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E Commerce Planning

Executive summary

Since the advent of the internet, companies have exploited all means possible of doing business online. E-commerce has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing issue within the global market. E-commerce is about selling and purchasing online, where buyers and sellers meet for trading goods. Currently, almost all people that are computer literate and using the internet seek for information about products online. Thus, companies should ensure to have enough information in their websites in order to provide customers with enough knowledge about their products.

E Commerce offers companies several benefits such as going beyond geographical locations, reducing costs such as labor, marketing and transacting. Perfect Light Company, being a manufacturing and retailing company, needs to have an E commerce department that can help it in entering the new ASEAN countries with ease. The competitive analysis indicates that the competitors have made quite a significant step in the e commerce business. Thus, the Perfect Light Company should not be left behind.

 

Introduction

Internet has recently become the greatest medium through which people communicate globally without any barriers, including geographical ones. From anywhere in the world, as long as one has an internet connection, one can communicate with anybody. Thus, the internet has become the biggest marketplace in the world where buyers and sellers can meet and transact business without having to see each other physically through e-commerce. This has changed the way people do their shopping, leaving companies without e-commerce at a disadvantage (Croll & Power, 2009). When people are in need of anything new, which they might not have enough knowledge about, the internet becomes the consulted. Thus, without an e-commerce platform or a website to reach out to customers, a company is not likely to survive within the global market.

E-commerce has offered several benefits that include elimination of intermediaries for companies, enabling them to deal directly with their customers. It is cheaper and more convenient since one can buy of sell anything from the comfort of their offices, homes or anywhere. Thus, establishing am E commerce is an opportunity of entering the global market easily without incurring too many costs. Perfect Light Company being located in one of the Association of South East Asia Nation (ASEAN) has an opportunity to enter the market of the other ASEAN countries. An E Commerce is one of the best and easiest ways of entering into the global market. Thus, Perfect Light Company will better be suited to establish an E commerce business. The purpose of this paper is to establish an E Commerce Plan for Perfect Light Company, through which it can exploit its opportunities using its strengths, while minimizing threats and turning weaknesses into strengths.

Overview

Company Overview

Perfect Light Company is a lighting company established in Bangkok, Thailand since 1997. The company is involved in selling many kinds of lighting products that include lighting bulbs, lamps, lighting equipment, and sport-lights among others. It designs and manufactures some of the products it sells, while it buys and resells others from different manufacturing companies. Much of its revenues come from selling its products to contractors, government representatives and interior designers. It has established itself within the lighting industry in Thailand quite strongly, which is quite an advantage. Its SWOT analysis indicates some of the best opportunities and strengths in its employees and location, while its weaknesses and threats comes from its lack of delegation or a strong base structure and the political instability among the ASEAN countries.

Its strength comes from its strong workforce that has been established over the years since it was established. The company has retained most of the loyalty employees especially its department managers. Additionally, is has a strong base company structure where everything happening within the company has to involve the owner directly. On the other hand, its weakness comes from the decision-making. As mentioned earlier about the company strong base structure, decisions are quite slow since they are made by one person within the company. There are no decisions within the ground level where fast decisions are required. Therefore, customer decisions are delayed, where quick response is essential.

One of the opportunities of the company is the ASEAN countries that are forming a free trade agreement with an aim of boosting the economy of the region. This provides the company with a good chance of expanding its market. However, a threat comes from the political instability and corruption within the ASEAN countries. Another threat may come from lack of enough human resources within other countries and lack of enough resources for entering new markets considering the competition. Therefore, in order to enter the new markets within the other ASEAN countries, Perfect Light Company needs to use a strategy that will eliminate its threats, and turn its weaknesses into strengths while utilizing its strengths and opportunities.

Industry overview

The industry within which Perfect Light Company operates is quite competitive with other manufacturing and retailing companies seeking to increase their market share. Competition comes from several companies including supermarkets that sell some of the same products. Additionally, it manufactures some of its products while others are bought and resold from other companies. This increases competition from the other manufacturers.

Using E Commerce where the company establishes a website that has capabilities of purchasing and selling, the company can be in a position to offer convenience to the customers. With a website, the customers do not need to visit the company especially considering most of the customers are large institutions such as governments and contractor. Additionally, it will reduce labor costs considering customers will not need employees of the company at all times. It is an easier way of overcoming geographical barriers and reducing the threat of political instability and corruption within other governments (Vibert, 2004). With e-commerce, there is less contact with government after one has the legal permission to operate within the country, which is granted through the free trade agreement. More so, with setting up a website including a Facebook page, it is easy to market and advertise its products. Internet is the cheapest form of advertisement especially with social sites. Additionally, with a website, decision-making is faster since customers can have their queries answered online by the support team. Therefore, an e-commerce is ideal for Perfect Light Company in exploiting its targeted markets. Additionally, the most advantageous part of e-commerce will be the ability to offer customers 24-hour services since one can order anything online at any time.

Competitive Web Analysis

            Several light products companies within ASEAN countries exist. These established institutions include international ones such as Shenzhen City Friends Craft Product Limited Company. Other companies include C & P Lighting Co, Ltd, and Kobwasu. All these companies have brightly colored websites showing the brightness and beauty of their products. Their websites are designed to attract consumers by placing their most elegant and valued products within the homepage in order to attract customers. Additionally, all of them have search capabilities that allow customers to search for more information. The companies have similar features in their websites designed to attract customers. However, for better competitive web analysis, a table is used comparing the three competitors in order to know what to include while establishing the e-commerce website for Perfect Light Company (Vibert, 2004).

Criteria	C & P Lighting Co	ShenzhenCity Friends Craft Product	Kobwasu
Products	The home page shows the products in use rather than showing them to show their real look while in homes. The home page features six headings that include home, products, CK showcase, best sell, about us and project ref.	The home page features several products from the company. It has four category headings that include homepage, products, company profile and contacts. The products are well shown with their names on	The home page offers pictures of different products. It has four headings that include home, products, company profile and contacts. It shows the products in a simple way with each labeled.
Search box	The website does not have a search box	The search box is situated in the left side of the webpage below the logo and headings. It is well situated to offer customers an easy time finding it sine it is brightly colored.	The search box of this website is also located on the left side of the website below the headings and easy to find although it is not brightly colored to highlight it.
Navigation	Primary navigation within the home page is organized in the headings as mentioned above through clicking the heading. Each heading provides several options that appear at the center of the website. There is further navigation where one selects the category of products, and further selects the specific product.	Primary navigation is organized according to the different headings. The headings take one directly to the information under it such as by displaying the available products with each a label below it for one to click	Primary navigation is organized according to the different headings. Each heading leads direct to information without ant subheadings. Each leads direct to the information provided without having to select any category of products.
Contact information	Does not have any contact except at the ‘about us’ heading where one can only know the location of their office. Does not provide a link that guides the customers	The website provides contacts under the contacts heading where one can see an option for emailing the company. There is a chance for chatting with a supplier whose name and picture is provided one the right side of the website. This allows customers to have a personal attachment to the company	The website provides contacts under the contacts heading where one can see an option for emailing the company. There is a chance for chatting with a supplier whose name and picture is provided one the right side of the website. This allows customers to have a personal attachment to the company
Shopping function	It does not have shopping function to allow customers to buy online. Rather, it provides information only and location for its product.	It provides an ‘add to inquiry cart’ function that one can use along with their login details to purchase and know more about products. It also has a click button for placing an order, which allows customers an easy time.	The same way, it provides an ‘add to inquiry cart’ function that one can use along with their login details to purchase and know more about products. It also has a click button for placing an order, which allows customers an easy time.

From the above analysis, it is obvious that people are interested in attractive or conspicuous websites with the best display of products as well as their specification and easy navigation within the site to allow customers to view what they want. Among the three, each has its strengths. With the C & P Lighting Co, it has an extremely attractive home page showing its products in use especially with the Led lights. On the other hand, the other two companies show their products and go ahead to provide details about them including the materials used to make the product. This scores a higher mark than C & P Lighting Co considering customers are more interested in information before deciding on buying anything. Additionally, C & P Lighting Co does not have a shopping function, which makes the website dedicated to providing information without selling online. In designing a website for E-commerce, Perfect Light Company should consider all these designs from the competitors in order to know what should be included that is not provided by the competitors as well as what to borrow from competitors that would be an added advantage.

Product positioning statements

            The only lighting products that provide customers with perfect lighting for every occasion and every place

Offer customer satisfaction through quality delivery in our product with the best value possible

The ultimate lighting products guaranteed to provide the best decorative lighting within homes, offices and functions

Marketing and Public Relations Strategies

            Marketing and PR has continued to change and is now changing more rapidly with the use of the internet as a news outlet. Additionally, with web 2.0 that offers instant information, the traditional PR is being faced out. Thus, companies need to move with the crowd. For Perfect Light Company, there is no exemption from this if it has to survive the stiff competition that continues to increase. Although the internet may be changing the PR and marketing strategies, there are few traditional strategies that continue to play a crucial role in the success of marketing and public relations.

The first strategy to ensure success for Perfect Light Company will come from knowing the market within the region it intends to enter. There is a need to know what is happening within the market concerning products among other related issues. The company should keep its customers informed of the issues concerning the industry. The company should do this with the use of web 2.0 that offers an extraordinary portal that can keep updating with the current news. This should include features such as pod casts from popular newspapers via features such as iTunes and blogs from popular trusted people. Additionally, use of Google Trends and Alerts are additional ways of staying ahead with current news and issues. Such features should not be ignored considering other competitors will be using those (Brown 2008). With such updated information, it becomes easier for the company to respond to changing issues fast and timely without delaying.

The next strategy is using technology where Perfect Light Company should make use of other strategies apart from staying updated. This shall involve the use of social media for reaching out to customers. The company should open up a Facebook page where customers can visit and view some of the products the company has to offer. Social sites have come to be relied upon for easy advertising; Perfect Light Company should not be left behind. More so, the company should use Viral marketing as well as video campaigns to reach out to masses. Additionally, blogs should be used since they are the only way of having instant communication with customers, which offers a far personal effect (Brown 2008).

The other strategy is monitoring the web as much as possible. Monitoring ensures that one respond to the complaints posed by customers as well as comments in order to provide them with answers that they require (Croll & Power, 2009). Through Google Alerts that can monitor the reaction to new, as well as news within the market, it is easy to monitor what customers are interested in. Social awareness will be quite crucial to PR. Providing additional value through corporate responsibility such as using sustainable materials for making the products and ensuring environmental keenness sends a positive image to the people, hence increasing PR (Brown 2008).

 

Operational Budget

            In establishing an e-commerce, Perfect Light Company will incur several costs from the different activities or operation (Arnold 2011). The first cost will be incurred through financial transactions where the e-commerce operates through a gateway that connects the bank with customer’s master card. Other costs include start up costs, user interface costs, marketing costs, hosting and security and managing customer relationship costs (Arnold 2011).

Starting requirements

Legal expenses                                                            $1,200

Stationary and other essential office tools                  $260

Website development                                                             $11,000

Total starting expenses                                                $12,460

Ongoing expenses

Annual user interface expenses                                   $   6000

Hosting and security per year                                     $   3000

Annual Cost of financial transactions                         $30,000

Marketing costs                                                           $  4,000

Cost of managing customer relationship                     $  2800

Total annual expenses                                                 $45,800

Total expenses                                                           $58,260

Web Structure Schematic

References

Arnold, J. (2011). How Much Will It Cost to Launch an E-Commerce Site? Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/answer/222336

Brown, D. (2008). Top 5 PR Strategies. Retrieved from http://www.webanalyticsworld.net/2008/09/top-5-pr-strategies.html

Croll, A. & Power, S. (2009). Complete Web Monitoring: Watching your visitors, performance, communities, and competitors. New York, N.Y: O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Vibert, C. (2004). Competitive Intelligence: A Framework for Web-Based Analysis and Decision Making.New York, N.Y: Thomson/South-Western.

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Law and Order, and the Criminal Justice System

The Law and Order TV episode, “Sophomore Jinx” is about a female college student, found murdered. As the detectives move to the school to investigate the murder case, they turn their focus to the school’s basketball team, because they suspect that some players might be involved with the murder. However, they do not receive the support they expect from the administration, but they experience opposition from the institution. It emerges that some or one of the key players involved in the murder is a major player in the school’s basketball team. The school is preparing for a major contest, and it does not want to lose its valuable players before the game. Moreover, the school is concerned about the tarnished reputation that it will receive from different sectors once the community realizes what happened. This is not only a matter of integrity on the part of the school as it tries to shield a murder suspect, but it is also a case of justice, as the school tries to protect someone who murdered a fellow student.

Criminal justice refers to how various elements within the criminal justice system apply the established laws and guidelines when dealing with cases of crime. This includes the roles and responsibilities of all the people involved including the police, the detectives, the courts, and the correctional facilities. The various authorities involved have to work together to ensure that they realize justice. They must follow the established laws, which recognize the equality of every citizen in the country regardless of their age, gender or race. The people expects the system to protect them, and it does not expect the people involved in investigating the crime to show favoritism, as this is a reflection of a failed justice system. The citizens are major stakeholders in this system because they provide the information needed to deal with crime. They provide the evidence when they act as witnesses in court and when they give the police the information they need to find the evidence concerning a particular case. Failure for the people to provide the necessary information, and to protect the offender, hinders the work of the authorities, and it limits the chances of solving the case.

The sophomore jinx illustrates the case of people not taking crime and justice seriously. It shows the extent that people are willing to go to deny justice to those who are hurt. This spreads the notion to some people that they can do whatever they want, including committing any crime that they want, because they have some level of power or influence within the community. These people continue believing that the community will protect them because they are popular. Such people do not see the importance of the law, and they do not consider the importance of upholding and ensuring justice. As the case progresses, new evidence emerges, and the police discover that one more suspect outside the school could have been involved with the murder

The case highlights one of the elements of the American criminal justice system, which is not present in many countries. This is the element of plea-bargaining. In some cases, the law enforces bargain with a sentence for a reduced criminal charge in exchange for information offered. This might not seem politically correct to some people. However, it is important to consider the role of the suspect with whom the police are offering to bargain with and the level of crime that the suspect has committed, in relation to the degree and importance of information offered. When plea-bargaining with the suspect, the police discover that he only raped the girl when he was dead, and did not contribute to the girl’s murder.

 

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Joe Torre: Leadership Synthesis and Comparison

Joe Torre is an executive of the American Major League Baseball and is a former baseball player and manager. As a player, Torre featured as a baseman and catcher for three different teams namely St.LouiseCardinals, New York Mets, and Atlanta Braves. Following his retirement, Torre went on to manage all three teams including the New York Yankees. He is a good example of a winner; one who holds leadership attributes. Anyone who loves baseball can relate to the premise that Torre possesses leadership skills (Dreher, 2009). He was able to handle his players efficiently while conforming to the demands of his employers. With three world championships in four years, this achievement most certainly hails him as a successful leader.

Joe Torre can be described as an affiliative leader who works to satisfy his employees and establish a harmonious environment for his players. A leader of this caliber works by building a strong relationship with parties involved with an incentive of creating a sense of loyalty from their followers. In this case, he was notably good at fostering good relationships. This leadership style particularly works when mending distressing feelings within the group and may as well function by motivating the team in times of stress or heavy workload (Dreher, 2009).

Joe Torre managed successfully four baseball teams that boasted many talented personalities. With these kinds of players, it was an inevitable fact that he had to deal with a number of egocentric personalities. According to Verducci (2006), this setting perhaps highlights Torre as one of the greatest leaders, and he achieved it by establishing a harmonious sense among the players as well as keeping the team together. This is a leadership style that he successfully mastered and executed. Additionally, Torre was fast at recognizing the contribution and effort of individual players. He also expressed gratitude to his players regardless of whether they had won or lost the match.

One example of his leadership skills can be seen by his choice to change Paul O’Neil, a left sided hitter, into a right sided one. It was only a matter of time before Paul became a superior hitter against any pitcher. This showed that he possessed an uncanny eye for talent (Verducci, 2006). Another example of Torre’s leadership comes through his decision-making in a title deciding game against the Atlanta Braves. In this game, Joe uncharacteristically opted to substitute the left-handed hitter Tino Martinez with right hitter Cecil Fielder. This game ended a one nil win for the Yankees with Fielder responsible for hitting the only run (Dreher, 2009). The third example of good leadership exhibited by Joe Torre comes through his own words. In this case, he states that good leadership is facilitated by a good sense of communication timing. He believes that players have a knack of responding well to straight communication rather than public criticism. He opts to lead with a velvet glove instead of an iron fist.

Personally, it is my belief that I also possess excellent leadership qualities. I consider personal values as a fundamental checkpoint for self-evaluation. One of my leadership qualities suggests influencing my followers by teaching, disciplining, coaching and setting a commendable example. Additionally as a leader, I value bringing out the best out of my followers. For example, if I have done my best to get one of my followers to perform at his or her best, but they still fail to meet my set standards; my only remaining choice requires that I drop that person from my plans. In comparison, I feel that my leadership qualities are at par with those of Joe Torre. He always worked to get the best out of his team and never selected his players based on merit, but on performance and talent. I believe that my qualities are based on the same.

 

Reference

Dreher, H. (2009). Joe Torre’s ground rules for winners: 12 keys to managing team players, tough bosses, setbacks, and success. New York: Hyperion.

Verducci, T. (2006). Regular Joe – Behind the scenes as Joe Torre prepares for his dream games. Sports Illustrated, 85, 18, 36.

 

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Theme of Family

In essence, family is defined as a group of individuals who are related based on affinity and consanguinity. Family is considered as a primary social institution essential for the upbringing of children. Indian Camp by Ernest Hemingway begins with a story of a country doctor who is Nick Adam’s father. The doctor has been summoned to a native Indians’ camp to deliver a child. The father of the child commits suicide by slitting his own throat after his child is delivered by caesarean section. The Indian Camp is considered as an initiation story in that the focus of the story is about childbirth and death at the same time. The aspect of the family is brought about by the relationship between Nick and his father as well as in the relationship between individuals in the Indian family. On the other hand, the play Proof by David Auburn indicates a struggle by the main character in the play, Catherine to find a compromise between her need to fulfill her dreams and the obligation for care towards her father. Hemingway and Auburn aim at providing the audience with the importance of family in any given society.

Dr. Adams or Nick’s father enhances the theme of family by working with his son as his assistant in his medical practice. He exposes his son to events of childbirth and violent death. These two events are aimed at strengthening the personality of his son as he poised to meet similar events in the course of executing his tasks as a doctor after taking up skills from his father. Dr. Adams insists to his son to watch as he performs the caesarean section as he aims at ensuring that his son can be initiated into a tough world as a medical practitioner. In addition, this is aimed at molding a character that is able to face up to the cruelties of life as a man. The experiences of witnessing birth and death are usually a common scene in the medical field. Hence, Dr. Adam is influential in guiding his son through the experiences of working as a doctor.

The theme of family is also exercised by the conduct of the Indian man in that he opts to kill himself because of the loss of his beloved wife as well as the loss of a baby. Dr. Adam as a doctor is able to achieve control over the situation by delivering the baby. The death of the native father is able to revert control from the doctor, which was gained by delivery of the baby. The native husband and his wife seem to have a deep connection. This is probably driven by the screams of the wife, which Doctor Adam defines as unimportant. However, the screams are possibly deafening to the husband in that during the course of the caesarean section he opts to commit suicide because of the possible loss of his soul mate and only family. Hence, it could be termed that losing his wife was equal to the loss of life. Thus, the two are possibly united in the afterworld after their demise. Additionally, his pain is intensified given that he is ailing from a deep cut inflicted by an axe. The pain of losing a wife and possibly the child coupled by physical pain is intoxicating

On the other hand Catherine is brought out in the play as an inherently strong individual in that she is able to take care of her father at the expense of achieving her dreams given that, she is extremely intelligent. Her father succumbs to his mental illnesses prompting Catherine to abandon her ambitions in the mathematical field to exercise hr duty of care to her father. In addition, she is also afraid that she might succumb to a similar illness as her further given that the tow have similar levels of intellectual capability. This notion of the loss of sanity is illustrated by her inner turmoil because of the inability to make a balance between her duty of care to her ailing father as well as her ability to achieve her dreams in the mathematical field.

In addition, the loss of her opportunity is reinforced by her thoughts about her father lamenting of the wasted opportunities. This provides an express illustration of her loss of connection of the real world and her imaginative world. It might be an illustration of her loss of sanity similar to her father. Hence based on such, she is able to make an inference that she is gradually losing her sanity and could succumb to the illness similar to her father. In addition, it is also the indication of the longing of a daughter for the issue of opinion by her father as well as issue of instruction. This provides an express indication of the role of a father in a child’s life. Her father was responsible for ensuring that she was  in line with her goals to achieve success in the mathematical field given that, she has high intellectual capability in mathematical field. Hence, she is conscious of the fact that she is failing in her role to ensure that she utilizes her mathematical skills and potential for maximum benefits.

Her father’s attitude is the main factor towards her development of an apprehensive attitude given that she is unable to make an individual and independent decision without consulting her father. He questions her ability to compete with other students in her institution of choice, NorthwesternUniversity, indicating that her level of seriousness to achieve her dreams and competing with other students in the students is relatively low in comparison to other students in the institution. His questioning act results in a loss of self-confidence and determination by Catherine. This might be because of his desire to have an unmatched level of education, as Catherine’s attendance would result in higher achievements given that, she has a higher intellectual capability.

Furthermore his questions towards her ability to compete with other students in what he terms as a highly serious educational environment is an indication of his dire need to have Catherine by his side during his ailing period. Hence, he would suffer from loneliness as he nears demise. Additionally, this also brings about an aspect of loss in that attendance to a higher institution of learning far away would resulting his abandonment and possible relocation to a mental institution. Hence, he accrues security from the presence of his daughter. His sense of security drives him to inculcate a fear of achievement and taking of risks on Catherine. This is evident by her high level of lack of self-confidence.

Demoralization is also actualized by her sister’s hurtful yet honest words as she provides that she failed in letting her sister waste her prime years taking care of her ailing father. Claire states, “Maybe. Alternatively, maybe some real professional care would have done him more good than rattling around in a filthy house with you looking after him. I’m sorry, Catherine, it’s not your fault. It’s my fault for letting you do it” (Auburn, 14). She also adds that professional medical care would have been appropriate to ensure that his father would make progress in terms of development. This reinforces the belief that she wasted her prime years taking care of her father who did not need help from her but help from professional medic practitioners. Hence, her belief in her own inadequacies is reinforced by her sister’s views that she was inappropriate to take care of her father. Thus, she is provided with two failures, the loss of her prime age to exercise her full potential in academics as well s her inadequacy to take care of her father and enable his recovery.

Catherine’s life is determined by the conditions of her family. The ability to achieve individual success is determined by the views from her father given her relationship and experiences with her father. Additionally, she is deterred from achieving hr goals because of the need to fulfill her duty to care for her father given that he played a significant role in taking care of her as a child into adulthood. Hence, she is only exercising her responsibilities towards her father because of the connection existent in a family.

Conclusively the Indian Camp and Proof provide the importance of family in life and the effects of relations of individuals in a familial setting towards achievement of individual success. It is evident that parents, and specifically fathers, are tasked with providing direction to their children for the achievement of their individual goals as well as providing them with the much-needed motivation to achieve such goals and success.

 

Work Cited

Auburn, David. Proof. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2001. Print.

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David Auburn’s Concept of “Proof”

The title of the play evokes a sense of wonderment and the question everyone has when reading the play is what needs to be proven. Proof obviously brings in the question of solving and authenticating a mathematical phenomenon. David Auburn in the Play has presented Catherine, a girl who has dropped out of school to take care of her sick father. Her father, Robert, was once a mathematical genius who, as we are told, lost his sanity. However, in his insane state of mind, Harold Dobbs, a former student of Robert, discovers that before Robert’s death, he had one last mathematical solution to offer the world. Catherine comes out to say that the mathematical concept is hers, and she has to prove that it truly is hers. She finally succeeds and the concept is published under her name. She goes to great lengths to ensure that the world knows that she is also a mathematician. While this might be seen as the major item of proof, it is evident that there is a lot more that this play intends to prove.

The first encounter of proof we encounter can be revealed in the conversation between Catherine and her father Robert. In that conversation, Robert is trying to convince her daughter not to waste her life by reading magazines and sleeping all day. He believes that she has mathematical talents that she could make us of if only she could believe in her abilities. However, Catherine is concerned that she has not achieved what her father did at her age. She is also concerned that she is insane just like her father was. In their conversation, Robert tries to convince Catherine that she is one a mathematical genius and two that she is not in sane by offering proof. He proves that she is not in mad by getting her to think about her sanity. He tells her that mad people do not question their madness. The fact that she is then she is not mad but sane. She proves her mathematical prowess by establishing her logical demonstration of a hypothesis about prime numbers. Having gone through the intellectual process essential to create this proof, she has proven herself worthy of being a formidable mathematical genius that her father would be proud.

Our first encounter with Harold, accords us the opportunity to understand his role in the play. From the first scene, Harold believes that the fact that his former teacher Robert is dead does not mean his work is also dead. In the period that Robert was sick, he wrote on very many notebooks. Hal, as Harold would prefer to be called, believes that somewhere within those notes lays the legacy of the mathematical genius. He believes in this fact despite the fact that Catherine would want to discourage from it. In this regard, we are able to see an element of proof in Harold’s convictions. Harold is trying to prove that underneath the façade of insanity Robert was working on something mathematical.

Claire, sister to Catherine, is also trying to find evidence of the fact that her sister is sick. She wants to take Catherine from Chicago to New York. She says, “…the doctors in New York are the best…” and that Catherine would love it if she moved away. Claire believes that her sister shares the talents of her father and at the same time, she shares his instability. When Claire goes to Chicago to bury her father, she keeps asking if Catherine is ok. As if hoping to find out later that she is not. She feels guilty that she was not there when her father was ill and that the right care was not offered to her father. Therefore, she would want her sister Catherine to have what her father did not. However, Catherine is adamant that she is ok even though she has had doubts about her health as was established from the beginning of the book.

The next element of proof is the fact that Catharine is trying to prove that she wrote a mathematical proof but no one wants to believe that he is capable of such an achievement. She gives Hal the Key to where the proof was. The proof was in Roberts working desk and the writing similar to what was contained in the other notebooks. Hal believes that the work belongs to a mathematical genius and that Catherine does not have the capability to come up with something like that. Consequently, Catherine has to prove to Hal and Claire that she indeed was the one who came up with the brilliant mathematical discovery. Catherine also has to prove that her father was in no condition to work out such a brilliant mathematical problem. In this sense, there is a collision of proof, where Harold is keen on showing the world the brilliance of a man thought to be mad and the Catherine’s mission to prove that she was as brilliant as her father was or even better. It seems that Catherine feels that the proof will validate her sanity, hoping to overcome her sister’s constant whispering in her ear that she will be insane.

David Auburn at some point has portrayed proof to be actually nothing. In an instance of flashback in scene five, we see Catherine coming back from school to find out how her father is fairing. She finds him out in the cold convinced that he has come up with some form of proof. Catherine realizes that his father has relapsed to his sickness when she reads his proof. The proof Robert was so exited about was nothing but the writings and creations of madness. Robert tells her that the reason he had children was that they could be able to accomplish what they never did and even become better. He says, “It’s part of the reason we have children. We hope they’ll survive us, accomplish what we can’t”. This motivation and encouragement that Catherine needs to start formulating her mathematical findings.

The reason for Catherine to start working on her proof was the fact that her father encouraged her. This encouragement is what in the end enables Catherine to overcome her fear of becoming insane. It also allays her fears of having wasted her prime academic years when she was taking care of her father. After intense arguments about the author of the notebook, Hal finally agrees that the work belongs to Catherine. Catherine is recognized and the consensus is that the work is brilliant. This enables her to put her worries concerning the loss of her bets years behind. She is able to stop thinking that she might become ill like a father. The proof in this case was not only for determining the authorship of the book, but it also served as proof for Catherine that she was fine.

From the play, what David Auburn is getting at is that he is trying to say that there is a thin line between madness and genius. This is seen in both the character of Robert and her daughter Catherine. While Harold is an apt mathematician, he has not reached the level of genius and brilliance that was seen in the Robert and Catherine. Therefore, he does no grapple with what Catherine and her father have to. Robert while sane is brilliant, when he is sick, he gives the impression of being brilliant such that Harold does not want to admit that his legacy would just die unceremoniously. Robert believes that he is sane and tries to prove this every day by filling up his notebooks. Catherine works up a mathematical concept to make her believe in her sanity. In this regard, the element of proof in this play is not just about the ownership of a mathematical concept, but rather of a more personal nature. The question of proof is about authenticating cognitive sanity as is expected by the world. Davis Auburn also suggests that once the line is crossed, there is extreme cognitive ability and on the other hand extreme cognitive inability.

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Analysis Essay

            Hotel insomnia is a poem by Charles Simic, with the speaker being in first person. The speaker narrates the experiences of living in a dark lit room while suffering insomnia and has to hear everything happening around through all night. This is depicted by the title, “Hotel Insomnia. The title acts as a symbolization of what the poem is about, a person who is suffering from insomnia and his experiences in the night until morning. The author has to listen to many things, starting with an old crippled man playing a piano next door, to a gypsy fortuneteller walking bare feet and the sobbing of a child. He is mostly in the dark, which suggests it is at night, and there is hardly any light. The poem utilizes metaphors and imagery to create vivid pictures of the description provided by the speaker.

To start with, the speaker is in a hotel room, where one only checks in and out. It is not a permanent place to stay. The room is described as one that is dark; dirty, without any features that qualifies it as a hole as the speaker calls it. Despite its condition, the speaker liked the little hole, which further means he is no longer there since it is in the past tense, but is thinking or recalling about the room. However, the next lines in the fist stanza make it look as though it was not a hotel room. With a description of a hotel room the next door, the speaker has probably lived there long considering he has heard an old crippled man come to play it few evenings every month. Describing the piano player as a crippled man while we understand that the windows faces a brick wall suggests he probably heard the old man singing. This is suggested by the lyrics, “My Blue Heaven”. He probably hears the old man walk with his clutches, which makes him realize he is a cripple. The lyric of the song he plays suggests that the hole is the blue sky considering the speaker cannot see the sky. This can presumably mean that the hole acts as the blue sky to the speaker since he cannot see the real sky.

On the other hand, the second stanza suggests that the singing was not usual considering it describes the place as a quite one with people living alone. He then introduces spiders living within the rooms, which means the rooms were rarely cleaned. The overcoat adds to the imagery, creating a picture of a frail person probably in heavy oversized clothes hanging on them rather than fitting. This means that each room lived people in this conditions that indicate poor worn out people. Additionally, the spider catching their flies with a web of cigarette smoke and revery could mean that the speaker was so occupied with his thought that he did not take notice of the reality surrounding him. On the other hand, he might have excluded all else from his life, just as a spider is preoccupied to catch its fly, so he enjoys his sleeplessness. However, this time he was smoking in the night trying to catch the fly in his imagination, which is depicted by the word revery.

The third stanza talks about the speaker being awake at five in the morning, which is quite early. It means that it must have been very quiet since he could hear the sound of bare feet in the room upstairs of the gypsy fortuneteller going to “pee” after a night of lovemaking. This suggests that the speaker knew the neighbors, which means he had also seen the crippled man. He also knew that the woman made love probably by hearing them. More so, the speaker says that the fortuneteller owns a store at the corner. This suggests that the place was not a hotel, since she must have been living there at the time the speaker was living there. This is further highlighted by the fact that he knew the neighbors or people living in the other rooms. The stanza also tells about a sobbing child, which means there were probably families living there to suggest it is not a hotel. He is so empathetic about others that he feels like he is sobbing, as well. The gypsy fortuneteller can serve to illustrate the love Simic had for his insomnia. At 5a.m in the morning, he is awake when the new day is starting, and he has to say goodbye to his insomnia. He associates his insomnia to love making. He finds pleasure in catching flies in the dark, listening to music of the night and at the end another part of him is revealed, where he is sympathetic to the sobbing child.

The poem tells little about the narrator, and title does not give a direct meaning of the poem. Rather, it tries to suggest the experiences of a person suffering from insomnia. From this narration, the speaker is alone and alert as well as awake. Despite being a night, we do not see any suggestion that he slept. Rather, he was alert to all the events of the night, staring with the old man playing piano, the sound of bare feet and a sobbing child. More so, knowing that the woman was making love means he could hear the sounds further meaning he was awake.

The poem is set in a dark room that the speaker provides good description with each sentence expressing a thought on its own. For instance, the first line makes sense on its own, where he says, “I liked my little hole.” This describes the room size and its other characters such as darkness as a hole would be. With its window facing the brick wall means it is blocked from the light as well as the surrounding area. This serves to show how the speaker is trapped inside a little room without any light coming in. probably suggesting his state of mind.

The speaker makes good use of imagery to describe the room where he says, “each room with its spider in heavy overcoat catching his fly with a web of cigarette smoke and reverie” this creates a picture of the person inside the room smoking. The speaker uses metaphor as well such as in the first line where he says he liked his hole. In this case, the hole was his room. The purpose of using the word hole was to highlight the characteristics of the room. A hole is supposed to be dark and dirty, just as the room is described. The word hole reinforces the shabby atmosphere as well as poverty depicted by the window of the room, which offered a poor vista, in this case the brick wall. Additionally, this is seen in the spider, which describes him since a spider could not smoke or put on a heavy overcoat. This adds to the meaning of the poem, describing the experiences of a night from the perspective of a person suffering from insomnia. Although there is nothing much told about the speaker, we can visualize his experiences where he is talking directly to us. This manages to put the reader of the poem in the shoes of a person suffering insomnia.

The poem does not have any rhymes and any specific sound effect. Additionally, it does not follow any form such as a sonnet and hardly any metrics. It uses plain language, which is quite simple and direct too. However, the language is quite vivid with a lot of imagery and metaphors. Additionally, the author utilizes enjambment at the last closing lines on the child sobbing, in the two long sentences that flow in the “My Blue Heaven” and about the spider and a web of smoke. At these lines, the poem breaks from the short lines that are independent and allows the meaning to flow from one sentence to the next continuously without breaking from one line to the next.

In this poem, the speaker identifies with what surrounds him in every way possible. He enjoys the music of the night, listens to the bare footsteps and hears a child cry. His insomnia has made him quite conscious of what is around him, and manages to associate with it to a point of loving a place that one would not consider lovable. With all the negative aspects of the place, he liked it since he could associate with what surrounded him. Although one may find insomnia to be a negative condition, the speaker takes it positively and enjoys the surrounding in all ways he can in his quiet room.

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Information about assessment

            Assessment of dual disorders is important in order to establish proper treatment systems. Accordingly, specific assessment tools are applied towards certain settings and interventions. This takes into consideration the fact that the combination of dual disorders is different among patients. In relation to both AOD disorders and psychiatric conditions, the process of assessment should be sensitive towards psychological, social and biological issues. All treatment contacts with patients should also include basic screening tests for AOD use and psychiatric disorders. This is regardless of the intervention or treatment setting or the form of crisis that initiated the treatment contact.

The complete assessment of patients who have dual disorders should be managed and performed by clinicians. These clinicians should have certified training in the field they carry out the assessment. However, there are clinicians who are uncertified but can learn how to perform the screening tests. The assessment structure incorporates various procedures in order to ensure maximum results. The assessment should also include a brief mental status exam. This is undertaken in order to assess the severity and presence of psychiatric problems. In addition, it integrates the screening of AOD use related disorders.

Assessment is undertaken under various stages. The stages can be classified in to three clinical phases as long-term, acute and sub acute. Acute and sub-acute are not applied to all conditions. The first stage of assessment incorporates the dangers of the patient towards self and others. It is crucial for patients to be tested on their potential of posing a threat to themselves and others. This process of evaluation is useful in the determination whether there is duty to protect the patients from self-harm and interrupt the intention of violence toward other people. This includes suicidal feelings. The screening personnel should therefore assess whether the suicidal feelings reflect the chronic condition or are transitory.

The assessment process includes the medical and social assessment. The disorder must undertake medical evaluations. This includes a physical examination and a laboratory assessment. Facilities that do not posses a medical component must train the assessment staff on referral and triage. The patients also undergo initial addiction treatments. The CAGE questions are used under this program for screening of patients. CAGE questionnaires modified for other drugs (CAGEAID) are used because they are acute and rapid screening tools for assessing AOD disorders. The “ABC” model is another screening technique towards establishing psychiatric disorders. The drugs under study in dual disorders are similar to those used in society such as cocaine, marijuana and alcohol.

All frontline Initial assessment staff should have proper detailed training in using AOD screening tests and mental status exams. AOD abuse assessment should primarily focus on the recent use of alcohol or other drugs and their behavioral history. The assessment staff should also screen past treatments, hallucinations, previous episodes of delirium tremens and disruptive behavior. The procedure of social assessment is also important for the process. The social environment and conditions are analyzed. This is particularly related to psychiatric and AOD disorders (Ries, 2001). The aspects studied include the living conditions, social relations such as family and friends and the overall support structure.

The long term and sub-acute assessment is undertaken in various settings such as medical clinics, hospitals, mental health clinics, emergency rooms, psychotherapists’ offices, welfare and social services settings and other non-treatment settings. This level involves patients with dual disorders that are not relatively dangerous. They are therefore, candidates for treatment. The functional levels, strengths and liabilities should be assessed. The aim of sub-acute treatment is to develop a plan that has a reduced need to focus on acute protection. The planning is also based on full assessment of the treatment needs.

Patients also undergo medical assessment under this stage. The plan should treat and asses the medical conditions that can complicate or precipitate the dual conditions. These can include other neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis, thyroid problems and HIV infection. Patient’s history of AOD abuse, treatments and problems are also analyzed. The assessment staff also carries out addiction and psychiatric screening. Patients also undergo psychosocial assessments. The systems of support for the patient are evaluated. The cultural and ethnic aspects are also considered during the evaluation.

The overall assessment process should be engaging. This will help the patient cope with the current circumstances. The process of assessment sets the basis for treatment. With a proper and suitable assessment of the dual patient, the treatment process is made easier and effective. Following through the process also prepares the patient for treatment. In addition, the patient will also undergo reassessment. Medical practitioners should also consider the combination of the dual disorder throughout the procedure. Screening tests also play a significant role in understanding the condition of the patient.

Assessment checklist

Appearance, anxiety, consciousness, emotions

• Appearance:

What is the general outlook of the patient and effect on health such as personal hygiene dressing? Does the poor hygiene affect the general outlook and health of the patient?

• Consciousness:

Does the patient pay attention or has a low attention span? What is the level of alertness in dangerous situations like while driving and in public places?

• Anxiety:

What is the frequency of periods of anxiety, nervousness and panic, how do they affect the individual and other people?

• Emotions:

Is the person emotionally unstable, crying or easily angered, can or has the person harmed anyone?

Behavior

• Communication:

How does the person talk, content, rate of speech? Do they talk to others angrily and threatening them especially after AOD use?

•  Purpose

Is the person dangerous, impulsive, bizarre, and attempted to commit suicide? Are these behaviors psychological or influenced by AOD use?

• Movements

I the person hyperactive and undertake dangerous movements in risky areas such as pools and buildings?

Cognition

• Reasoning

Does the person have poor judgment leading to misunderstandings, conflicts and disagreements with or without AOD use?

• Coherence

Does the individual have hallucinations, delusions and incoherent ideas? Are they influenced by AOD use?

 

Reference

Ries, R., & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Assessment and treatment of patients with coexisting mental illnes and alcohol and other drug abuse. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

 

 

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History

Speech 1

Thalassemia disease is brought about because of intermarriages between relatives. The disease indicates the gravity of the cultural practices of intermarriages between relatives because of the potency to lead to various disorders such as acute and chronic anemia. It is reported that the disease affects an approximate 8.5 % of the population in the United Arab Emirates which translates to one individual in every twelve individuals in the United Arab Emirates is a carrier of the disease (Baysal, 2011).

The disease indicates the need for a shift from such unbeneficial cultural practices and embrace modernity. This is because such diseases usually bring about risks of transfer of the disease from one generation to another. Hence, there is a dire need for social education to ensure that people are able to understand the health risks associated with marriages between relatives. This has however, been part of the culture of people in the United Arab Emirates since historical times.

The disease provides an indication of the dire need for an understanding of the ongoing practice of marriage between relatives, which has been in existence since the historical time of the Arabic culture. This is because the disease if not addressed adequately could result in the development of serious health complications such as anemia, which has potency to develop into chronic anemia that is considered as life threatening.

Cultural practices that bring about diseases and are unbeneficial should be abandoned and modernity should be embraced. However, there is also need to ensure that some aspects of Arab culture are preserved in relation to adherence to marital practices. This is essential as it ensures preservation of a culture, which has been in existence for a long time since the history of Arab culture.

Speech 2: Jabel Hafit

Jebel Hafit overlooks Al Ain and Buraimi oases. Its significance is its geological structure as well, as its history as it served as a burial site for ancient societies, which had settled near the mountain. Past events, practices, heritages and cultures are usually commemorated because of their relevance to the modern world or society. The need for preservation of the history of the community that lived near the mountain is driven by the need to ensure that the United Arab society is able to understand the origins of the various cultural practices. In addition, the need for commemorative symbolism is driven by the social need to understand origin of various cultural practices. In essence, the need for commemoration ensures a link between the old and modern societies in terms of their practices.

Storage and preservation of the various artifacts and historical sites is usually a task of the government through its appointed agency or authorities. Such ensures high level of security and respect for authenticity of items such as tools discovered which are usually held as government assets. It is evident that the government is also involved in commemorative efforts to ensure preservation of history as well as enabling people to understand their historical culture. Such includes sites that are considered as sacred because of their significance in the history of a given culture and are a means of understanding the traditional cultures of a given community as well as its values and beliefs (Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage, 2012).

The acts of commemoration are aimed at creation of a connection between the ancient and modern societies in terms of the values and beliefs held by the two communities. Such ensures that the communities are able to understand the significance of the existence of the ancient community through the artifacts and commemorative efforts. Hence, commemorative efforts are essential to ensure connection between ancient and modern societies. Sites such as the gravesites near the mountain should be preserved to ensure that our modern society and community understands the importance of the sites in terms of giving information about the origin of our modern community.

 

References

Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage. (2012). Jabel Hafit Tombs. Retrieved from http://www.adach.ae/en/portal/jabel.hafit.tombs.aspx on 6 December 2012.

Baysal, E. (January 01, 2011). “Molecular Basis of β-Thalassemia in the United Arab Emirates”. Hemoglobin, 35, 5-6

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Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Many women fear breast cancer. This is because they fear the possible loss of a breast in case the doctors determine that it is the only way of saving their lives. Despite this, some women do not take chances and opportunities offered to reduce increasing their risks of breast cancer. They do not observe healthy lifestyles, which serve to reduce the chances of having cancer. This includes going for breast cancer tests and screening. These are essential steps towards reducing the chances of a woman having breast cancer. In some cases, such steps might not reduce cancer risk, but early detection does lead to early treatment, and this increases the chances of survival. In most cases, early breast cancer detection can be increased through early testing, early diagnosis, and through consulting qualified doctors.

Early testing will increase the chances of breast cancer detection. Many people think that breast cancer cases are more in developed countries. Conversely, there are an increasing number of breast cancer cases in developing countries. The survival rate of women suffering from breast cancer in the developing countries is lower compared to the survival rates in developed countries. This difference is attributed to the lack of breast cancer testing facilities in the developing countries. The doctors in these countries realize that a patient is suffering from breast cancer when it is already too late, and the cancer has progressed. In such cases, it becomes difficult for doctors and the patient to manage the disease. Testing involves the use of annual tests such as mammograms. This is especially useful for people who appear healthy and who do not think that they are at a risk of developing breast cancer. The purpose of testing is to find breast cancer at an early stage before any symptoms appear (Hong et al. 422). Mammograms are especially useful for women over the age of forty years. These women have higher chances of getting breast cancer. Doctors look for changes in the breast during mammograms. Presence of large calcium deposits are not a danger factor for cancer. They are likely to occur because of different changes, which have occurred in the breasts. Such changes can happen because of inflammation, injuries, and age. However, presence of tiny specks of calcium in the breast, which may appear individually or in form of clusters, is a cause of concern for doctors (American Cancer Society). .

Early diagnostic tests are crucial in detecting breast cancer and increasing the chances of survival. Physicians perform diagnostic tests on the patients they suspect of having breast cancer. The physicians perform the tests when the patients exhibit symptoms of breast cancer, or when the screening results indicate the cause for concern. Early diagnosis enables the physicians to determine the presence of breast cancer at an early stage. The tests reveal more information about the cancer, such as the progress and level of the cancer. Physicians use such information to guide them when developing the most effective treatment for the condition. Women go for diagnosis when they experience some symptoms such as a lump in their breasts, changes in the nipple color and discharge from the nipples, breast pain, nipple pain, and changes in the size of the breast, which include swelling of the breasts. During diagnosis, the doctor examines the symptoms more deeply to determine the cause. It is possible that a lump in the breast is not cancerous, and that other factors can cause changes in the breast size. However, a person should go for diagnosis once she experiences such symptoms. Detecting the symptoms at an early stage will ensure that the person has high chances of survival.

Using a qualified doctor will increase the chances of breast cancer detection. Some doctors have more experience in matters relating to breast cancer. They offer their clients advice on issues such as the importance of screening, the risk factors that increase chances of developing breast cancer, and some of the measures that they can take to avoid chances of getting breast cancer, or to increase survival rates once a person is detected with breast cancer. Some of the risks associated with increased chances of breast cancer include gender, age, and race. The doctors take the time to discuss this with their patients. They also discuss the importance of early screening and detection of breast cancer. The doctors discuss the different modes of treatment with their patients. They inform their patients concerning the least aggressive treatments, which they think will be most effective in the end. Qualified doctors understand the importance of clinical based exams, especially for women under forty years. They discuss this information with their clients, and they encourage them to undergo such tests in the hope of preventing the cancer.

Some people argue against the importance of early testing. Such people are of the opinion that screening is merely wastage of resources and facilities. People do not need to undergo any tests especially where there is no family history of breast cancer. Nobody goes to the doctor without experiencing any symptoms; therefore, tests are not necessary when they do not have any symptoms. Most doctors use mammography during early testing to determine the presence of any cancer symptoms in the body. Mammography is an expensive exam. It often leads to other additional and unnecessary costs. Mammograms are not effective for most types of cancers. They lead to a person conducting follow-ups because they detect biopsies. This leads to the woman incurring more costs. They can wait until they notice the first symptoms so that they can go for diagnostic tests. Many of the women who undergo screening tests do not even benefit. Most of the women whose doctors have detected cases of cancer have experienced some symptoms, which the doctor can diagnose through a diagnostic test (Love and Lindsey 175).

Less money is spent on screening tests, compared to the amount of money spent on treating breast cancer once it happens. It is not wise to wait to experience the symptoms of breast cancer so that one can go for an exam. Symptoms often indicate the existence of a problem, and they could mean that the cancer has already spread to the other parts of the body. Cancer patients require different treatments depending on the type of cancer, and the degree of cancer in the body. Treatments may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. These treatment options are more expensive and they end up using more resources compared to the screening tests. Breast cancers found after one experience symptoms are more likely to have spread to the rest of the body other than the breast. This will mean that the patient has to undergo treatment that is more intensive for her to contain the disease. On the other hand, the screens reveal small cases of breast cancer, which are usually contained in a specific area. The physicians use less aggressive and intensive treatment when treating smaller cases of cancer. These cases are more effective and quick to treat since they are small and contained in one area. Some of the women who have undergone screening tests do not realize any results from their test. However, many more women benefit from the screening tests. Reducing the number of women on cancer treatment is more cost effective than waiting to make sure that women have cancer before treating them

Breast cancer common among most women. However, with early detection, women have an increased chance of survival. Women should consider early testing, to reduce their chances of developing breast cancer. Only the women who do not have any symptoms can go through the screening process. The testing process reassures the women of their condition. Testing is recommended for women with high risk factors of breast cancer, for instance family history of breast cancer, overweight and obese women, and women over the age of forty. On the other hand, women who experience any of the symptoms related to breast cancer should see a doctor for diagnosis. The doctors will confirm or deny their reports based on the results of their examinations. Having a qualified doctor increases a person’s chance of early diagnosis. These doctors know the symptoms to look for even before their patients inform them. They are able to identify the people at risk of developing cancer. They use the opportunities they can to inform and educate the people concerning breast cancer. 

Works Cited:

American Cancer Society. Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Topics. 2012. web. 5^th Dec, 2012

Balentine, R. Jerry and Melissa Conrad Stöppler. Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Signs. 2012. Web. 5^th Dec, 2012

Committee on New Approaches to Early Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. Saving Women’s Lives: Strategies for Improving Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis. National Academies Press, 2005. Print

Hong, K. Waun et al. Cancer medicine 8, Volume 8. Shelton, CT: PMPH-USA, 2010. Print

Love, M. Susan, and Karen Lindsey. Dr. Susan Love’s Breast Book. Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2010. Print

Radiology Society of North America. Value of Screening Mammography under Debate: Views from Both Sides. Web. 4^th Dec, 2012

Tabár, László, Tibor Tot, Peter B. Dean. Breast Cancer: The Art And Science Of Early Detection With Mamography: Perception, Interpretation, Histopatholigic Correlation. New York, NY: Thieme, 2005. Print

World Health Organization. Breast Cancer: Prevention and Control. Web. 2012. 4^th Dec, 2012

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Economic Development strategies

Each country aspires to improve its economy and prosper. To achieve this, different development strategies are employed. China, Japan and Korea are some of the countries that have applied development strategies to improve their economy and improve the living standards of their people.  The three countries have recorded rapid growth in their development in the last three decades.

There are a number of similarities in the developmental strategies that were adapted by the three countries, which made them experience rapid growth in their economies in the last three decades.  Since 1970s, the three countries have incurred economic growth through initiatives of industrialization (Boltho &Weber, 2007, p. 279). According to Boltho &Weber (2007), there is no clear model that helps to explain the model of development among these three countries (279). Most of the studies are based on the ideologies preferences. It is not clear how these industrial structures were transformed or how government intervened in solving various problems, and pursuing of efficient policies (Ebrey, 2009, p. 25). However, regardless of these views, these three countries have laid more emphasis on ensuring that there is rapid growth in investment, external competitiveness and manufacturing sector. This policy was then translated into interventionist trade, industrial and financial, and other policies that were geared at uplifting the economy.

The three countries had a concomitant belief on a competitive economy, whereby, they were protected from foreign companies and any downturns (Ebrey, 2009, p. 25).  However, this did not apply in the case of domestic rivals as these countries were required to find amicable solutions that would help them come out of the situation. The countries, therefore, encouraged competition within them and protected themselves from external competition, which was aimed at ensuring that they achieve their goals. Macroeconomic polices were employed in the three countries and aimed at budgetary balance and ensuring surplus. The policies also aimed at ensuring that the rate of inflation was managed and protected within certain limits.

Another similarity among the three countries is that they had a number of favorable preconditions relating to the socio-economic and political nature that was based on the homogeneity of the populations (Ebrey, 2009, p. 25).  The strategy employed to stimulate growth was based on the similarity in the population. Human capital involved in the building and growth of the economy was based on the homogeneity of the people.

The three countries had high levels of human capital formation that helped in the promotion of the economy (Boltho &Weber, 2007, p. 282). The human capital was readily available and was qualified to enhance innovation and creativity in moving the countries’ economy forward. Therefore, organizational structures were well structured, which helped in coordination and moving the economies forward. The income distribution patterns of employees were equal and fair, and this was adopted from the agrarian reforms that happened before industrialization.   They were also characterized with competitive bureaucracies and authoritarian governments, which helped in agitating and reforming the industrial sectors that impacted positively on the level of economic growth.

The fixed investment in the three countries was high and was propelled by increased public investment provisions that helped in crowding of the private sector capital formation. This was a characteristic that were exemplified in the three economies. This strategy of increasing fixed investments helped to boost their economy hence promoting development.

The three countries shared a belief that competitive market conditions were crucial in ensuring that there was rapid economic growth. The three countries allowed competition to thrive in ensuring that they recorded positive performance in the economy (Boltho &Weber, 2007, p. 279).  In Japan, this competition took place in the rival national conglomerates that were active in almost all sectors. In Korea, competition was forced upon large domestic groups,   whereby, government was compelled to offer conditional support on the export successes in the world markets. On the other hand, China provided soft budget constraints to its business and as the years went by, it forced some of the businesses to merge or close down to ensure that there was competitive competition in the market.

There are various differences manifested in the development strategies of these three countries on their business structure, labour patterns and government development policies. One of the differences was in the distribution of income among the people. In the tender stages, China embraced socialist approach where income was supposed to be equal, but currently, it is one of capitalist countries, as many people aim at promoting individual interest (Boltho &Weber, 2007, p. 279). It therefore adopted a command-kind of markets where government to some extends dictated the terms on the market. This was not the case for the other two countries, which from the first stage had a spirit of capitalist and adapted to mixed market.

Another set of differences lies on the idea of external competitiveness and industrial policy. There were some variations among these countries.   Competition was important to all the countries, but Japan and Korea emphasized plans that were geared at specific industries they believed to be important, while China’s industrial planning had no significant impact on competition. External competitiveness of China was a less planed system and did not target particular firms or sectors as that of Japan and Korea.

Another difference is that external policy of China was more open compared to that of Korea and Japan in terms of FDI and trade (Boltho &Weber, 2007, p. 279).  For instance, when China prepared to enter into World Trade organization, it dismantled many protectionist apparatus. China was in the forefront of embracing liberalism and opening up to foreign markets compared to Japan and Korea

In conclusion, the three countries had some similarities as well as differences in their development strategies during their high growth era.  Some of the obvious similarities experienced among the three countries are at the level of broad macroeconomic policies and indicators.  They all recorded high Investments, GDP and savings in the manufactured goods. The high growth was accompanied by low inflation rates and large budget deficits. Likewise, there are noticeable differences evidenced among the three countries. For instance, the organization structure of China was on central command market and its economy was planned, while that of Korea and Japan was mixed market economy.  Governmental involvement in sectoral development was high in Korea and Japan compared to China, which allowed flourishing of the largely unregulated private enterprise sector.   Even though these differences existed, the three countries have managed to grow and ensure that their economies remain stable.

References

Boltho, A., &Weber, M. (2007). Did China follow the East Asian development model? The          European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2): 267-286.

Ebrey, P. (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, 2^nd Ed. Houghton: Mifflin   Harcourt

 

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