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Table of Contents

1. 1.      Introduction

Women and seduction in the media 3

1. 2.      What is commercial 3
   1. 3.      What is media 3
   2. 4.      The fashion part and women seduction in commercials 4
   3. 5.      women in commercial in the 60’s 70’s 80’s and during our days plus 6
   4. 6.        Effects of women seduction in commercials 7
   5. 7.       What causes seductive commercials to be available………………………………8
   6. 8.       Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………9
   7. 9.      References……………………………………………………………………………10

 

 

Women and seduction in the media

1.0 Introduction

For many years, advertising is all-pervading in life, which strongly influences the decisions that consumers make. The aim of adverts is not only to create awareness of new products with its use but; creating the wish to possess the product. In fact, seduction in the media has become a powerful tool in advisement. Researchers argue that, seduction is the act of intentionally enticing an individual to engage (Greer & Davis 34). In this regard, women have often been used with the goal of seduction to an extent; many adverts have been devoted to it. Arguing from a sexual perspective, women sexy bodies generate sexual tension to many thus; convey the product or service information effectively. It is a well-documented fact; many companies have used women seduction pictures as a powerful tool for many people to know about their goods and services. With this regard, this paper seeks to analyze women and seduction in commercials, its effects and what causes such commercials to be available.

2.0  What is commercial and media

According to Netanel (34), commercial refer to advertising via the medium of radio and Television. In essence, advertising is any form of communication used to convince viewers or listeners to take actions with respect for products, services and ideas. The desired result for advertising is to drive the consumer behavior with honor of the commercial offering. In this regard, commercial advertisers generate the increased consumption of their services or products through branding that involves repetition of image and product name in aim to link various qualities of the brand in consumers mind. With this regard, we can highlight media as a powerful tool in advisements. Schwartz (87) argue that, media is the channel used to store and convey information. For many years, media has been a powerful tool for advertisement in many companies. With no doubt; media enhances innovative ideas along with concepts to be shared with others. With this regard, as years have progressed; methods and techniques of commercial advertising have changed. For instance, features of sexy women in commercial have been used to draw attention to a particular product and service for an aim of sale. In many cases, the most imagery includes nudity and pin-up girl known to enhance the attraction for commercial purposes. With this in mind, the women and seduction commercial shows the fruition of women status.

3.0  The fashion part and women seduction in commercials

Arguing from psychology point of view, the taste in fashion and ideas are mostly attributed by how effective the advertisement appeal (Hakenen & Wells 67). In this regard, Wang (25) outline that, fashion is influenced by collective information that stimulate the need to possess the fashion advertised. In the article Neuromarketing where brain science and marketing meet 2008 it highlights that, the act of creating wish to possess a good depends on how the advert convey its message. Since 20^th Century, sexy women have been used as objects to represent the real product and its benefit in appeal. In facts, the fashion part in commercial plays fundamental roles in commercial. According to Schwartz (45), fashion part is mostly used in advertising clothing for all people in variety shapes and sizes. Fashion is used to promote various clothing such as swimsuit, suits, jeans, g-strings and thongs among others. With this in mind, fashion experts argue that, there are effective ways used to create wish to possess a certain fashion. For instance, the fashion designers advertising swimsuits use seductive women to create wish to consumers of wanting to possess it. This implies that, aspect of representing a seductive woman is essential in enhancing consumer attraction to the product. With this regard, we can highlight that, the fashion part of commercial has effectively embraced seductive women to be a powerful tool in advertising. It is important to note that, advertising via seductive women has been successful in building the consumer purchasing (Greer & Davis 50).

It is borne in mind; the aspect of using seductive women to advertise about every product emphasizes the aspect that, sexy women is the consumer best option to wish for the product. In many cases, seductive women images are used to advertise men cologne and liquor among other products (Carpentier 67). With this in mind, Greene (45) raises a contentious issue that, men are naturally attracted by women body thus; using seductive woman image to make adverts is a powerful tool to increase awareness to men. In addition, seductive women advertising various products is everywhere in newspaper, magazines, billboard and Television among others. In facts, although some people assume not to fall into the advert, with no doubt has effects.

It is a well-documented fact; many men are often the target for advertisers in the sense that, they know many men are financially stable, and if the hound at them, they won’t persist to buy their products. In this regard, most advertisers portray seductive women in their products thus, attracting many consumers. Food, fashion, cigarette, cars, coffee and body lotion are few of the many products advertised via women and seduction in the media. Under this context, Daugherty (35) argue that, the Topshop spend roughly $600 million in a year in advertising. In reality, Topshop is the British retailer that has stores in over twenty countries in addition, online selling of its products. With no doubts; Topshop has effectively use women seduction images to convey the message on their women clothing men clothing along with different fashion accessories. Reports indicate that, as a result, their sales have increased imposing the importance of using such adverts in advertisements (Gormly 25 ).

Billboard impact of seduction in commercials has become a key approach in advertising. In facts, marketing experts argue that, billboard advertisements aim to catch an individual attention through making a quick and attractive impression to the reader (Napoli, Poore, & Boudville 23). This implies that, billboard adverts should be readable in a short time. With this regard, the use of seductive women in billboards is designed to catch attraction to the viewer. As a result, many viewers get obsessed to what they see on adverts to the extent many wish to buy products. With this regard, one can outline that, women seduction in commercial is a powerful tool that enhances attraction thus creating the demand for the good. For instance, seduction in the commercial is significant in advertising fashion, body lotion and clothing in that, it convey a message of how a product appeals.

4.0  Women in commercial in the 60’s 70’s 80’s and during our days plus.

Studies outline that, the sixties women in commercial mostly unveiled their body with mini-skirt (Lundstrom & Sciglimpaglia 10). In conjunction with this, tights were commonly used to give the body full liberty along with giving a natural effect that was appreciated in those times. The seventies experienced generalization of nudity through, which many commercials used seductive women in tights and panties. The use of woman’s image was shocking till 1971 whereby most advertisements consisted of at least half naked and almost naked bodies. Under this context, Kosta (45) argue that, one commercial in 1970 broadcasted a seductive lady in her bathroom who had undressed to show tights. Subsequently, some commercials used seductive women often in short skirts and bra, which many outlined its use to be an effective mean of advertising.

In eighties, most adverts reflected the woman image that portrayed her love affairs like that of a movie. Studies outline that, commercials used beautiful women as possible (  Blair 23). In other words, women in commercial were outline as active, self-assured, ambitious, self-assured, independent and sexy. This has not changed till now, where many adverts reflect the sexy aspect of a woman. Currently, seductive women are mostly used in commercials with an aim of attracting the viewers. With no doubts; this has become an effective tool of targeting many viewers. Despite its benefits; there are negative effects that women seduction in commercials has.

5.0  Effects of women seduction in commercials

According to Wilker & Abor (60), women seduction in commercials is vulnerable to portray a woman as a sexual object. In this regard, many advertisements have linked seduction with beauty to the extent, seductive women images are used to sell anything from food, clothing, and electronics to luxury cars among others. To some extent, this portrays women as sexual objects though presented as perfect look. Secondly, in facts, seductive women bodies attributes to the man desiring the fantasy woman in the advert, while women desire to appeal like the woman in the advert. When men lust for women in adverts; to some extent affects marriage life in the sense, some men may end up comparing their wives with  women in adverts thus; high risk of breaking marriages. On the other hand, women become so infatuated with attraction to the extent many undergo serious illness. To some extent, it affects woman self-esteem to the point of assuming not to be beautiful enough to appeal to the society.

Typically, women seduction in commercials increases rape cases. In this regard, Cohan (327) argue that, seductive women images increases rape cases in the sense that, it increases sex desires, which as a result, may lead to rape cases. In conjunction with this, use of seductive images in commercials may increase prostitution cases in the sense of earning for the woman in men and women desiring to appeal like the image in the advert. With such desires, many end up indulging into sexual immorality (Morcillo 24).

6.0  What causes seductive commercials to be available?

There are various reasons that causes seductive commercial to be available. According to Kilbourne (10), many use seductive commercial to attract men in the sense that, men are attracted by seductive women. In other words, advertising copywriters uses seductive women to draw attention on their advertisements. It is a well-documented fact; the role of sexy women in advertising is to attract attention for both the man and woman. For instance, an advert advertising body lotion may opt to use a seductive woman for promotion, and as a result, the advert may be appealing to both men and women (Greene 45).

In most cases, seductive women are used to show the effectiveness of using the product advertised. For instance, many adverts advertising body lotion outline a seductive beautiful woman to outline the effects of using such products. In the article Neuromarketing where Brain science and marketing meet; many consumers are appealed by such adverts creating wishes of possessing such products to appeal like the advert image.

 

 

 

 

7.0 Conclusion

In facts, advertising is a key concept in life, which strongly influences consumer decision. With no doubt; advertisement aims at creating awareness of products along with its use in addition, creating wishes to possess the product. This implies that, advertisement has become the key role in attraction. With this in mind, many commercials effectively use seductive women as a powerful tool top convey the message of a new product to consumers. As discussed in the paper, seductive images in commercial have changed with time. For instance, in 70s most advertisements consisted of at least half naked and almost naked bodies while in the 20^th century, many consist of beautiful and sexy women. It is a well-documented fact; seductive images increases rape cases, prostitution and divorce cases among others (Periwork 1). As discussed in the paper, many adverts use seductive women to draw attention on their advertisements. With this in mind, this paper has analyzed women and seduction in commercials, its effects and what causes such commercials to be available.

 

 

 

 

Work cited

Blair, Kristine. “Selling the self: women and the feminine seduction of advertising”. Women and language. 17 (1994).

Carpentier, Nico. Media and Participation: A Site of Ideological-Democratic Struggle. London:   Intellect Books, 2011. Print

Cohan, Alan. “Towards a new paradigm in the ethics of women advertising”. Journal of   Business Ethics 33. (2001): 323-337

Daugherty, Sharon. What Guys See That Girls Don’t: Or Do They. New York: Destiny Image      Publishers, 2006. Print

Gormly, Eric. “Commercials on campus: A qualitative study of educators’ reactions to the             advertisements on channel one”. Atlantic Journal of Communication 7. 1(1999):106-135

Greene, Robert. The art of seduction. London: Profile Books, 2004. Print.

Greer, Germaine.,& Davis, Elizabeth. Women’s Sexual Passages: Finding Pleasure and Intimacy   at Every Stage of Life. London: Hunter House, 2000. Print

Hakenen, Earnest.m.,& Wells, Alan.  Mass media & society. London:  Greenwood Publishing      Group, 1997. Print

Kilbourne, Jean. Beauty and beast advertising. Centre for media literacy:    <http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/beautyand-beast-advertising>

Kosta, Barbara. Willing seduction: The blue angel, Marlene Dietrich, and mass culture. New         York: Berghahn Books, 2009. Print

Lundstrom,William.,& Sciglimpaglia, Donald. “Sex Role Portrays In Advertising”. Journal of      marketing 41. 3 (1977): 72-70. American Marketing Association.

Morcillo, Aurora. The seduction of modern Spain: the female body and the Francoist body           politic. New York: Bucknell University Press, 2010. Print.

Napoli, Julie., Poore, Marie.,& Boudville, Ian. “Female Gender Images in Adolescent Magazine   Advertising”. Australasian Marketing Journal 11. 1(2003): 60-69.

Netanel, Nei. Copyright’s paradox. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print

Neuromarketing where Brain science and marketing meet. Fashion psychology:

<http://www.neurosciencemarketing.com/blog/articles/fashion-psychology.htm>2008

Periwork.Women and advertising:     <http://www.periwork.com/coates/research%20projects/Juliegaez/index.html>

Schwartz, Tony. Media, the second god. New York: Anchor Books, 1983. Print

Thornham, Sue. Women, feminism and media. New York: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.       Print.

Wang, Jing. Brand new China: advertising, media, and commercial culture. New York: Harvard   University Press, 2008. Print

Wilker, William.,& Abor, Ann. “The Role Of Sexually-Oriented Stimuli In Advertising: Theory   And Literature Review”. Advances in Consumer Research 6. (1979): 55-61

 

Women and seduction in media (commercials)

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Visual Rhetoric

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In facts, Clay Bennett cartoons are among the best in America. Clay Bennett cartoons are funny, thoughtful and relevant. A lot of Bennett is based on facts and current affairs, and for that reason he is silenced by many. Studies outline that, he has served as the editorial cartoonist in North Alabama University in 1980 where he pursued a degree in history and art (  ). Bennet has earned many wards in his professional with his work being distributed internationally. With this regard, this paper seeks to compare and contrast some of Bennet cartoons such as Anti-Terrorism and Just Act Normal, Islam and Hate Crimes in addition, Security and Security Fence.

Anti-Terrorism and Just Act Normal

Anti-Terrorism

It is a well-documented fact; the cartoon highlights the theme of anti-terrorism. In this regard, Bennett outlines anti-terrorism as the concept that states should examine to understand and coherent facts on terrorism in western terms. Based on the carton, the author outlines terrorism as a tactic and not ideology, which in this case, imposes the need for having tactics that fight terrorism. When tactics to fight anti-terrorism is used with no doubt; it would be easier than ignoring the terrorists as quoted in the cartoon. With this in mind, Bennett uses various rhetorical devices to convey the readers on his perceptive. These include enumeration, antithesis, climax, personification and analogies. Enumeration is outlined in the way the author detail the previous incidence that was easier compared to putting terrorists behind bars. Under this context, this device allow the reader to understand the detailed points effectively, which in this case it is, not put terrorists behind bars.

Secondly, Bennet uses antithesis rhetorical device by contrasting the relationship between the two aspects, which in this case they are in parallel structure; one aspect being easier than the other. Thirdly, the author uses climax device best outline in the way ‘the words are arranged, and as a result, creating the sense of continuity. With no doubt; the author begins by outlining the important aspect to generate interest, and continue on in disapproving the aspect of putting the terrorists behind bars. Fourthly, the author uses analogy device for the purpose of clarifying some concept to the reader on the importance of the anti-terrorism act 2001 concept compared to prevention of terrorism act 2005 that the author outline the act to put terrorists behind bars. Finally, personification is used in the text particular for instance bars that represent the act of prevention. These devices have been used to outline Bennett anti-terrorism act consideration thus, presenting the artistic choice. Anti-Terrorism carton target managerial audience in the sense that, he lays the background information required to make the decision from the two comparisons.

Just Act Normal

Arguing from anti-terrorism perceptive, just act normal cartoon outlines. The carton outlines a tight security. With no doubts; the security is so tight in addition, a note on the table read; heightened alert. Based on my perceptive, the note may be symbolizing the aspect of sensing danger a head. With no doubts; this is also approved by the tension in the room. In conjunction with, the Phone call may be signifying the act of calling for help. With these facts, the author uses various rhetoric devices in bringing out his facts both in texts and in pictures. For instance, the text now just act normal emphasizes the need of being fully equipped to face the danger a heard. Typically, rhetorical devices such as paradoxes, metabasis, analogies, anadiplosis and climax are used.

Paradoxes are used on the text, which suggest the complexity of the situation and a need of acting normal. In conjunction with this, the room is full of tension and fear in addition; tight security full armed to face the battle. Secondly, metabasis are outline in the text “now just act normal” that briefly clarify the need for being ready and equipped to face the danger a head. Thirdly, anadiplosis is used in the way the text is arranged in preceding word with the word normal often used in the text. Fourthly, climax is used in the way the text outline the weight of being armed for victory. Fifthly, analogy is used for the purpose of clarifying some concept to the reader on the importance of being alert. With these facts, the cartoon highlight how many states undergo tension and fear for terrorism and for that reason, imposing the need of being prepared to face any attack. The article best target managerial audience in the sense that, the author lays the background information of what is happening to alert the reader attention.

Similarities

            First, both just act normal and antiterrorism highlights antiterrorism theme. Secondly, in both scenes there analogy device is used for the purpose of clarifying the concept to readers on the major highlighted themes. Thirdly, to some extents, both scenes impose the importance of having a tight security to eradicate terrorism. Fourthly, both articles target managerial audience.

Differences

First, there are differences in structure in the sense that, in antiterrorism the structure is bar to show the importance of the anti-terrorism act 2001 concept compared to prevention of terrorism act 2005 that the author outline the act to put terrorists behind bars. On the other hand, the just act normal structure outline an environment full of tension thus tight security enhanced to fight the sense danger. Thirdly, the anti-terrorism uses rhetoric devices such as, enumeration, antithesis, climax and personification and analogies, while Just act like normal uses devices such as paradoxes, metabasis, anadiplosis and climax.

 

Islam and Hate Crimes

Islam

In essence, studies outline that, Muslims are the worst terrorists currently (Bennett, 2010). With no doubt; Bennet outlines this fact by using the mosque structure. In addition, the author outline how Muslims value their religion to the extent can do anything to protect it. With this regard, incongruence device is used in the carton picture that outlines Muslims worshipping while facing the same direction. In conjunction with this, metabasis is used through coordinating the incidences that occur in the scene. For instance, while many people are worshiping in the same direction; the other two faces a different direction with one being armed in a gun (Bennett 2010).

Ironically, the author uses one person that seems to face the opposite direction and armed with a gun. In addition, one individual is very alert facing the same direction with the person armed with a gun. With these facts, the author uses image of metaphors in the set up to explore his concept on the value of worship to Muslims in addition; the aspect of Muslims being the worst terrorists.

Hate Crimes

It is a well-documented fact; in the hate crimes cartons unity is highlighted as the core issues to eradicate terrorism. To achieve his intention, Bennet has used various devices to outline his theme meaning. First, the author has used various colors that represent the American flag to inflict his theme of terrorism that mostly lie in United States. Secondly, texts are used for readers to fathom understanding of what is happening. From the texts, one can outline that, by Arabs going home there would be unity in the United States. With these facts, the author uses metaphor image to convey his message to the audience. For instance, he uses colors to symbolize American nation. Secondly, hate crimes cartons has a metabasis device outlined in texts that states; Arab go home and Unity. With no doubt; the two texts are essential to readers through clarifying what is going on in the scene. Thirdly, the author has used exemplum device to illustrate a true story of the importance of Arabs going home.

Similarities

First, both scenes uses metaphor image to convey the scene themes for instance, Islam scene uses images of Muslims worshiping, fully armed and alert to symbols how most Muslims are terrorists while hate crimes uses American flag colors to represent the American nation. Secondly, both scenes convey the message of terrorism.

Differences

First, there are differences in structure form for instance, Islam uses mosque as the structure outline while hate crimes structure form is in letters presented in form of the American flag colors. Secondly, under hate crimes; the author uses colors as metaphor image representing the American nation. On the other hand, color is not emphasized in Islam carton instead; worship and the aspect of being armed is much emphasized. Thirdly, in hate crime article, there no weapons for war used contrary to Islam scene. Fourthly, in Islam scene the author highlights various themes such as most Muslims being terrorists and Muslims aspect in defending their religion. Nevertheless, hate crime outline how America face various attacks from terrorists.

 

Security and Security Fence

Security

Based on my perceptive, the security carton scene highlights the importance of liberty, justice, security and freedom as the key things to eradicate terrorism. Ironically, some letters are torn out thus; imposing the need for taking an initiative of binding the missing letters. With these facts, the author has used metaphor images to convey certain messages to readers such as the glue that symbolizes the mechanisms that can implement liberty, justice and freedom, which to some extent is sidelined. In conjunction with this, the author uses tattered papers on some letter to suggest the complexity of the incidence thus; portraying paradox device.

Security Fence

In this regard, workers are building the security fence around the house through pulling board’s labeled privacy. Arguing from this aspect, security seems a core issue. As said earlier, the author core theme is terrorism, and with this in mind, protecting the American people is the core principle and the highest priority. In this regard, metaphor images are used such as fences to convey the importance of security, which in sense reduces attacks.

Similarities

Both animations highlight security as the key principle to eradicate terrorism. Secondly, both animations use metaphor image to convey a certain message to the reader. For instance, security animation uses glue, worn out papers to symbols how each word in the worn out paper has been sidelined. Typically, in the security fence animator, fence is used to convey the importance of security, which in sense reduces attacks.

Differences

First, there difference in structural form in the sense that, in the security fence, there is fence, which is under construction, while in security animator there are letters, glue and scissor to represent how various terms represented in the worn out papers have been sidelined. In conclusion, to some extent, there is the difference in theme for instance, in security animator it outline the need for working out on freedom, justice, liberty and security to eradicate terrorism while under security fence it only highlights the need for having a tight security.

 

 

References

Bennett, Clay. (2010). “Hate Crimes.” Editorial Cartoon. The Cartoons of Clay Bennett:             <http://www.claybennett.com/pages/pulitzer.html>.

Bennett, Clay. (2010). “Anti-Terrorism.” Editorial Cartoon. The Cartoons of Clay Bennett:                        <http://www.claybennett.com/pages/pulitzer.html>.

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Vietnam War

Vietnam War was the most prolonged military battle within the history of the United States. It occurred in 1959 and ended on April 30, 1975. Vietnam War was also referred as the Second Indochina War. The war was between the communist North Vietnam with South Vietnam. Over 1.4 millions of military personnel along with two millions civilians were killed. The war ended with defeat of South Vietnam in addition, Vietnam was unified (Vietnam online 1).

Vietnam was divided between Communist North and anti-Communist South. Within 1956, American backed South Vietnam on denying holding unification elections that was held in the country. This led the Viet Cong to battle the South Vietnamese government that had decided not do their voting. During Vietnam War, anti-Diem groups banded together and formed Viet Cong, which was a group against U.S. By 1960s, the Viet Cong had evolved into National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. This was because; Viet Cong’s used various tactics to win the battle such as guerrilla warfare and propaganda. Wide varieties of weapons were used. Anti-personnel explosives, M1 carbine, MIG fighter planes along with surfaces for airing missiles were deployed. On the other hand, the US authorized the use of chemicals that were to be used in destroying the vegetation in South Vietnam. Nevertheless, their plan backfired in relocating Vietnamese, which later led them to join Cong in droves.

The air strikes became more frequent along with air strikes that often increased. Defoliant chemicals for instance Agent orange were used in destroying trees in addition, bombings destroyed many buildings with many lives been destroyed In 1956, terrorist attacks and kidnappings began, which studies assumes was started by Ho Chi Minh. Additionally, rape cases were all over with hundreds of thousands of women been victims.

All people from young, Children and old prayed for peace in ending the Vietnam War in addition, all religions made it a routine in meditations of peace intervention. Life became difficult that made many to flee from that country.

Reasons that made the entire company of soldiers to commit such atrocities in Vietnam War

According to The My Lai Massacre (1), Atrocities wars are always present in all conflicts. For instance, in Vietnam War, a number of companies of soldiers committed atrocities because of different reasons. For instance, the My Lai Massacre was the worst incidence within American war crime. The village with the surrounding area was assaulted to clear Viet Cong that were operating within that area. This group of Americans soldiers killed over 500 innocent men, children and babies in Lai. Women were sexually assaulted and beaten before being killed; mothers were shot holding their infants with their bodies and their carcasses were dumped into wells to poison the water. Additionally, children were raped and later were killed; several old men were bayoneted with many people shot when praying.

Various reasons contributed to this atrocities that included insensitivity because of high civilian causalities that was caused by bombardment with dehumanizing of Vietnamese through racial attitudes. Military officials blamed the inequities of draft policy from which, they were forced to select leaders. Many believed that, if the educated middle class had joined the fight, then they would never been issuing of orders.

Other reasons have been to revenge in that, when the 11^th brigade of America Division entered Vietnamese village of Lai, their superior officer said it was time for their search and killing. It was proved by Calley who testified that he was ordered to kill everyone by Captain Ernest Medina.

The reaction of the American public towards Vietnam War

            The American public reactions differed on Vietnam War.  Some argued that, its government’s officials was helping repel Communist aggression of the north. They believed it was a secure of settlement, which would permit Vietnam people to choose their own government. In achieving this, the country was controlling military measures that would not take innocent lives or else result to active participation through China or Soviet Union.

As the America n government got involved, some people were discontented with their nation’s war strategy. Many described it as hawks arguing that the United States would use all military force in gaining a quick victory. Others critics argued that, the conflict within Vietnam was an important right in a civil war through which United States never had any right in interfering. Some people demanded for American withdrawal, while others wanted the gradual detachment from the war.

Other critics of the war viewed that, the use of bombs by American was too indiscriminate in that punished many lives. Among the victims that suffered from the war were children and innocent civilians that perished severely. As if this was not enough, many buildings were destroyed, plants were burned which in return led to the many loosing their properties.

The revelation of the fact that United States troops of 1968 had massacred whole population of My Lai caused many controversial on how the war was being fought. This led to many Demonstrations in the United States in protesting the war.

 

Work cited

Vietnam Online. American experience. Retrived on 30^th March 2011, from  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/my_lai.html#top, 1968. Print

The My Lai Massacre. Nation: The My Lai Massacre. Retrived on 30^th March 2011, from

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840403,00.html, 1969. Print

 

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Video analysis

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In essence, after viewing the video tape while teaching young children for three weeks, I evaluated some areas of my life that needed compliment or improvement. In brief, my teaching experience with toddlers was really a good experience in that; I have never been in the classroom as a teacher before. In reality, while teaching kids, everything was new, which as a result, gave me a good experience. To enhance the effectiveness of teaching experience, my two friends and I did a lesson for three weeks about pets, which boosted our teaching practice. My reflection regarding teaching young children was that; it is challenging to follow every single subject as prepared for it. Subsequently, my two friends had good experiences outlining it to be fundamental reflection of them being future teachers. With no doubt; my two friends and I had a good teaching experience with young children, and we were there, the teacher video taped us. With this regard, I seek to analyze my view regarding what I saw in the video.

After watching the video; my best teaching methods would be evaluated being flexible as well as, understanding young children. This is best approved by my reflective listening to assist children articulate their upsets. More often, the video outline how children participated in bad behavior and stubbornness, and instead of being so harsh, I had fun with them through having reflective listening through inquiring what they need. In conjunction with this, I was encouraged by how I asked children to describe what they had learnt. In the video tape, the way I gave children an opportunity to communicate their knowledge is inspiring through, which it supplies children with descriptive facts as they play and work. Interestingly, the video outline children increasing their ability of sharing their discoveries. In addition, the teaching of my two partners was inspiring best approved by the way they handled the lesson. In particular, the video clearly outline how they enhanced interesting lessons through ensuring that children were not sitting too long. Taking lots of breaks was encouraging, which as a result, helped students to concentrate in class. However, I found the need to high my voice with the kids. My voice was too low, and the effect was discouraging such as, some children being naughty. With this regard, I have purposed to high my voice in order for children to respond to the right thing. In this context, I have leant that, young children are stubborn and a times naughty, and for that reason, there is a nee to high voice to grab attention to do the right thing.

For a number of reasons, the lesson did not work as expected because, our voice was too low. With this in mind, I have begun understand the need to high voice with kids to maintain discipline. As a teacher, it is essential to ensure that children are disciplined, and this can only be achieved when teachers raise their voice. With no doubts; I learnt a lot as a teacher through such an experience. To some extent, we emphasized a lot in praising children rather than reinforcing critical thinking process. Despite of asking children what they leant; we never asked children their views regarding the subject thus, resulting to lack of curiosity and enthusiasm. With this in mind, I understand the need for getting feedbacks on children regarding their views on the subject been taught. I have began understanding that, when children give out their views on the subject taught it enhance concentration, critical thinking, curiosity and enthusiasm that eventually boost performance. Typically, our lesson worked well but; it was difficult to follow every single subject as planned. We kept on changing our lesson in that, children from 1-2 years are hard to concentrate for a long time, and for that reason, we could not follow every subject as planned. Viewing our teaching practice creates the need for working out our weak point for effective teaching practice.

While scrutinizing the video-tape; my beliefs about working with young children age five years have increased in that, I have learnt children need to be active. Had I not had people to collaborate with, I would not have known the importance of taking lots of break throughout the lesson. This was attributed by the way my two friends encouraged lots of breaks resulting high concentration and alert. With no doubt;  I have changed my beliefs in that, previously, I thought giving children lots of break is wasting time but; I have realized its benefits in enhancing concentration and alert. Allowing children to have play opportunities is the best way to enhance concentration and alerts giving me an essential teaching practice. In conjunction with this, I have learnt the need for teachers’ video taping students while doing their teaching experience in that, it enables one to know areas that need improvement and what need compliment. With this regard, out teacher taking the initiative to video tape us, is fundamental in that, it showed us what we presented eventually imposing critical thinking on our strengths and weaknesses. As a teacher, it is fundamental to sit back, and watch and watch or analyze experiences for instance, through video taping to reflect personal assessment in teaching more often. While dissecting the video-tape, I agreed on the fact that, teaching young children requires the teacher to have best teaching methods for better learning process. Despite learning the need for discovering best teaching methods during my course, I have seen it practically through my teaching experience with young children. Like our lecturer thoughts, effective learning cannot happen when a child is indiscipline, restless, hungry and upset just to name a few. In this concern, it is important for teachers to establish the need for establishing effective teaching methods to young children such as, motivating children to give out their views on the subject taught, reflective listening and lots of break among others. Based on my perceptive, I agree on the fact that, teaching children at the age of 6-8 years requires teachers to enhance children benefit of describing what they have learnt. This is because, when children have the chance to communicate what they have learnt, it solidifies their concept through increasing the capability to share their views with other children.

Watching the video tape has been fundamental in that, it has expanded my teaching method through watching what I did previously and highlighting what should be needed for effective learning process. For instance, I have been challenged on the need for having high voice to ensure that children are doing the right thing eventually maintaining discipline in the learning environment. Additionally, I will consider giving breaks during my lessons in that, young children tend to be restless and for that reason, cannot concentrate for a along time. Despite having music during cleaning time that worked sometime; I failed to give breaks. However, my two friends intervened who effectively gave lots of breaks. With this in mind, I have learnt the need for working as a team in that, when one person fails to do the expected, the other person may intervene to do so. The video tape was helpful through, which it clearly outline the need for improving on teaching method particularly on young children.

The entire practicum experience has been helpful in that, have gotten a good working experience with children through understanding what should be done for effective learning process. Indeed, it was a good experience for I have never had a chance like that before. Everything was new and despite being challenging in some areas, I got a good working experience. Similarly, the video was encouraging through having a chance to view what I had taught. As a result, it has motivated me in my course through evaluating the need for young children to give out their thoughts regarding the subject taught. Often, young children views during the learning process are ignored denying them a chance to express their views. With this in mind, I have found the need for giving children a chance to view their thoughts in order to enhance curiosity and eagerness, which eventually lead to better performance.

In facts, the video tape concept on my teaching experience has influence my understanding on the need to raise my voice, which in sense, enhance children to do the right thing thus, maintain discipline that is beneficial for effective learning process. With no doubt; the video tape analysis has motivated to maintain the class-room atmosphere of acceptance through helping young children to relax and learn. This is best approved on how used reflective listening to assist young children to express their bothers. Surprisingly, while watching the video, children seem relax and from things, there is nothing bothering them. In addition, the video outline the benefits that emerge from being a flexible and understanding to young children such as strongly desiring to discover and share information. Arguing from this point, motivating children is among the best teaching methods that motivate students to learn more. Nevertheless, the video-tape outlines the danger of praising the child instead of reinforcing critical thinking process to hinder curiosity and enthusiasm. In essence, while watching the video, I have outline one child that I kept praised occasionally, and results were not friendly in that, instead of improving, the child thinking failed to reinforce. Praising the child for good work is beneficial but, it is significant to reinforce thinking process through ensuring that the child understands about the topic taught. In conclusion, the video was interesting to watch through, which it has enabled me to figure out what I require for teaching young children. As discussed in the paper, it is not easy to make changes for instance from lesson time to snack and breaks. For that reason, I have to figure out the best way to do so. With this in mind, this paper has analyzed my view on what I saw in the video-tape.                             

           

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Vicious Rewarded and the Vicious Punished

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            It is a well-documented fact; Louis Pojman left a legacy in philosophy. He was born in April 22, 1935 and died in October 15, 2005. In facts, he is the author of hundred philosophy anthologies and texts used globally as the educational purpose. In addition, Pojman is known for his work in philosophy religion and ethics. Among his teachings, Pojman argue that, justice is a perpetual and constant which should be rewarded for his due. Researchers argue that, Pojman outline that people should be rewarded for their due and punished for ‘their wrongdoings (Brown, 1820). With this in mind, Pojman elaborate that; rewarding those that do good and punishing those that do wrong is the spontaneous reaction which reflect human nature. In this regard, justice on the basis of the desert is not repudiating equal opportunity but in facts indicates fairness as the basis of justice and destructive of evil. In supporting his facts, Pojman indicates that, recognition of those that work harder is the best way of motivating them to work harder. With this in mind, this paper seeks to propose the fact that; we deserve what we earn base on the virtuous is rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts.

In essence, as Pojman outline, the virtuous should be rewarded for their hard work and vice versa. For instance, during interview incidences if an individual has five years working experience with all qualification required for the interview with doubts; the individual deserves the position. In such a case, if the salary is based on education qualifications; individuals that meet the qualifications should be rewarded with the salary thus imposing the fact that, we deserve what we earn. On the contrary, if an individual in the same position has six months working experience and not equipped for the interview; he or she should not deserve for the position. Hard work is a virtue that should be recognized in the society. Nevertheless, this has not been the case in that; many unqualified employees end up earning a higher salary compared to qualified employees. With regard, Rider (1836) raises a contentious issue on the fact that, there is no need for rewarding people what they do not deserve instead; hard work should be recognized by an increment salary.

In conjunction with this, it is important to note that, the key reason for people working hard is to qualify for better positions. As a matter of facts, an individual that works hard should be greatly rewarded compared to a lazy individual. This does not mean that the lazy individual should not be motivated to work hard; instead, there should be a difference in earning. An individual that spend most of his time working in the office should not be rewarded the same to an individual that spend less time in the office. In this aspect, hard work should be commended with a high income.

In facts, as Pojman outline, we deserve what we earn in the sense that; the good should be recognized and rewarded, while the bad action should be punished. For instance, if an employee commits the crime, without doubt; the person should be punished for the crime so that other employees can learn from the incidence. Brown (1820) argue that, the society outline crime to be against the law and with this fact; many companies punish crime in various approaches such as loss of job, imprisonment, a decrease in salary and death sentences. The reason why many companies consider such punishment is to teach other employees not to do actions that are against the law. In such cases, it is paramount important for the criminal to be punished for the company welfare.

In conjunction with this, people should be rewarded for their good as a way of motivating others to work hard. With this in mind, many companies have outlined rewarding people for their good to most effective approach for motivating other employees to work hard. As a result, many companies end up increasing their production and work performance because of employees working hard to be rewarded. Wertheimer and Crespigny (2009) argue that, many companies that pay employees for their labor; make huge profits in the sense that, employees get motivated to work hard to earn better. On the contrary, companies that have fixed salaries for their employees, a time may end up making huge losses. Many employees end up not working hard as ought to because, payment is fixed despite the hard work or laziness. In such incidences, hardworking employees may be discouraged for earning equal salary with lazy employees. As a result, many may end up quitting the job to look for other companies that recognize their effort.

In conclusion, it is essential to note that, hard work pays and for that reason, should be rewarded. In facts, people should be rewarded for their good work to motivate others in addition, punish those against the law. With this in mind, this paper proposes the fact that; we deserve what we earn base on the virtuous is rewarded and the vicious punished in proportion to their relative deserts.

 

 

References

Brown, T. (1820). Lectures on the philosophy of the human mind, Volume 4. New York: Harvard University

Rider, W.C. (1836). A course of lectures on future punishment: delivered at the Baptist meeting-    house in Cherryfield. New York: Daniel T. Pike & co., printers Publisher

Wertheimer,A.,& Crespigny, A.D. (2009). Power, Authority, Justice, and Rights: Studies in           Political Obligations. New York: Transaction Publishers

 

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Verbal learning is one of the methods used in learning acquisition and identified with memorization of lists of words in effort of describing the basic concept of learning. Ziessler (2001) in his research assessed that, Herman Ebbinghaus began the work on verbal learning and his procedures involved memorizing and serial learning. His attempt was to measure the number of trials that were required in relearning the list perfectly. Ebbinghaus contributions included the basic verbal learning methods in learning acquisition. These methods include.

Serial learning, which is one of the methods used in teaching the subject and items list that, is based on how they appear in the list. Examples are alphabet learning by children, arithmetical formulas by college students, poetry by scholars and numerical codes such as ATM number. The effectiveness of this learning method is measured by the speed in which the list is recalled. However, there are factors that affect serial learning.

According to Scott (2009), one of the factors that affect serial learning is the serial position on each item within the list. For instance, memory is better for beginning and the ending points of the item than in the middle terms. This implies that, if the first item name is boy and the last name is cat, there is likelihood of remembering these items. On the other hand, an exception of a different item from the list is most remembered better regardless of its serial position. In addition, the second factor that affects serial learning is practice effect. It is born in mind that, practice improves retention that allows the learner to get the concept gradually.

The second method of verbal learning is paired associate (PA) learning. This is a vital component in learning vocabulary in new language that involves learning two items paired as stimuli for instance, boat-chair. Ziessler (2001) argued that, when items are paired, its presentation of different word evokes each other. For instance, in the above example, chair should response the stimulus word boat. Additionally, Estea & Straughan (1954), founded that students who studied more difficult French stimulus to English response pairing remember better when tested later thus showing its effectiveness. However, the main disadvantage of PA learning tasks is that, some types of verbal tests may appear artificial to the learner and it requires practice to ensure its accuracy.

Free recall is the third method used in verbal learning. The method is characterized by a list of items and subjects and the attempt to recall words in a suitable structure way. Although it is different from serial learning, it will show similar effect of serial position. In addition, it is influenced by several factors. For instance, the more the subject is rehearsed, the greater chances of recalling the item. Additionally, It effectiveness improves when materials are organized.

In addition to free recall, Richard &Walter (1977) argues that, some laboratory test were done by Ebbinghaus in showing the existence of memory that could be recalled. Ebbinghaus’s analyzed that, available memory is the one that is present in memory store of brain while accessible memories is the memory that is recalled or retrieved. This illustrated why an individual can know the name of the item but cannot recall at that given time. Research has shown that, if one wants to obtain valid representation of memory skills, different test should be used in tapping the memory capability (Richard &Walter, 1977).

Ziessler (2001) argues that, mnemonic devices are various strategies used to aid the encoding and retrieval information that include using the first letters to form acronym for the item to be recalled. Narrative story are most associated with mnemonic devices that involve narrating a story that contain the items to be remembered.

References

Ziessler,M. (2001). Learning of Event Sequences Is Based on Response-Effect Learning: Further             Evidence From a Serial Reaction Task. Journal of experiment psychology: learning,   memory, and cognition, 27( 3) 595-613

Estea, W.K.,& Straughan, J.H. (1954). Analysis of a verbal conditioning situation in terms of       statistical learning theory. Psycerticles article, 47(4).doi: 10.1037/h0060989

Richard, M.S.,&Walter. S. (1977). Controlled and automic human information processing: 11.      Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. The Psycerticles article, 84       (2). doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127

Scott, T. W. (2009). Learning & Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures. London: Allyn & Bacon Publisher.

Ziessler,M. (2001). Learning of Event Sequences Is Based on Response-Effect Learning: Further             Evidence From a Serial Reaction Task. Journal of experiment psychology: learning,    memory, and cognition

 

 

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U.S Semiconductor is large specialized semiconductor manufacturer within Santa Clara. The company has sold varieties of products in small sales office within London, which service clients in different countries. Until 1980s, its products were shipped by airfreight from warehouses within Silicon Valley headed to London’s Heathrow thereafter distributed to various customers. However, because of its increase in competition from other films, the company decided to establish its distribution center along with technical support facility within United Kingdom. Location for their site was found, which was approximately 50 miles from Heathrow near the small town of Swindon. As part of preparations, a business plan was established in coming up with construction of special, warehouse to protest chips, climate controlled, the number of trucks to move them around in addition to some storage and inventory equipments.

Various groups within the company got involved whereby each of the group raised different views. According to tax department point of view, all assets were to be housed under a corporate umbrella named U.S. Semiconductor Ltd, which he referred to as a wholly owned subordinate of the existing company that was incorporated within Delaware. Within the same discussions, the entity was to be capitalized through minimal equity investment. The main objective was to effectively manage and safeguard government assets. From his point of view, this was the best way to maintain accurate and timely assets in decision making along with encouraging efficient and economic use of government assets. If the governments approve its assets, then the company would qualify for small business administration loan.

The U.S. Semiconductor finance that was responsible for funding operations at home as well as abroad got involved in pointing that, a part from funding operations from home and abroad, there was a need of been responsible in exchanging risk management. This was to suggest that, the U.S. Semiconductor managers were likely to have many opportunities creating value for their shareholders using financial risk management. Its aim was to help the management not to hedge risks that investors could hedge at the same cost. In addition, it was verifying customer financial information sooner than the store of ships goods.

Thereafter, assistance Treasurer called Marcel Godfrey, worked with a number of commercial banks that were to educate him on financing. After discussing with commercial banks, the company decided to use plain vanilla debt financing instead of legally complex leasing arrangement because, the company can use its finances and that of its investors for all start-ups costs, rather than making large loans payments to banks along with getting underway without the debt. By using plain vanilla debt financing, investors would understand when business falls thus would not require their finances back. On the contrary, by using legally complex leasing arrangement, the company would be responsible in making payments, which pose severe financial problems and downturns.

When all was said and done, the U.S. Semiconductor concluded on two financing methods, which included incorporated and usual financing. These two methods were to provide with micro enterprise development in addition to giving out loans. When the fees required for the business was outlined, the choice of rates differed. Some opted sterling pound while others on dollars. Local management insisted on pound sterling funding because they never wanted to minimize the risks of exchange risk that is commonly contributed by changes in technology. Additionally, the dollar driven choice was because it was outline as cheaper.

According to Director of Foreign Exchange, the company would raise its finances in investments programs. This would be done by borrowing money in sterling pounds whereby if the currency was to increase, will give the company a chance to pay out its debts to banks and other lending organizations. Other suggestions included personal investors that the U.S. Semiconductor opted to get their funding from family members that were willing to finance their venture.

Although their were many options, the New Vice president finance invited some of company bankers along with financial advisory towards international funding as well as management strategy. Their suggestions aligned on what is best required in funding methods. They were taught on how to come up with the best approach based on what was they wanted to achieve along with the amount of money they wanted to raise.

Proposal on how to finance subsidiary in the UK

Based on my opinion, the best method that would be applicable in financing subsidiary in the UK would be bank loans. The company would have requested specific loans for real estate owners in order to get frequent cash flow. Banks have been known to issue secure loans to their lenders in addition to giving them a strong foundation in financial record. Banks plays a major role in providing funds to the company. The services provided by banks would have been vital in finance subsidiary in the UK For instance, in times of floods, which wipe out the assets of the borrower, loan defaults may occur. The company is therefore secure in paying the loan in payments required, instead of paying loans in interest.

 

 

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Universal healthcare Proposal

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            In essence, innovation of Universal health care has been a contentious issue to whether it has some benefits or not. Universal health care refers to health care policies built around universal coverage for citizens with the combine mechanisms of service provision and health financing. In facts, Universal health care policies vary according to the government involved in initiating health care and insurance. For the past years, problems have emerged concerning innovation of Universal health care that, it imposes duties on citizens mostly by skilled professionals. The inconsequential of universal health care is critical in that, to some extent lowers quality and rationing imposing a risk of its innovation. The problem is getting worse in many countries such as United State who may not cater for its residents in that, there are many migrants. The problem here is getting services for everyone. While according to my interview with the most skilled professionals I evaluated that, despite many governments providing universal health care, there is a core challenge of producing such cost produced in taxes. Under this context, the skilled professionals comprehended that, despite many governments mandating universal-health policies the cost is not under government but, from the skilled professionals who are infringed in taxes. In this context, this proposal seeks to present a proposal for universal health care innovation with various problems that emerge from having free health care services. In examining this, I will highlight effective measures that can be used to enhance that universal health care innovation is fully enhanced.

The idea of skilled professionals producing the cost for universal health care systems is critical. According to Mcclosky (1964), the government initiative of introducing universal health care is paramount important but, the problem emerge on paying for the cost. On this basis, many skilled professionals end up paying for the cost through been infringed in taxes. In facts, the health care cost is spiraling out in many countries. Studies outline that, many people spend a lot of money on health as compared to housing and food (Kaluzny, Glasser, Gentry & Syprague, 1970). Government initiative of paying for the free health services is less, which implies that, the service is not free in that, citizens pay for it in higher taxes. There would be no good to initiate free services, and at the end it overburdens the skilled professionals who end up paying the cost via taxes. At a glance, many people would think it’s a free service, and no wonder many countries mandate innovation of free health care services but; it is not free service. Experts outline that, there is a likelihood that, when health care services are free there is a likelihood of patients not catering their drug costs along with doctor visits (Alter, Naylor, Austin & Tu, 1999). In reality, it would be nice to cater for medical services for free but, what about the expense. For instance, what if a patient is suffering from a minor cold, pain, ache and trouble sleeping? The result is that, it would encourage many to visit hospitals even when the condition is minor. In reality, there are many problems that many would not go to doctors to solve if the cost would be paid for it; but if it is at no cost, why not go? The fact is; many doctors would spend much time on a non-critical issue to the extent; patients that have severe condition would be forced to wait. With facts, for those problems, it would be better if the service is not free to hold each person accountable to the cost of the disease.

According to Kaluzny, Glasser, Gentry and Syprague (1970), when governments mandate free health care, it would reduce doctor flexibility leading to poor patient care. In reality, when State control things, rules will be permitted to when doctors should perform expensive tests as well as, when drugs should be given. Regardless the need for innovating free health care services, it would be imply that, the healthy people that fundamentally regard taking care of themselves would be overburdened over paying for the people that smoke and the obese just to name a few. Having free services burden healthy people to pay taxes over people that have made a choice to live an unhealthy lifestyle. Whether health cost is paid for privately or publicly, the cost is expensive increasing rapidly annually. That means that, the rising cost of drug contributes to skyrocketing making politicians increase the cost of living. Consequently, free medical servicers curtail the country to progress in paying for health costs instead of using the resources to ensure country progress.

With the innovation of free health care services, patients would be subjected to wait long. In this consideration, stories have emerged in Canada and Britain of patients being forced to wait for months for limited human resources and finances in choosing the treatment that should come first in addition, who should wait. In the process, many patients die waiting for medication. When trying to imagine the amount each skilled professional pay for tax to pay for the free health services is critical. According to Jost (2004), it becomes a challenge mostly in countries that have many migrants such as United States, United Kingdom and Germany among others. With these facts, the presumptions of implementing free health care services are critical.

With these facts, to evaluate the side effects of innovating universal health care, I anticipated the effects with Mountain View Hospital patients on both doctors and patients present that day. In evaluating this, I gathered information through interview schedule along with questionnaires. The questions included how active universal health care it is, the benefits that emerge from free medical service, effective measures to enhance better innovation of free health services and the negative effects that emerge from Universal healthcare. After the evaluation, findings indicated that, many states have recognized the need for having free services. From their findings, Singapore, Germany and Netherlands are countries that have mandated health care coverage. Nevertheless, United State does not afford such costs (Alter, Naylor, Austin & Tu, 1999). From their argument, United State seems to recognize the side effects that emerge from having free medical services. Despite the country having a good economy, it seems to have many migrants, and meeting such cost burdened the skilled professionals. Under this context, despite patients having benefits to go for treatment at no cost; there are disadvantages of innovating free health care. In my interview with doctors, many felt overburdened by paying costs via taxes to pay for health services that would paid by patients. Under this context, doctors outline having a challenge in treating minor diseases such sleeping problems, flue and anxiety, which if patients were required to pay for the cost would think otherwise. Doctors raise a concern of patients with critical conditions been required to wait for long waiting for treatment. Patients on the other hand, raised a concern of having to wait for long for treatment, which if there were free health services minor conditions would be minimized. In this regard, both doctors and patients regarded that, for the innovation of free health services to be effective, there is a need for coming up with measures that would enhance its benefits.

First, the cost would be produced from taxes on goods that do not enhance health in order to punish those that have made a choice to live an unhealthy lifestyle. These include high fat food, cigarettes and alcohol. Pretty soon, many that regard living unhealthy lifestyle would be discouraged from such habits, and eventually encouraging many to live a healthy life. Under this context, increasing taxes on unhealthy products would reduces medical cases of unhealthy lifestyle through holding one accountable to his or her eating habits. Secondly, Universal health care would work effectively if; patients are required to pay a certain percentage especially on critical cases. Additionally, minor cases such as flue and sleeping problem among others should be eliminated under universal health care in order to ban those that visit hospitals for minor conditions. That could reduce the cost required to meet medical bills. If a country has to pay for health services, the government should come up with different measures to pay for the cost. These would be taxing reasonable, looking for sponsors and encouraging some people who are well-financially to pay for their bills.

According to Watanakunakorn and Gemmel (1993), Universal health care could be in service by embracing the solutions discussed in this paper. It is holding each person accountable for eating habits through heavy taxing on products that result to unhealthy lifestyle, taxing reasonably not to burden the skilled professionals, looking for sponsors who might be willing to support some medical funds and governments coming up with measures that discourage patients with minor problems to visit the hospital under free health care. By so doing, each person would be accountable over his life. This is a wise way of enhancing that health care services are given in wisdom and in understanding. With this regard, this proposal has presented various problems that emerge from having free health care services in addition, highlighting effective measures that can enhance better universal health care innovation.

 

 

References

Alter, D.A., Naylor, C.D., Austin, P.,& Tu, J.V. (1999). Effects of socioeconomic status on          access to invasive cardiac procedures and on mortality after acute myocardial infarction.        Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 341 (18) 1359-1367

Jost, T. S. (2004), Why Can’t We Do What They Do? National Health Reform Abroad. The          Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 32, 433–441

Kaluzny,A.D., Glasser, J.H., Gentry, J,T.,& Syprague, J. (1970). Diffusion of Innovative Health Care Services in the United States: A Study of Hospitals. Medical Care, 8 (6) 474-487

Mcclosky, H. (1964). Consensus and ideology in American politics. The American Political          Science Review, 58 (2), 361-382

Watanakunakorn, C., Elilis, G.,&Gemmel,D. (1993). Attitude of Healthcare Personnel      regarding Influenza Immunization. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology,           41 (1), 17-20

 

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Universal health care

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Bardes, B. A., Shelley, M. C., &Schmidt, S. W. (2008). American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

            It is a well-documented fact; Bardes, Shelley and Schimidts (2008) have published the best-selling book for the American government. With no doubt; the American Government and Politics: The essentials assist students to understand the benefits of having an informed citizenship within a concisely organized package. With this in mind, the book is outline is read nationwide for its comprehensive, balanced, and the up-to-date coverage of political, economic and social structures. In brief, the book highlights the theme of the importance of having informed active citizenship. Having a keen reading of the book; it continues highlighting the importance of participating in the active citizenship through the emphasizing students to be involved in the political process Pg 45.

The book has fathomed my understanding in political science through initiating a clear understanding of authority and legitimacy. In this regard, the book has challenged me not to avoid crime for fear of the government enforcement powers but; for the sake of having the character that value doing well. The book continues assessing the need for economic equality regardless of gender, race, power or religion. With this in mind, the authors outline the need of enhancing equality in all aspect. With no doubt; this source is significant in universal health care in the sense that; is equality is enhanced; in universal health care sector then, there would be equal service provisions in all countries. It is borne in mind; the universal health care system differs on the involvement of the government in providing health care and insurance. With this regard, I would recommend the book to the universal health care field and anyone that has political science interest.

 

 

Rivers, D. L. (2008). Universal healthcare: why we don’t have it, why other countries do have it, and will we ever have it?Beaumont, TX: Lamar University

            In essence, Rivers (2008) is on the view of outlying factors that causes some countries to oppose and propose the Universal health care. Under this context, the author effectively outline Singapore as one of the country that has best and successful health systems along with Netherlands and Germany said to have equal health care coverage. The author continues highlighting that, most countries have universal health care because they are easily accessible in addition, enhances citizens rights rather that services to purchase. While reading Rivers texts, I have been amazed by the fact that, despite United States having the best economy in the world; many of its citizens cannot afford to pay subsidize health care systems. With no doubt; the author imposes the fact that, the adverse effects of economy in the United States may have discouraged the nation from taking initiatives of introducing universal health care.

Arguing from Rivers argumentative, despite that many governments highly regards the provision of universal health care; it becomes a core challenge of the United States to provide the medical care freely to many migrants. With this in mind, the book is fundamental in the sense that, it creates an understanding of the reasons why various countries fail to provide universal health care. With no doubts; the book has increased my knowledge in the medical field in weighing the benefits and disadvantages of universal health care thus, recommending many to read the book in order to understand fully the concept of universal health care.

 

 

 

Sherrow, V. (2009).Universal Healthcare. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing

            Based on my point of view, the right of having healthcare sounds admirable but Sherrow (2009) concept of the side effects of universal healthcare has changed my reasoning. In facts, Sherrow has outlined various issues that emerge from universal health care pg 53. For instance, he delineates universal health care to infringe rights in the sense that; it imposes duties on others such as taxpayers. This is incisive in that, universal health care is mostly produced by skilled professionals. With this regard, Sherrow has changed my reasoning in that, initially I thought the United State had taken a bad consideration by sidelining universal health care but; I have fully comprehended that, although many government mandate the universal healthcare insurance they do not generate such cares.

Arguing from Sherrow assumption, to some extent, implementing healthcare lights may lowers quality care along with rationing. Sherrow presumptions is well-documented in that, he clearly challenges readers to understand the side effects of health care rights. This book is ultimate significant for all people particularly those that think health care rights are the best. With no doubt; my knowledge on health care rights has increased though Sherrow book Universal health care.

 

 

Smith, D.,& Herald. (2011). Innovative health care:  

            In the article innovative health care 2011, Smith and Herald are on the view of the innovation of health care being horrendous to some extent. From their assumptions, the innovation of health care is not the solution of generating quality health care. In approving its effects, they outline that, the aging population along with the growing needs in expenditures outline the disadvantages of having innovation of health cares. Interestingly, this article seems to align with previous researches carried out by experts in showing the consequences of health care rights. Having such evidence, it becomes obvious that, there is a need for understanding the universal health care concept. With no doubt; this article is fundamental in highlighting the reasons that health care should be reformed or not. Under this context, Smith and Herald have amplified my knowledge on innovation of health care.

Torrey, T. (2008). What is universal health care coverage? Retrieved from http://patients.about.com/od/healthcarereform/a/universal.htm

            In facts, in the article what is Universal health care coverage 2008?  Torrey has effectively analyzed the definition of Universal health care. From her assumptions, universal health care refers to the aspect of covering for everyone the basic health care services. Torrey outlines how universal health care is often mistaken with-payer despite of the two being different. With this in mind, I have leant that, single payer health care entails one entity of the government mostly provided in Canada and the United Kingdom. In conjunction with this, my questions regarding why some countries highly regard single payer system have been answered in that, after reading Torrey article I have comprehended that, many consider these systems because; all funding comes from the government. The author has made the article interesting to read in the sense that, he has gone a head in outlining how various countries support the single payer system.

With these facts, I would recommend the article to the first time readers on universal health care in the sense that, the article defines the term in addition, goes a head in outlying why various countries consider the single payer system. The article is essential in this course in that, it clear defines the universal health care concept.

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United States Postal Service’s Glass Ceiling

Introduction

            Glass ceiling is the word broken in two that is, Glass& Ceiling. Ceiling means restrictions blocking upward development and glass means transparent for the reason that the restriction is not instantly evident and is usually a spoken and informal policy. Glass ceiling tends to affect women as well as the minorities from progressing to supervision positions in businesses in addition to organization. These barriers affect a number of women from attaining as well as securing the most prevailing, prominent, in addition to highest-grossing careers within labor force. This paper aims at explaining glass ceiling in the past of the United States Postal Service and how these barriers affects women advancement in the firm.

The term glass ceiling was first used between the year 1985 and 1986.

Statistics done by the Department of Labour indicate that a glass ceiling existed long earlier than the phrase was being established. According to this department, women as of 1987 detained just 2 percent of employments position in the top-level management along with 5 percent of positions within corporate board. This disappointment of more women as well as minorities lacking positions in the higher levels of corporate management is as result of glass ceiling. However,” Civil Rights Act of 1991” formed a commission of Glass Ceiling as way to deal with the inequities. Within this statistics, there is decrease of women being employed in the firm even when jobs are there (Marc, 2008).

Department Of Labour statistics accepted the independent termination of findings the midpoint for imaginative Leadership panel along with those of the Catalyst. This analysis showed 94 of corporate headquarters of chance in 1000 companies within a period of three-year in totality of almost 150,000 employees, the number of women were 37.2 percent and the minorities were 15.5 percent. The numbers of employees of management level were 31,184. Among women, they were 5,278 (16.9 percent) and minorities were 1,885 (6 percent). The number of Women been represented at the management level were 6.6 percent and smaller percentage of minorities 2.6 percent. Other studies have shown glass ceiling as a limitation scheduled in women’s creative mobility. This is of use in gaining applicable corporate skill. The association considered employment as well as advancement trends for women in economic services, industrialized, food in addition to drink industries, style retail products, as well as improved-technology corporations. Women tend to face this glass ceiling before time in their jobs along with missing opportunities for advancement training hence limiting the upward advancement (Maureen, 2010).

According to research done by Catalyst in New York shows that there is upward mobility in number of women, which up to date is hindered. There is growth for the last 20 years however there is inequality in that every dollar that is earned by white man during 1998. There seems to lack women in the position of the best earning officers (Marc, 2008).

 

 

Conclusion

The price of the work-related in wages has huge impact in the individual, financial, as well as communal lives of women. The compensation inequality result to women disadvantage in economic, which have effect in their lives. Women may live in communities where they depend in men and this may have impact in their lives disadvantage to rejection of promotion in better-compensated jobs following-on minor allowances, social safety payments as well as other employment benefits in the firm.

References

 

Marc H, (2008). The official Blackbook Price Guide to United States Postage Stamps. New York:  United States Publisher.

 

Maureen F, (2010). Introduction to Glass Ceiling. New York: New York Church Publishing.

 

Rebecca S, (2008). Introduction&Effects of Glass Ceiling in U.S.A. New York: New York University Publishers.

 

 

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