 2010.

Watts, Gordon. Book and movie review if the Da Vinci code. 23 may 2006. Web. 21 June 2010.

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1.         Redclift, M. (2005). “Sustainable Development (1987-2005): An Oxymoron Comes of Age.” Sustainable Development 13: 212-227.

 

The paper examines ‘sustainable development’, from a historical perspective and it’s relevance and contemporary application. A key argument is built around the concept of superficial consensus, which has influenced debate on this topic and contributed to the emergence of a series of parallel but distinct discourses around sustainability.  A number of assumptions around the discussion of sustainable development are assessed, primarily the focus on rights.  In addition, the attention to rights is linked to the neo-liberal agenda, and the growth of human security and the environment.  The rights based approach is supported through questions raised by studies in biology and science and connections to ‘natural’ and ‘human’ systems.  The paper presents a case for addressing the social consequences that arise from the realities of science and the environment in the 21^st century, and that these may be addressed through a non-market liberal lens. This article assists me to understand issues around ethics by providing a useful framework to consider the issue of ethics and water……

 

 

2.         Waddock, S. (2004). “Creating Corporate Accountability: Foundation Principles to Make Corporate Citizenship Real.” Journal of Business Ethics 50: 313-327.

 

The paper examines foundation principles or floor standards to assess questionable practices.  It compares the U.N’s Global Compact’s nine principles re issues of human rights, labour standards, environment and anti-corruption.  Foundation values are discussed as to provide a baseline of responsible practices which would be unethical and managerially problematic to go below. These general principles or values have been defined as “hypernorms” and describe lower level moral norms (Donaldson & Dunfee, 1994, 1999). Discusses three dominant spheres of activity: economic/business, government/political and civil society.  The intersection of these three spheres of activity is a representation of system goals combining core values of human dignity and respect for human capital invested by workers, treating people as ends rather than as a means ( such as profits) and basic rights and community –good citizenship.   Wide agreement on foundation principles and combination of internal responsibility management systems, defines this as a responsibility assurance system.  States most systems still voluntary and critics of globalisation and the power of MNCs belive that voluntary standards will need to be complimented by mandate.  It describes these types of initiatives alongside continued activism and public pressure are needed to bring about more accountable corporations.  The paper provides a useful exploration of CSR and has assisted me to consider how l can approach the topic of ethics, water and to consider how these may intersect……

Annotated bibliography Tips & Hints:

1. For the references: Ensure you are using an accepted form of the Harvard system, and be consistent.
2. For the annotations: Answer the questions!

 

 

In the Harvard system of referencing, all the elements of the reference after the date are separated from each other by commas. A full stop concludes the citation.

 

To reference books with one (or more) author/s:

Author/s, Year of publication, Book Title (in italics), edition, Publisher, Place of publication.

 

Example:

Braverman, H 1974, Labour and monopoly capital: the degradation of work in the twentieth century, New York, Monthly Review Press.

 

To reference a book chapter within an authored book:

Author/s, Year of publication, ‘Title of the book chapter’ (in single quotes) Book Title (in italics), edition, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers.

 

Example:

Braverman, H 1974, ‘The universal market’, Labour and monopoly capital: the degradation of work in the twentieth century, New York, Monthly Review Press, pp 188-196.

 

To reference a print journal article:

Author,  Year of publication, ‘Title of Article – in single quotation marks’, Title of Journal (in italics),  volume number, issue number, page numbers.

 

Example:

Mitter, S & Rowbotham, S 2000, ‘Bringing women’s voices into the dialogue on technology, policy and globalization in Asia’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 2(3), pp 382-401.

 

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Teaching Job Description

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Institution

            In essence, teaching job is among the important jobs that facilitate active learning. The general purpose of teaching job is to implement and organize appropriate instruction program within the learning environment. This guides and encourages students to enhance and fulfill academic potential. Mostly, education experience requires a single subject-teaching if the teacher intends to specialize in one subject. Other cases, relevant-teaching experience is required to meet professional goal of facilitating effective learning in terms of job task with responsibilities. Although job tasks vary depending on where the teacher is teaching, there are common tasks similar to all teachers (Hougan, 2008).  The main responsibilities of teachers include preparing and delivering instruction activities, which facilitate active learning activities. Other responsibilities include preparing a classroom for class activities, selecting various instruction sources to be used in education activities, using relevant technology to assist in instruction and observe as well as evaluate student performance and development. In some cases, teaching responsibilities include encouraging and monitoring progress of students, maintaining accurate records of students’ performance, updating records accurately to provide appropriate feedback in work, managing students’ behavior through establishing rules and procedures to maintain discipline in school systems.

Additionally, teachers communicate essential information of students to the parents concerning students’ progress and needs in order to ensure relevant change required for progress. With this regard, researchers argue that, the key responsibilities about teaching job is to ensure development in teaching professional through making relevant adjustments to schools (Hougan, 2008). For this to be achieved, teachers perform certain duties like counseling, to support students in academic problems by coming up with solutions. If all of the mentioned duties are fulfilled then, it is obvious that, there will be effective goal in implementing the appropriate instructional program to ensure that students and the school administration as whole fulfill the academic aim.

It is a well documented that, teaching job is demanding and for that reason; the teacher should be ready to face challenges encountered in the professional. Studies show that, teacher’s experiences challenges in problem solving bearing in mind that; learning institutions consist of people from different backgrounds with different beliefs (Keid, 2003). With this in mind, it becomes a challenge in understanding students’ behavior, which as a result, becomes a challenge when solving problems. For instance, students from a poor background tend to differ with students from better families in terms of reasoning and conflict resolution since; most students from the poor background suffer in depression due to life experience. With this in mind, most of them start fights that a time requires a teacher to have critical thinking in understanding each student background thus coming up with best way to solve the problem.

In addition, teaching jobs is demanding and for that reason, it requires high work standards to achieve better results. This becomes a challenge to teachers who a time may have countless responsibilities in families matters among others. This is because teaching job requires minimum attention to students in ensuring progress in academic work. This implies that, a teacher is required to spend quality time with students to be able to know their problems, weaknesses, ability and the best way of improving for better results. In such cases, if a teacher is pre-occupied with other responsibilities he cannot achieve better results. Therefore, it becomes a challenge to teachers in balancing their responsibilities and that of school.

Teaching job requires an individual who is well in public relation in that, he tends to deal with different people that differ with personality. As discussed previously, teachers’ responsibility entails ensuring students’ progress in performance. Occasionally, teachers discuss students’ performance with parents. In this case, challenges emerge in cases where students may have performed poorly. It becomes a challenge in covering the school administration not to be seen in neglecting their duties in teaching in addition, challenging students to work hard. This becomes worse in cases where others schools may have performed better compared to that school. It is with no doubt the entire school may be regarded not to teach well which a time may not be the case.

It is essential noting that, these problems if not handled effectively may affect teachers and the entire teaching professional. It is borne in mind that, there are various psychological principles that assist in solving problems in teaching professional. Researchers argue that, problem solving requires intellectual function in order to solve various challenges experienced in teaching job (Siegel, 2008). As discussed in the paper, teachers’ faces challenge in understanding students from other backgrounds particularly from poor families. Edwin Sutherland in social disorganization theory underlines the aspect of how individuals from poor families tend to engage in the fight and crime. If this theory of social disorganization theory were well understood in teaching jobs, teachers would be willingly assist students from poor families in behavior transforming. No wonder, Edwin Sutherland outline that, if a community is unable to solve problems experienced in many people from poor backgrounds then it would systematically lead to criminal behaviors. Social disorganization theory assist teachers to understand people from different backgrounds thus, been in a better position to come up with solutions for problem solving (Siegel, 2008).

The challenge of balancing responsibilities for high work standard requires the principle of understanding others and self. In this case, understanding self enables one to do what he can do without comparing with others. It is obvious; people are different in manners of doing responsibilities thus by understanding self enables one to what he can do best and understand others. Additionally, this principle enables the teacher to understand parents thus making them know that, their students are unique in the way they do things and perform academically. In conclusion, this would eradicate the concept of parents comparing students with others and instead encourage students to perform better.

References

Hougan,E. (2008). Road to teaching: a guide to teacher training, student teaching and finding a    job. California: Road to Teaching

Keid, K. (2003). Tackling Truancy in Schools: A Practical Manual for Primary and Secondary     Schools. London: Routledge Publisher
Siegel, J.L. (2008).  Criminology. New York: Cengage Learning Publisher

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Helen Garner Analysis

Introduction

            Helen Garner at the morgue 1996 presents Garner experience in the mortuary. Garner is the core of the narrative taking the reader on a guided tour of what goes on in the mortuary  (Garner 126).

Audience and purpose

            The article is in the first-person aspect of view. The intended audiences are readers provided with information on what goes in the mortuary. With this regard, the main purpose of the article is to deal with the subject that many people do not seek information about but nonetheless intrigue by; mortuary experiences.

Writing tools and techniques

            The article is written  in a nonfiction technique in that, basing the story on the real world of Mortuary vicinity, designed to persuade and teach readers on various incidences that occur in the mortuary. In order to achieve this, the author uses structure of information of various incidences she experiences in the mortuary in a format of how each incident occurs. In addition, she uses personal view to show her reaction towards these experiences to expand boundaries of the factual reading. For instance, the author talks on her experience in the body switching, which in this case she talks of the shock making her forget the sequence of the incidences (Garner 128). In conjunction with this, the author uses descriptive writing technique in the aspect of narrating what he found in the mortuary. To capture the reader attention, the author has used power of words to describe mortuary set up as a secret place, chilled and dark (Garner 126).

Style and tone

            In essence, Helen Garner uses informal style and almost chatty despite the morbid topic. In facts, the author uses this style to narrate the story to the reader as if telling a friend an experience. This is portrayed in the manner he freely express his feelings and thoughts. It is with no doubt; this enables the reader to put into the experience experienced by the author through feeling what she feels. For instance, he takes the reader on a guided tour describing every sensory along with luxuriating meticulous details of death experience (Garner 127). Secondly, the article is a descriptive writing in the sense that, it analyzes the experience at the mortuary with the disturbing thought the author had.  This evokes reader emotions through the power of words that creates the lasting impact on his mind.  As a way of capturing the reader attention, she describes the incidences that occur in the mortuary. With this regard, the author’s feelings encourage empathy from the reader on the author experiences. For instance, she talks of viewing the body being switched and acclaims never to have seen such an ordinary sewing that is unusually complex and firm (Garner 127).

Additionally, the author uses detailed tone in describing his sad experiences. She describes various experiences she encountered at the morgue that include the lying naked body she saw, operation undertaken by the technician and her experience in the Women hospital labor ward. Each story is described in thoughts that encourage empathy. In conjunction with this, each story is described in detail with simple words yet very effective. For instance, the author describes how she wanted to talk to a stranger on her experience in the mortuary but, she felt to keep her mouth shut (Garner 129). Although these words are simple they signify how shocking mortuary experience is thus, tremendously effective in reading.

Personal response to the readings –

            Based on my point of view, the article is enjoyment to read in  the sense that, Helen Garner has described in detail what goes around in the mortuary and in reality, not many people can  access. It is with no doubt; the article deals with subject information that many people are scared dealing with it. What I find most persuasive is the way the author gives with facts example of activities that go on in mortuary. With this in mind, I would recommend many people to read the article to be equipped with knowledge on what goes on in mortuaries.

 

Work cited

Garner, Helen. True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction. Sydney: Text Publishing, 2008. Print

 

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Sustainable Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus

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In essence, the model of sustainable tourism has been a guiding principle in which all countries inspire to have. Sustainable tourism consist of eco-tourism, cultural responsible tourism, environmentally, ethical travel and fair trade. The fundamental role of sustainable tourism is to ensure that growth brings in a positive experience for the tourists, tourism companies together with the country economy. Sustainable tourism ensures that tourists enjoy their holiday in addition, taking care of the environment. Borne in mind the environment is mostly damaged by tourists, the role of sustainable tourism is to ensure that the damaging does not occur. Concerning this, many countries have participated towards tourism sustainability. For instance, following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus that occurred in 1974 that led to loss of tourism infrastructure, this was a heavy wakening of sustainability tourism. This paper is aimed at explaining the critical issue of Sustainable tourism in Republic of Cyprus.

First, in the period of 1974-1981, a period of reconstruction of the Cypriot economy followed the event that occurred in 1974, which greatly attributed to depreciation of economic growth of tourism industry. In 1982-1990, there was substantial development in tourism that gradually had various challenges such as lack of public access to the coastline, increases in the price of land, pollution, overcrowding especially in high seasons, changes of customs and local habits and destruction of village heritage along with decline in rural population. Thirdly, Godfrey towards Sustainability Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus argues that, in June 1989, the country was faced with scale recorded on adverse effects on the tourist book. In response to this, the growing environment, Cypriot ordered moratorium on coastal tourist development giving them time to devise on tourist development.  In conjunction with this, various factors contributed to these problems as discussed below.

The first problem include, threat of ecosystems and biodiversity. These include loss of wildlife, rare species, degradation and habitat loss. Research indicates that, this has been contributed by growth of tourism industry, which as a result has led to threat of resource use becoming unsustainable (Altinay, 2005). Degraded environment contributed to increase of cheaper mass tourism, which in return forced the nature based tourism to move to destination that are likely to be more inaccessible and fragile. In conjunction with this, biodiversity plays a major role in maintaining stable ecosystem. When there is sudden change in the Republic of Cyprus, the balance of the community changes, which may lead to destructions. As a result, soil erosion with loss of valuable species occurs.

The environmental problems have been contributed by air pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution. Pollution has harmful effects to non-living things with living things. As a result, this has highly affected the tourism industry in that,  An article on Tourism management have shown that, as the population grows, the amount of sewage produced tends to increase (Sharply, R. (2002). Many times, sewage has ended up not treated, thus disposing into seas and rivers. As a result, this has greatly affected the tourist behavior in that many are unlikely to visit again.

Additionally, domestic waste has become hazard in the environment. As the rubbish rots, it releases toxic substances that as a result cause water pollution.  This may directly kill species of animals in addition, destroy many habitats. This may occur because the water supply may end up being polluted and as a result affects fresh water. One of the factors contributing to overcrowding is urban problems, which is caused by congestion and heavy traffic jam. Because of population increase, threats of overcrowding have emerged. Habits have been destroyed through building roads, houses, factories and supermarkets. By destroying the habitats, people are gradually reducing the amount of land available for animal and plants. This greatly impact the climate in that as a result of cutting trees, there is no fresh air in addition, no likelihood of heavy rainfall because of deforestation.

Overcrowding leads to beaches becoming packed, traffic congestions offend tourists who would prefer to relax. This becomes worse in cases when the tourist is travelling. As a result, they end up wasting time in their journey which if no traffic jam would be better.

Borne in mind tourism is one of the vital leisure activities in the world, it greatly attributes to environmental problems.  Because of overcrowding in urban areas, there are no enough places used to build houses. In this case, when tourists flock together, mangrove swamps, coral reefs and sand dunes are destroyed to get enough cites to build them accommodation.

 

In the article Tourism management, Saveriades (2002) argues that, since 1990, a number of activities were launched to preserve the natural resources, do away with the damages that had polluted the environment and controlling pollution together with waste management. Other aims were to set up partnerships that were to raise environmental awareness. These actions included development planning at regional, national and local level. Categorization of three vulnerable areas of national parks, increased measures on tourists’ growth within three kilometer of coastline, application and adoption of measures sustainable development of Cyprus along with cultural resources of tourism. Other action were to campaign for alternative forms of tourism development in interior areas, government backing the environmental protection measure, support of media along with awareness of local population.

These measures were to maintain quality life of local population, offer tourists high quality services and products and still securing tourist operators on decent return on their investments. These measures were later divided into six categories. These were planning policies that consisted of national, local level and regional, regulatory procedures that particularly influenced studies, economic measures that were in form of financial incentives to motivate schemes in keeping sustainable development and taxes penalizing activities that were harmful to environment. The fourth category was environmental indicators that emerged from the analysis of information gathered through exchange of experiences, databases and checks. Fifth category was operational networks that included professional and tourist offices and the last category was voluntary schemes, which was comprised of codes of conduct, training sessions, promotional events and exchanges of experiences.

Three recommendations on these actions are required in addressing the critical problems experienced within the Republic of Cyprus. These include a balance between the rights and duties of citizens. A part from having right to poses property there should emphasize on co-responsibility of natural heritage with the natural resources within the environment. The second effective recommendation include providing training in the tourist training professional so that tourist operators may be educated and as result encourage tourists to respect the area they are visiting.

Thirdly, the government and members of the society should support measures that preserve environment. All company, institutions along with people should be controlled on polluting environment. The government should introduce policies to punish those that pollute environment. By doing this, it will reduce cases of pollution and as a result, solve some of environmental problems. Additionally, the government should come up with development tools to offer sustainable solution in addressing climate change along with reducing global production of air pollution.

Individuals should have a personal responsibility in whatever they do. Every person should be responsible in keeping the world a better place so that we can preserve all the natural resources. Having a sustainable lifestyle is the key aspect, which the environment can support without using the valuable natural resources. There should emphasize that promote energy conservation. This would contribute to less energy being used, which as a result implies that, non-renewable resources will last longer thus less pollution caused.

In conclusion, as discussed in this paper, it vital noting that, the basic role for sustainable tourism is to ensure growth which as a result brings in a positive experience for the tourists, tourism companies together with the country economy. Sustainable tourism ensures that, environment is prevented from pollution, soil erosion, overcrowding among others. As a result, the environment becomes safe for the tourists, animals and plants. In essence, sustainable tourism greatly influences the tourists to enjoy their holiday in addition making a country economy to grow. Therefore, it is fundamental for all countries to come up with ways that manage environment, cultural responsible tourism, ethical travel and fair trade. With this in mind, it is worth concluded that sustainable tourism is vital in all essence.

 

References

Altinay, M. (2005). Sustainable tourism development: a case study of North Cyprus.         International. Journal of Contemporary. 17(3) 272-280

Godfrey,B.K. Towards Sustainability Tourism in the Republic of Cyprus. Retrived from:             https://mail.google.com/mail/h/h67mwumebr51/?view=att&th=12f48a193daece48&attid            =0.3&disp=vah&realattid=f_gmei9i512&zw

Saveriades,A. (2002). Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of     the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Journal of Tourism management. 21 (2) 147-         156

Sharpley, R. (2002). Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: the case of           Cyprus. Journal of Tourism management. 23 (3) 233-244

 

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Supply Chain Management

Introduction

            Quintessentially, the supply chain management is the outline as the oversight of information, finances and materials as they move from the supplier, manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer to the consumer. With this regard, it involves integrating and coordinating the flows both in the company and among other companies. Studies outline that, the ultimate goal of supply chain management is to distribute the products required by the final consumer (Mentzer 3). With this in mind, the supply chain management ensures that all the movement of raw materials from the point of origin to consumption meets the consumer needs, which in this case, are getting the goods at the right time and process. In facts, it is the integration of the key business process in the supply chain to create value for stakeholders and customers. With this in mind, this paper seeks to discuss supply chain management through addressing its function, components, benefits and its issue.

 Functions of supply chain management

            According to Blanchard (30), the main functions of the supply chain management include logistics, purchasing, defining business relationships and boundaries, designing product interface and managing supply and demand. With this in mind, logistic is the process that involves moving, storing, transporting or handling material. This involves flow of goods with services from the point of origin to consumption stage to meet the necessities of consumers. Lambert (5) argue that, logistic involves amalgamation of information, warehousing, packaging, material handling and a time security. In other words, the supply chain management adds value in regards to time with place utility.

Secondly, the supply chain management play a fundamental role in purchasing in the sense that, it acts as the link between vendors with the company through assisting vendors in aspects like material specification and in transportation. As a result, purchasing maintains the value and quality of the company goods, lessen the cash-tied up within inventory and strengthening the firm competitive position. In essence, purchasing entails product specification, processing and receipt of the requisition, inspection of products received and later having an appropriate storage. Thirdly, defining boundaries in business relationship is the core purpose for the supply chain management. In this regard, understanding boundaries is the fundamental in creating an environment where best business practices flourish in addition, maintaining the boundaries of the suppliers and consumers. In facts, creating boundaries improves business relationship through defining the boundaries from the time of manufacturing to the point of consumption.

Fourthly, designing a product is fundamental in the sense that, it improves efficiency along with effectiveness of the supply and demand chain. With no doubt; this enhances that the product sold to the end user are in good quality in the sense that, products improved substantially through better collaboration of channel partners. Fifthly, supply chain management manages supply and demand fundamental in price determination in the market. These follow in four basic laws of demand and supply that outline that, when demand increases and the supply remain unchanged there is a higher equilibrium quantity and price and vice versa. In conjunction with this, when supply increases and the demand remains unchanged, it lowers the equilibrium price as well as higher quantity and vice versa. During perfect competition, the supply is determined by the marginal cost in the sense that, each point of the supply curve answers all question of market power.

Components of supply chain management

            Studies outline that, Supply chain management components are classified in four components that include the basics, the supply chain management integration and software along with the supply chain management of RFID solutions (Mentzer 5). Under basics component, the supply chain management ensures that the process of transporting goods from the manufactures to the consumer is done efficiently in a way that, the quality of the product distributed to the consumer aligns to the company standard. As a result, many companies are involved during production of the product in addition; less management control is exercised in the logistic operations.

Secondly, supply chain management integration aims to improve the aspect of trust through collaborating with various companies. In facts, supply chain management improves inventory visibility. In reality, information should flow continually for a flourishing integrated supply chain. If this works, it effectively enables everyone to attain the bets product flows. Researchers argue that, implementing the process of supply chain management integration enhances customer relationship, supplier relationship along with manufacturing relationship flow management (Blanchard 36). In this regard, Blanchard argues that, suppliers should work together with customers in order to ensure that products arrive at the right tome in the market. It is significant, for different films to work together to develop as well as, launch new products based on the time scheduled.

Thirdly, the supply chain management software enhances that, systems are good based on the information they hold. Therefore, lack of accurate information lead to inaccurate; forecast. With this in mind, when some people bypass the supply chain system and in stead, sideline the supply chain management, there wouldn’t be the actual happening supply of the chain. Fourthly, the RFID solutions for the supply chain management are concern with improving productivity and transporting of goods. In conjunction with this, this component is concern with securing the source of products in addition, effectively managing the supply chain. In other words, the RFID establishes solutions for tracking along with locating product flow to satisfy different requirements in distribution.

Benefits of supply chain management

            Many firms find it challenging to focus on their business strategy particularly when the supply chain overwhelms their administration and operation such as warranty management and unwanted inventory growth can swallow up the intended internal resources. With no doubt; the supply chain management plays a core role in transforming the traditional linear supply to the adaptive network with numerous benefits such meeting customer needs through offering the common information framework, which support communication and partnership thus, the result better meeting consumer or the final user demands. With this regard, it is fundamental for any organization that needs to compete in the global market to effectively rely on the supply chain. With no doubt; supply chains extend the enterprise boundaries through collaborating with different business partners during the process of supply chain management.

Secondly, supply chain management enhances an ultimate provision of goods required by the final consumer thus, successfully implementing the just time stock. With this regard, it saves time for the final consumer who in this case would have walked in miles buying the product to the manufacturer. Thirdly, Mentzer (26) argue that, supply chain manage transform natural resources from raw materials to the finished product thus. The end consumer can effectively use the finished product that has fully been transformed into natural resources. Thirdly, the supply chain management increases competitive advantage in the sense that, it eases time for firms allocating goods thus increasing the passion for penetrating in the market, and as a result, increases competitive advantage through acquiring goods that may not be in the existing location where business exist. Fourthly, supply chain management enhances effective monitoring in areas of distributions such as safety and healthy. During production process, a company that involves ultimate production of cotton can effectively monitor health issues through monitoring the point of origin to consumption stage. When this is done, the manufacturing company can introduce various strategies to eradicate any problem that occur during production process.

Fifthly, supply chain management maintains quality of goods from the point of origin to the consumption stage. Sixthly, minimizes delays thus eradicating poor relationship along with lost business. For instance, in cases where supply chain is sidelined it slows down production lines thus, negatively impacting the company aspect by not satisfying the customer demand for their products for their company.

Issues of supply chain management

            There are various issues that concern supply chain management. These issues include supply chain uncertainty and when selecting suppliers. With no doubt; the supply chain management experiences challenges of uncertainty of potential supplier, which as a result, may lead to not coming up with potential suppliers. Selecting suppliers is an issue that frustrates the supply management, and to some extent, the manufacturing company would incur losses.

Conclusion

            In facts, supply chain management is ultimate goal of supply chain management is to distribute the products required by the final consumer. In reality, the supply chain management ensure that goods arrives in time to the consumers, enhance interaction of the suppliers and transform natural resources from raw materials to the finished product. As discussed in the paper, supply chain management experiences supply chain uncertainty, issues in selecting suppliers and evolution in purchasing.  With this regard, this paper has discussed supply chain management through addressing its function, components, benefits and its issue.

 

 

 

 

Work cited

Mentzer, John. Supply chain management. New York: SAGE, 2001. Print

Blanchard, David. Supply chain management: best practices. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2007. Print

Lambert, Douglas. Supply chain management: processes, partnerships, performance. London: Supply        Chain Management Inst, 2008. Print

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What do we do about the toxic environment that produces obesity and inactivity in our schools and communities? 

According to Eric and Edlin (2009), the government and food industry has encouraged personal responsibility on issues of battling with obesity epidemic. Eric and Edlin based their facts on the movie super size me that shows a lifestyle drastic effects on Spurlock’s physical well being. The film shows how he dined three times in a day in McDonald’s restaurant eating every item that was presented in the chain menu. According to Fair (2009), super size me film clearly shows how fast food industry has influenced poor nutrition for its own profit. We live in toxic environment, school lunchrooms that overflow with junk food and sports drinks that result to obesity. By addressing and modifying the toxic environment, that produces obesity and inactivity in our schools is the only way to stem obesity epidemic.

Having watched this film, there is a need to encourage culture fitness. School and families should band together for nature adventures of physical activities. Rimm (2008) argues that, students should be encouraged to walk at least 60 miles in a month as to create culture fitness in school. In addition, parents should encourage personal fitness by creating activities that would fight inactivity environment.

Schools and communities should fight obesity by introducing cafeterias that do not encourage fast foods. In addition, students should be encouraged not to overeat that would similarly cause obesity (Rimm & Sylivia, 2004). Other ways include teaching on proper diet and introducing proper balanced food in schools. In conjunction, community should develop food industries that encourage proper diet for well-being. Fitzgerald and Davies (2007) argued that, many opt for junk food because it is relatively cheap. Therefore, food industries should set relatively fare prices to suitable diets so that many can buy. Additionally, eating every item on menu as shown in super size film should be prohibited (Hoeger & Welner, 2010).

Personal wellness plan:  physical, spiritual, social, emotional, intellectual and environmental

Physical wellness plan

Physical: Currently doing these activities for my physical wellness,

Goal: Have a 40+ min daily of physical exercise and understand how nutrition and body performs (Mulvany, 2008).

Action plans: Join a team, have a family cook together, play with kids and walking with my dog.

Spiritual wellness

Goal: Would like to live a life that would provide purpose, peace, meaning and enrichment to my life and others.

Action plans: Make a list of my priorities in life, take time to meditate, have a quiet time alone in a day and being honest to myself in decision-making (Evans &Marks, 2005).

Social wellness

Goal: Develop personal relationships, important friendship and taking part in making a healthy living environment in the world.

Action: Become an active member in my community, make an effort of meeting my friends twice in a week and treat my parents once in a week.

Emotional wellness

Goal: Have relationships with other based on commitment, trust and respect, accept a wide range of feelings about others and myself in addition to being enthusiastic and optimistic about life (Kinetics, 2009).

Action: Create opportunities for helpful conservation and occasionally assessing my personal behavior, emotional responses and reactions towards situations and choose appropriate change.

Intellectual wellness

Goal: Use resources to expand my knowledge, and explore issues associated to problem solving

Action: Attend community classes to help in problem solving tasks, read one book in a week to expand knowledge (Dalton, 2005).

Environmental

Goal: Make choices that are consistent to my personal values, beliefs, interests for gratification.

Action: Serve in my community (Crister, 2003).

Barriers and solutions

1. Lack of enough time: will layout a schedule that will be committed to it
2. No money: will involve myself in opportunities that are not costly for example play sports with my friend

COMMITMENT: I choose to implement my personal healthy living plan to the best of my ability. My hubby will hold me accountable in implementing this plan.

References

Crister,G.(2003). Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World. New York.             Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Dalton, S. ( 2005). Our Overweight Children: What Parents, Schools, and Communities Can Do   to Control the Fatness Epidemic? California: University of California Press

Eric,G.,&Edlin,G.(2009). Health and Wellness. Washngton: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Evans,B.,&Marks,D.,(2005). Health psychology: theory, research and practice. California: Sage

Fair,E.S. (2009). Wellness and Physical Therapy. Washngton: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Fitzgerald, H.E.,&Davies, D.H. (2007). Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence, Volume 1. New   York: Greenwood Publishing Group

Hoeger,S.A.,& Welner,W.K.(2010). Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized          Program. New York: Cengage Learning

Kinetics. (2009). Health and Wellness for Life. California: Human Kinetics

Mulvany, S. (2008). Healthy Cooking for Primary Schools-Book 5, Book 5. London: Brilliant        Publications

Rimm, E.,&Sylvia,R.B. (2004). Rescuing the emotional lives of overweight children: what our       kids go through– and how we can help. New York: Rodale

Rimm, S. (2008). Rescuing the Emotional Lives of Overweight Children. Washngton: Diane          Publishing Company

 

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