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Introduction

            In many cases, companies have been known to be taking public opinion towards political issues and social interests. More often, they assume that the only way to succeed in terms of business is by, supporting public stand towards various aspects. As a result, conflicts often arise in that, some shareholders may assume that are opinions are sidelined while on the other hand, some may feel motivated towards their standpoint. Understanding the importance of making decisions in politic and social issues is the key in making the company productivity and successful. On the contrary, is a company takes a public stand on a social or political issue a number of things happen.

First, the company revenues will be affected. Studies have shown that, shareholders have a great impact towards company growth (Baase 1). Baase argues that, shareholders are the owners of the company. Shareholders have the potential to making the company profitable. This implies that, shareholder increases the dividends given that the more shareholders a company has the more profit its likely to acquire. In this case, if for instance the company opinion towards political stand tends to sideline with the few shareholders they will feel offended thus ending up to not acquiring stocks of that company. In addition, if the company opinion towards political opinion upset customers, they will end sup shifting to other companies who might be supporting their point of view. Therefore, the company will end up loosing their customers, which in return will affect their total sales and revenues.

Secondly, it affects the company image to the public. For instance, if there is a debate in the country on controversial on whether abortion should be allowed or not, if in this case the company takes the yes side, the public may view the company as murders. As a result, many may end up quitting in investing in addition; those who might have wanted to invest in that company may not see its worth.

Thirdly, the employees who may not be supporting the company opinion may feel insulted therefore, being unproductive in the workplace. This is because; they may feel as opponents to the company. Economists have argued that, when employees are unproductive it will affect their overall performance (Smith, 2). Additionally, company supporting one party leads to conflicts in work place. Many may end up fighting which increase the risk of the company disintegrating.

Research has indicated that, the company statements towards political or else social issues may end up exploiting the issue debated (Johnson 3). For instance, if the company may have used offensive speeches while giving their opinions, it may end up being accused of using; hate speeches towards the opposition party. The company may end up spending a lot of money in court, by proving their innocence. In addition, it may end up complicating the issue being debated. The people supporting the company opinion may end up becoming part of the company, which implies that, many may end up uniting in groups of the ones supporting and opposing. Additionally, the employees supporting the company opinion may feel motivated to work thus exploiting the other employees within the same company who may not be supporting the opinion.

In conjunction with this, many companies are using adverts campaigns on political and social issues in gaining market attention. Many argues that, when a company uses adverts in times of political and social issues to show their standpoint, many who may be in support may end up becoming part of the company. However, although it may be used as a tool of gaining market attention, it may end up resulting to various abuses. For instance, it may lead to conflicts on the parties thus making many to disunite. Conflicts may end up resulting to fights, which as result may lead to death cases (Baase 1).

On my point of view, when a company uses adverts campaign on issues to gain market attention it tends to exploit the issues or the event. This is because, many companies ends up spending thousands of dollars only to find out that, they have misused most of their resources. Surveys have indicated that, many companies that take a stand during political issues such as elections or else social issues within the society, ends up operating in debts. As a result, the company may end up collapsing.

Advert campaign may end up exploiting the company image. Instead of gaining market attention, many may end up withdrawing from the company as way of preventing their image to the public who in this case may be opposing the company argument.

Conclusion

            As discussed in this paper, companies have been known to be taking public opinion towards political issues and social interests. The main reason towards this has been to gain market attention. However, this has exploited issues to the point of making the company collapse. As discussed, it has effect on revenues, the image of the company and employees who may feel less motivated to work (Johnson 3).

Work cited

Baase, Sara. A gift of fire: social, legal, and ethical issues for computing and the    Internet. New York:  Prentice Hall, 2008. Print

Smith Alan Mark. American business and political power: public opinion, elections, and democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print

Johnson Dennis W. Routledge handbook of political management. Washington DC:      Taylor & Francis, 2008. Print

 

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Organizations have used various organization practices for effect of positive change in the organization. From my personal work experience, I have observed some of these practices having a positive change within the organization. These practices include employee recognition, organizational behavior modification and training programs.

Employee recognition program are programs that publicly recognize and reward employees for their specific behaviors. Studies have shown that, this has a positive effect on improving job performance along with capturing business values of organization (Robbins, 2009). Robert has continued reviewing that, when employees are rewarded on their good work it improves morale of job performance.

Training programs are designed organizational activities that are planned to facilitate knowledge with skill acquisition in order to change behaviors of employees and improve their performance. According to Reddy (2004), the most effective method of training is behavior modeling training that is based on modeling component of social cognitive theory. Reddy argues that, behavioral modeling training has positive change on learning, skills and work performance behavior in that trainees are usually instructed to set goals which eventually lead to effectiveness work environment.

Organization behavior modification is among learning principles that influences organizational behavior. This practice occurs when managers apply tools of operant behavior in running an organization. Specifically, this model provides a five-step relevance framework for identifying, analyzing, measuring, intervening in and evaluating employees the related task behaviors that is aimed to improve work performance. Researches have indicated its significant effects such as improve productivity for instance sales performance, punctuality, attendance and safety. The effects on work performance and behavior change is due to reinforcement principle of behavior modification, every behavior is subject to contingent consequences.

In conjunction, finding ways to motivate employees may be a challenge prospect for employers but it has been known to be most effective component in any successful organization in increasing employee work performance. Among various theories of motivation used is Herzberg’s theory of motivation with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Herzberg, a psychologist projected a theory concerning job factors that tends to motivate employees (Jain, 2005).

             In 1959, Herzberg assessed factors that affect people attitude about work that include working condition, supervision, interpersonal relations and salary that if positive create job satisfaction .From his data he found motivation as an element that enriched a person’s job. In his research, he found motivation elements that determined job satisfaction are participation, recognition and goal setting.

            Employees who participate in their organization have a sense of belonging thus having job satisfaction for instance in decision-making. When employees participate in decision-making, it results to better decision-making of organization that has a long turn of increasing an individual work performance. Setting goals acts as a powerful motivational factor. When employees are given a chance to set goals they feel proud in giving their contributions and thus more likely to meet those goals and increasing their Performance.

            According to Jain (2005), Maslow’s theory of hierarchy needs of motivation and personality was published in 1954. This theory assessed how individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs. This implies that, certain factors need to be dealt with before an individual is satisfied. In his theory, he came up with various types of needs such as safety, love, esteem, survival and survival toward self-actualization. Satisfying these needs in organization is healthy that result to adequate motivation in workplace. This implies that, these needs need to be satisfied to pursue high level of motivation in self-fulfillment and job satisfaction (Jain, 2005).

            However, Jain argues that, when employees are not motivated they may undergo stress. Various causes of stress include the following. Employees that consistently have too much work to do are highly stressed since most of them work throughout the day and a time at home. On the other hand, too little creates stress because employees may end up feeling unworthy in delegation of duties. The suitable coping approach for this stress is employees performing duties that they can handle. Those with little work should learn to do it perfectly without complaining.

            Lack of feedback either bad or good causes stress. Employees want to know they progress and whether their meeting organization expectations. When management fails to communicate their thoughts towards employees, they may have a sense of not contributing to effectiveness of organization performance. Psychologists have argued the possible coping strategy for this stress is self-awareness that implies that, an individual should appreciate his effort and whether the feedbacks are not given should not stress him (Branham, 2005).

            Inadequate salary is another cause for stress. Inadequate income sometimes contributes to poverty that reasonably causes stress. In addition, lack of job security causes stress among employees because many tend to experience worry and anxiety of being fired from employment causing stress. Employees undergoing these stresses should look for supplementary ways of getting extra earning. This will reduce fear of being fired and stress due to inadequate salary.

            Symptoms associated with above stresses include the following. The sign for showing up late in work or being sick frequently is mostly associated with stress. Oftentimes, people with stress may show signs isolation to the extent they avoid having business meetings. Other symptoms include throwing objects in haste, yelling at other associates and making verbal threats or accusation (Reddy, 2004).

            Various ethical dilemmas have challenged my workplace currently in areas of social responsibility in management and employees resolving of conflict. The management issued discrimination policies against H.I.V people because they are sick and could not increase productivity of the organization. As a result, they are forced to work extra hours and a times not given fairly treatment like others. This discrimination has made many to quit job both the affected and the individuals without H.IV have also been affected in their work performance and many questions on why the victims are not given their rights have arose.

            Communication is one factor that can increase employee effectiveness and if not used well can decrease employee effectiveness. One of my personal experiences in miscommunication that decreased my work effectiveness is when there was communication barrier with the sender of the message. The manager instructed his assistance to put together in written form the progress for that day from each member presented in the organization. Assistant manager misunderstood the message and instead of giving, the correct information ended up giving the wrong information. He came to me later and told me to put together the progress of the organization for that day. I did exactly that without knowing I was to do a survey on an individual progress on that day.

            When the manager asked for my report, I thought my survey was written perfectly and had good response towards the progress for that day. When my manger saw, what I had written his insight told him “miscommunication” and bias on how I wrote the report. This communication led to decrease in my work performance in that the manager did not receive the correct report. This lesson taught me that, communication process should be conducted effectively in work place and businesses for better communication and work performance (Robbins, 2009).

 

References

Branham, L. (2005). Seven hidden reasons employees leave. Washngton: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn

Borkowski,N. (2010). Organizational Behavior in Health Care. California: Jones & Bartlett          Learning

Jain, N.K. (2005). Organizational BehaviourVo. 1, Volume 1. New York: Atlantic Publishers &    Distributors

Reddy, R.J. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: APH Publishing

Robbins, S.P. (2009). Organizational behavior: global and Southern African perspectives.             Cape Town: Pearson South Africa

 

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The process of creating Online Media product

According to Andrew (2008), there are steps required in creating a professional web design. The process of planning online media product can be prepared in process of writing a research paper. In this stage, one is required to outline a Rough draft that illustrates navigation structure of Online Product. After the draft is created, graphics, colors along with text are used in designing web pages. Within the execution stage, the draft is converted into a format through web browser thereafter; the website is published to the internet for the every one to see.

Stage 1: Conceptualization and planning (flowcharts)

The first step begins on a piece of paper. In planning Online Media product website one is required to write down information about this organization, usability and determining, the volume content required to make this website. These subjects should be outlined on a draft of paper.

Step 2: Modeling

In this stage, static wireframe are created for each web page.  Wireframes contain a bare-borne skeleton that illustrate the layout of specific web page. When creating wireframes, one should put into consideration that these elements are used. These include logo, content placement, navigation, images placement, login box, search, breadcrumbs among others (Elliott, 2008). Elliott argues that, wireframes are meant to be bare borne: boxes, ovals, circles that illustrate the placement of Online Media product. One should focus on a well-organized, clean and user-friendly layout.

Step 3: Execution

This stage includes creating the content of Online Media product in addition to converting the web designs into code, which this website will use on the internet. The design is therefore finalized in Photoshop. Each page should look exactly the way it should be on the internet because this is usually the final stage of design. If the design is ready to be put in the internet, one should break apart those designs in order to create a CSS based layout (Picard, 2005).

 

 

Activity	February							March
	21	22	23	24	25		26		27	28	1	2		3	4
Planning
Obtaining a draft
Hire graphic artist
Draw animation
Hire designer
Programming
Designing Photoshop
Create a CSS based layout copy
Final draft of CSS based layout

 

Before making the above production schedule one should follow the following steps.

• Use a whiteboard sheet with a enough space to write enough procedures.
• One should list all activities involved in the steps of making the website
• Put the activities into sequential order that is well organized.
• Draw them in a chart. Although, the first chart may not be perfect, one should be prepared to adjust task incase of any sequence laid out
• Estimate the required time it will take to complete each task
• Label each task with the time required to finish the activity. To differentiate the shading, one should be organized in shading well.
• Determine who is responsible for each activity on the list. For instance, hiring designers to draw online media product symbols along with hiring hire graphic artist to the do the graphics.
• Decide what level to outline the timeline, which in this case is made weekly and in dates.
• After completing a timeline for each task, follow that procedure and make sure all team members agree to that timeline procedure
• Save the chart and distribute some copies to other team members.

With the use of time production schedule of online media product, we can establish that even though an individual consider preparing the website, how other members react on the timeline procedure is the primary factor. In cases when other members disagree on the timing, adjustment should be made.

A draft list of five assessment criteria

There are five assessment criteria of a website. These steps include the following

1. Evaluate short list/ Recommended sites

The purpose of this step is to assess the short listed sites and thereafter recommend the final site selected by most members in the group.

1. Conduct detailed site evaluation

This step focuses on the completion of the necessary environmental reports along with other studies necessary to finish the final site report. The evaluation should address the three areas that include the project requirements, technical factors along with financial factors.

1. Communicate/Review Recommendation

The team leader should communicate the status of the proposed site to customer agency along with other stakeholders to finalize input on the preferred sites.

1. Prepare final site investigation report.

To complete the site selection activities, the team should prepare the final site investigation report (Mitchell, 2006). One should plan a team to review and evaluate all short listed sites from the drafts study reports. In addition, each team member should receive all materials in adequate time in order to review them before meeting. Each site should be assessed in identifying the advantages and disadvantages it has.

1. Recommend preferred site

The final assessment is to assemble documents of the site investigation report from team members along with other contractors. The individual should review all documents in order ton ensure it is complete and correct (Oxer, 2007).

 

References

Andrew, P. (2008). Adobe Photoshop Elements 7: A Visual Introduction to Digital Photography. California: Focal Press

Elliott,T.M.(2008). Website 411: Business Survival in the Internet Economy. London: Website       411: Bus. Survival

Mitchell, S. (2006). Create your own website. Washngton DC: Sams

Oxer,J.(2007). How to Build a Website and Stay Sane. New York: Lulu.com

Picard, G.R.(2005). Media product portfolios: issues in management of multiple products and        services. London: Routledge

 

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Title: Online banking

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Online banking has been defined as the practice of paying bills and bank transactions through the Internet. It allows the user to make deposits, pay bills, do withdrawals transaction in remarkably time making it to be more convenient. Making banking transaction or paying bills via online banking has a positive influence on customer satisfaction as discussed in this paper.

According to Churchill and Suprenant (1982), online banking access information anywhere, it makes the financial life much easier leading to customer satisfaction. On the contrary, some researches have been investigated how it enhances dissatisfaction on consumers (Liao & Cheung 2008). Liao and Cheung have disagree on the fact that online banking leads to customer satisfaction, given that it only deals with information system through marketing its benefits, doing transaction at a fee. From their argument, banking organizations are the ones who benefit more from the transaction fee they charge. For instance, in paying bills via online banking, a certain fee has been charged leading to bank investing on these fees.

Other studies done by Aladwani, Palvia and Palmer (2002), proposed its key dimension of web been another factor that led to client contentment. Borne in mind, online banking has been done via web, many can access easily through computers and phones. This is easier compared to using a lot of time queuing in lines in order to do transaction that may cost the client a lot of time. Liao and Cheung (2008) proposed a tested that measured how its ease of use enhances consumer satisfaction. Those who partake agreed its worth in checking the balances by just logging on their account and the results are swift. In their research, they concluded its use of ease enhancing customer satisfaction. Additionally, content in web site plays key role in giving information concerning banking transactions.

 

Transaction speed is another factor that led to contentment. The speed transaction in online banking has received attention within the context of information systems. This is because of its focus on the efficiency of technology resources. According to Aladwani and Palvia (2002), technology has advanced to the point there have been self-service technologies such as Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) that has enhanced speed of service delivery that has positively influenced customer contentment because of the fact that the modern society highly prefer speed of service delivery.

The use of ATM in the modern society has offered flexible along scalable solution of quality services within networks, especially in cases where multiple information such as data, voice, and real-time video been supported. Through ATM, each of this information can pass through a single network connection (Aladwani & Palvia, 2002). Other benefits include their high speed of doing transactions, time saving, flexibility and efficient allocation of network bandwidth. With all these benefits, it has been discussed as an important factor of enhancing the user satisfaction using information systems (DeLone & McLean, 1992; Srinivasan, 1985).

Usability and design are vital factors to human-computer interaction. This is because they influence user task performance by computer (Palmer, 2002). Benbunan-Fich, 2001) argues that, usability refers to the ability, which the user can communicate clearly without misunderstanding interface system.  Benbunan-Fich has continued addressing that, when online banking uses reliable web site design it enhances its usability, which in return plays a major role of attracting, sustaining together with retaining consumer interest in the site. Other studies have shown that, in addition, retaining consumers’ interest in site that influences user satisfaction (Liu et al, 2008; Zviran, Glezer, & Avni, 2006). This implies that, the design of the online banking web site also has a positive influence on customer satisfaction.

Security of online banking has a positive influence on the user fulfillment. Banking systems keep their customer to be safe and secure in doing their online transaction. Despite of technical problems within Internet security such as digital signatures, cryptography, certificates, and authentication, banks ensure customers been provided with monetary transaction in doing their transactions. In ensuring security, banking organizations gives their clients a personal pin number used in ATM transactions and make sure the password is not long enough in preventing it from hacked. Additionally, customers have been advised not to share their online information with anyone (Liao & Cheung, 2008). This has developed safety and privacy during banking transactions causing customer satisfaction. Several studies have shown that, security is a vital determinant of online banking (Jun & Cai, 2001). On the contrary, Jun and Cai argues that, if the security concern of online banking is not practiced may cause theft leading to customer dissatisfaction.

Support services in online banking influences contentment. Support services refer to the responsiveness dimension of services quality. According to Joseph and Stone (2003), they may also be defined as the ability of solving customer need and providing feedbacks concern regarding online banking. Providing support in performing bank transactions is always required. This is because of the different functions performed within banking transaction such as information on individual financial planning, investments along with savings in owning estates. The information content on this information attributes to the positive influence on client satisfaction. Ranganathan and Ganapathy (2002) argue that, support in information content in online banking, has a major role in influencing the positive behavior of consumers. Support of information content has motivated many to use online banking system. With many shopping online, paying their bills and carrying out bank transactions, have shown the benefits online banking has on the consumer.

Conclusion

Having discussed how online banking enhance customer satisfaction, it obvious that it enables an individual to be able to make bank transactions at high speed, easy to use, offer security, quality of information content and the use of web site design, these factors fulfilling the customer satisfaction. However, having discussed the benefits, it has on the user; it is vital to discuss in brief what may not lead to individual fulfillment. For many people, the biggest risk of online banking is learning to trust it. For instance, some doubt whether their transaction go through safely, doubts of pressing transfer button twice among others. To prove its effectiveness, user is advised to print the transactions receipt in addition to, keeping it in bank records until the timer it shows on the bank statement or personal site.

Starting online banking may take time, in registering bank’s online program; one should have an ID and sign a form at a bank branch. In cases where a couple wishes to manage theirs assets together online, one may have to sign a durable power of attorney before the bank allows their holding together. This may take quite a time, thus leading to customer dissatisfaction. Despite of the few disadvantages it has, the benefits it has on the user cannot be underline. As discussed in this paper, it significantly contributes to client satisfaction.

 

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Occupational Stress

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Occupational stress has a strong attribute to employee performance, productivity and turnover of an organization (Beehr, 1998). Beehr has continued reviewing that, occupation stress is a major problem in many organizations. For instance, there was a report from International Labor Organization that arose from occupational stress. The report identified the causes of occupational stress that included loss of job, lack of autonomy in work place, working for a long period and lack of security in a job. In addition, poor management at work, poor relationship; work schedules such as working overtime as main factors that contribute to employee stress. As Arthur (2000) argues, occupation Stress contributes to poor work performance, lack of job satisfaction, low turnover, and less effective associations at work.

According to Bland (1999), the interventions commonly used for managing occupation stress are primary, secondary along with tertiary. Bland argues that, primary intervention identifies the causes of stress and the effects they have on employees. This is carried out by taking pre-emptive action for reducing stress or reducing the exposure from which employees’ are likely to be stressed. Redesigning job to adjust teamwork and increasing workers especially in decision-making authority are most effective in this intervention. Secondary interventions provide training to employees. The training may include seminars programs that help participants recognize and deal with the stress they identify. The training helps in identifying the current factors, which lead to stress thus helping seminar members to deal with stress that may happen in future. Its main aim is always to reduce stress through preparing members to deal with stress along with treating the symptoms of stress such as anger among others before they lead to health problems. A tertiary intervention takes care of individuals that are already suffering from the effects of stress that involves counseling and consulting stress professionals to help employees deal with problems they encounter.

To facilitate this analysis, analyses on causes, symptoms, effects with interventions were measured through Data analysis in this article. According to Beehr (1998), data analysis is the process for evaluating data through use of analytical as well as rational reasoning to examine each element from data given. In this analysis, data from different sources is gathered, assessed and later analyzed to form conclusion results. These assumptions were applied in their article where by the data were analyzed through use of statistic package of Social science version. In facilitating the analysis, the instruments that were used in analyzing data on causes, signs, effects and interventions were being measured to form the sort of their conclusions.

The results for their findings involved respondents that were asked to rate the cause of stress they experienced in their places of work. According Bland (1999), on the causes of stress this were the findings, 1.73 percent said inadequate salary and 37 percent said unfair treatment in supervision. The results showed how supervisors treat their employees fairly along with giving them better salaries. Perception of other respondents indicated that, 82 percent conquered with the fact, work overload is a major cause for stress, other causes were as follow, 72 on inadequate resources and 57 percent affirmed that uncertainty about promotion at work place could cause stress. These findings explained how employees are overloaded due to fewer staffs in organizations. In addition, awareness of how lack of enough resources causes low work performance was raised. The findings showing 57 % affirming that lack of promotion causes stress awaken a concern for employees to be appreciated through an increase in salary or promotion due to their hard work.

On the findings about the symptoms that employee experiences when they are stressed were as follow, 33 percent experienced anxiety and worry, 36 percent stress and 32 percent anger. The findings clearly show a need for managing these symptoms to save the organization from low work performance. On what stress causes in an organization differed, 72 percent agreed it leads to employees quitting from the organization and 76 percent said it can cause low productivity and conflicts if not managed. In addition, 75% agreed on causing low motivation that later would lead to employee seek employment elsewhere. These findings call for an intervention for managers in any organization to manage stress, which if not managed can cause the organization to collapse.

Perception of employees on stress management were as follows, 56% supported counseling, 84% socializing and 82 % agreed on a need for employees to be involved in decision-making in the organization. Additionally, 73 % of the respondents agreed on training trainees as a way of minimizing stress. These findings explained a need for organizations hiring professionals that would assist the employees affected by stress. In addition, when employees are involved in decision-making they will feel a sense of belonging in the organization. This analysis is most appropriately in finding these analyses

According to Arthur (2000), these analyses were plainly stated. They presented a hypothesis for paradigm shift that in return minimized occupational stress due to overloading of work. Although this research gave valuable findings, various limitations require to be addressed in future.

For instance, the sample study for the research carried was not enough to generalize other or similar organizations. Secondly, the research used quantitative method that is known to have limitations on inaccuracy. There is a need for using triangulation approach in future to validate the findings that give a true nature, complex, causes and impacts of occupational stress. In return, managers will be motivated to come up with the best mechanism for managing stress in organization.

 

 

REFERENCE

Arthur, A. P. (2000), Employee Assistance Programmes: The Emperor’s New Clothes or Stress Management, Journal of British.

Guidance and Counselling, 28(1): 549-59.

Beehr, T. A. (1998), Research on Occupational Stress: An Unfinished Enterprise, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 51(5): 835-844

Bland, J. M. (1999), A New Approach to Management of Stress, Journal of Industrial and Commercial Training, 31(2): 44-48

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Nutritional Needs at Life Infancy

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Introduction

In essence, infancy stage starts from birth to two years of age.  An important influence on the child development is nutritional which plays a fundamental role in future growth. It is well-documented fact; the infancy stage is a sensitive stage in the sense that, it is the time which the fetus adjusts to the outside environment after nine months. Researchers argue that, infancy stage is both psychologically and physically hazardous thus; requires best nutritional that enhance the basis of a health life (The state of the world Children 1998, 1997). The infant nutritional content includes carbohydrates, vitamins, protein and breastfeeding met during the first six months. With this regard, this paper seeks to examine nutritional needs in the infancy stage.

Importance of nutritional during infancy stage in preventing future diseases

• Proper nutrition plays a major role in development of immune system thus; preventing future diseases.
• Proper nutritional result to a healthy mental and physical condition of a baby thus, ensuring their well-being.
• Mothers that breastfeed their infants enhance cardiovascular health that strongly supply blood in the body.
• The act of feeding enhance emotional interaction especially during breastfeeding that bond mother-child relationship.
• Feeding the infant properly enhance development of organs thus; ensuring growth potential.
• Breastfeeding being the ideal infant nutrition prevents future diseases such as ear infection, obesity and diabetes.

How nutrition affect growth, development, and learning at infancy stage

• Proper nutrition enhances the ability to resist infection contributing to better health, which ensures growth.
•  Establishing proper nutrition at infancy age
• Through breastfeeding it enhances interaction, which plays a major role in learning process.
•  In particular, as a result of breastfeeding it develops child brain through interacting with the baby. With no doubt; this is the best way for the infant to learn and develop language skills.
• Nutrition enhances growth in the sense that; it boosts immune system, which is the key role to fight diseases. As a result, it enhances child development by fighting diseases.
• Proper nutritional at infancy enhances quick growth through various proteins food such as egg, which repairs bones, skin tendons, hair and muscles. Additionally, protein food creates immune system that fights diseases and as a result, enhances growth.

Some current nutritional issues, such as obesity or malnutrition that affect infancy group

1. Obesity: It is caused by a poor nutritional diet such as greater intake of food with high calories. According to Keep Kids Healthy (2009), obesity delay child development to the extent of delaying to walk.
2. Rickets: It affects child bones causing them to break easily. The disorder is caused by lack of vitamin D nutrients which makes bone strong.
3. Marasmus: The disorder is caused by poor nutrition of calories and energy. In many cases, Marasmus causes vomiting and diarrhea.
4. Kwashiorkor: This is caused by inadequate diet intake, which causes child development problems. In facts, the disorder causes distended bellies in infants. The disorder is caused by high carbohydrates and less of proteins (Formon, 1967).
5. Anemia: This is the disorder that develops from lack of healthy red blood cells. It is caused by iron deficiency.

 Guidelines for achieving and maintaining Infant physical fitness

A small procedure of infants fitness include laying the baby at the back, placing the small pillow at the infant feet and encourage him to kick it through describing what he is doing. In addition, infant fitness may be achieved through placing the baby in a comfortable position, hiding his favorite toy in your back and encourage him to reach the toy. These guidelines are effective for infant fitness (Anderson, Johnston & Remley, 1999).

How fitness affect infancy health

• Exercise increases infancy energy through strengthening muscles.
• It increases infant self-esteem through interaction.
• It increases mental focus through keeping the brain the sharp.
• Decreases risk of diseases heart attacks through lowering cholesterol.
• Decreases stress levels enhanced in interaction.
• Improves the liver functioning
• Enhance efficient calcium transport in the heart as well, the body.
• Improves blood flows.
• Enhances health breathing system through effective transportation of oxygen throughput the body.
• Fitness increases the weight of heart in infants.

Long-term outlook for infancy group in terms of long life and quality of life

It is a well-documented fact; the child needs should be met in order to enhance quality life. (Miller, Balady & Fletcher, 1997).Some of the outlooks for infancy terms on long and quality life include the following:

• Ensuring the child basic needs are met
• Ensures that a child is living comfortably
• Managing any child pain
• Ensuring that the child is living in happiness and his self-esteem are being met.
• Ensuring that the child is independence as possible by considering his particular disabilities.
• Ensuring that, there is effective interaction to enhance social interaction.
• Feeding the child with a balanced diet to enhance health.

 

 

Reference

Anderson, J.W., Johnston, B.M.,& Remley,D.T. (1999).  Breast-feeding and cognitive      development: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70 (4) 525-535

Formon,S,J. (1967). Infant Nutrition. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 254 (6) 915

Miller, T.D.,Balady, G.J.,& Fletcher,G.F. (1997).Exercise and its role in the prevention and          rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease. Annals of behavioral Medicine, 19(3) 220-229

Keep Kids Healthy. (2009).  Nutritional For infants-Keep Kids Healthy:

<http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/infant/infantnutrition.html>

The state of the world Children 1998. (1997). Causes of Child Malnutrition:             <http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/fig5.htm>

 

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Differences between necessities, comforts, and luxuries and how they have changed over time

Wants are divided into necessities, comforts and luxuries. There are differences between the two in that; necessities are needs, while comforts and luxuries are wants. Necessities wants are necessary for maintenance of life that an individual cannot do without. These include, shelter, food and clothing. On the other hand, comforts and luxuries are needed to sustain life and improve standard of an individual life. Example of luxuries includes expensive houses, television and cars. However, person’s needs, comforts and luxuries have drastically changed depending on financial situation, country economy and individual taste.  Over a time, these wants have changed in their different necessities.

For instance, water is a commodity required for survival. However, some people may prefer soda to water although not a necessity for survival. This is ironical because many people prefer taking soda despite of complications it causes on kidney and other organs in the body. Therefore, water being a vital commodity that purifies the body it has been ignored by many thus being replaced with soda.

Necessities have changed over a time in that it has advanced into luxuries. Sixty years ago, families had what was required for survival this included, simple houses, food, and clothes, which were mostly traditional dresses, made from sisals. However, this has changed over a time. For instance, this classification has improved to the point it has been classified as luxuries. The things that were classified as simple necessities have changed to absolute expensive houses, clothing and shelter.

The luxury of one-generation may be a necessity to another generation. For instance, electricity was a luxury to our ancestors but to our generation it has become a necessity to extend of many businesses operating with electricity. Having financial differences between the rich and the poor, what is considered as a necessity to the rich is considered as luxury to the poor. For example, rich have considered car as being a necessity to the point many have highly prioritize it. Contrary, poor have regarded it as a luxury.

As individuals, we need to make choices in which want or need that yield the highest satisfaction. Choices have led many to prioritize one thing that is viewed as a luxury to what is regarded as basic commodities. Over a time, an alcoholic have preferred to go without basic commodities like food in order to satisfy his craving for alcohol. Additionally, a drug addict has used a lot of money on drugs compared to basic requirements. All these people are making demerits choices on enjoying one commodity at the expense of another.

Scales of preference have made many to satisfy some wants before paying attention to others. Economists have argued that, each individual has his own scale of preference through which his wants are arranged in order of priorities. For instance, on the addicted cigarette smoker, cigarette may be his or her first priority whereas eating well may be placed lower within the scale. Wisdom of prioritizing wants have not been important thus many opting to satisfy first what should be placed lower in the scale.

Through advancement of technology, our lives have changed. For instance, advancement in communication has contributed too many individuals having an access of phones, computers just to name a few to enhance effective communication.

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Music Concert

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            On March 25 2011, I attended a music concert at the recital hall Laidlaw performing art center at 7.30 pm. In essence, the performance had four pieces that greatly entertained the audiences particularly music funs. The four performers were Horn concerto No 3, Marceau de concert, Nocturne Gliere and hunter’s moon. The concert involved a lot of vigorous dancing which perfectly entertained everyone in the concert. The first performance was from Horn concerto influential composer by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The group subsequent western art music was profound which; many listeners regarded it to be typical popular music. The music involved some classical type of jazz, rock music along with classical music. The instrumentals were so much entertaining with a bit of horns, strings, two bassoons and two clarinets. The work involved three movements. This combination made the beats of the song fluctuated which inspired many to dance with the rhythm. The music itself was excellently started the day in that; it energized the audience to long for more music.

The next team was from the team of Marceau de concert 94 done by Camille saint Saens that generally involved orchestra accompaniment in horn virtuoso Chaussier. As horns were being played, there was an aspect of the romantic era. Having perfect knowledge in playing horns, it corresponded well in the composer’s written pieces. It was at this point lovers of solo works for horns particularly enjoyed having a lot of anxiety to what the team wanted to do after in the stage. After a while, classical piano concerto was done in three movements, which included a quick opening movement done in sonata form, a free expressive movement and faster rondo. The entire hall was in silence as piano played brilliantly. Excitement was all over in faces of audience as they apprehensively waited for the soloist to begin. After a while, screaming’s were all over as Camille Saint Saens began singing. This performance was an excellent presentation, which had a brilliant voice. After the performance, screaming’s were all over the hall reflecting that, the group had performed perfectly.

Nocturne, op 35 no 10 was the third group done by Reinhold Moritzovich Gliere. This was unique compared to the previous performance done before in that, it had a dance tunes as well as variation of tone colors. In addition, there were beats of orchestra drums that made everyone in the hall dancing. As a result, the dancing performance became lively since everyone in the hall got involved in performance. The music had a lovely romantic duet with the most satisfying piano part of Gliere. It was a well-structured short piece that left everyone in the hall entertained.

The last performance was from   hunter’s moon composed by Gilbert Vinter. It was characterized by horns and orchestra. The playing of horn was so much inspiring to the extent the crowd clapped aloud as presentation continued. Generally, the performance proved on orchestral horn experts, which was best, presented in the original part and performed richly in context. The audience could not help nodding the head and as the performance ended, everyone in the room was left entertained. It was an excellent performance to end the day.

The musical concert was so much enjoyable that gave me an urge to attend many upcoming concerts. From this musical concert, I learn that, to keep the audience entertained, the performer should ensure the audiences join the music. The last performance was perfectly done leaving the audience into a lively mood. It is without doubt; I enjoyed every bit of performance done.

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Monopolies

Introduction

Monopoly is define in Economics, as the study of the market place by means of a single unit. Monopoly is also defined as market makeup into which a single traders manufacture along with putting the product into. The main intention of Monopoly was to educate people how this game would end up bankrupting along with offering unexpected wealth to one or few.

One example of a current monopoly is Pfizer incorporated that is a pharmaceutical company. This company is located in New York that is among the best category in sales globally. There was an immediate success in the company in 1880 due to the production of ant parasitic known as Santonin. Pfizer incorporated continued to date to purchase property as a way to expand its laboratory as well as factory on the block bounded by Street of Bartlett, Avenue that included Harrison and Flushing in additional to the Street of Gerry. Pfizer used that facility until 2005, when it closed its unique plant alongside with some others. Pfizer recognized its original organizational center of operations at 81 Maiden of Lane within Manhattan. In the year1906, the sales were in total of $3 million (Wyeth, 1987).

One of the examples of monopoly that was as e result of vertical integration was the history of Pfizer after the world War that had effect in scarcity of calcium citrate that was imported by Pfizer from Italy for the invention of citric acid, and this made the company to search for an alternative supply. Pfizer were capable into commercialize manufacturing of citric acid from the basis in 1919. This made Pfizer to develop skill in fermentation proficiency. This proficiency was practical to the mass manufacturing of penicillin in World War II. This was in response to necessitate from the government of the USA. The antibiotic was needed to treat injured Allied soldiers. Pfizer made most of the penicillin that went ashore with the troops on D-Day. Following the achievement of penicillin manufacturing in 1940s, this resulted to the penicillin becoming very inexpensive that made Pfizer to have very little turnovers for its labors (Boyes, 2002).

This monopoly had effect in the market place in that the company had no replacements or else competitors. This company had side effect in the discoverer of an invention for which there was elevated demand as well as preexisting supply not included. Monopoly has effect in the market place. There was minimizing in price as well as maximize of turnovers. Natural monopolies exist in Pfizer Company for the reason that it would be inexpensively wasteful to force this company into certain markets and industries. The start-up of this company is too high, limiting of supply along with profit margins been too small.  

Competitors in Pfizer’s industry encourage lower prices as well as innovations of drugs that continue to improve the heath of Public American. The merger tends to lessen competition in the market place. The merger would lead to the anticompetitive effects in the market globally and this would have effect on the consumer paying prices that are high along with fewer alternatives in the choice of drug.

 

References

Boyes, M (2002). Monopoly The cause of all evil.London: Sage Publishers.

Wyeth, B (1987). History of Pfizer Monopoly. New York: New York University    Publishers.

 

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                What influences price elasticity of demand.  

There are two factors that influence elasticity of demand, Theory of demand and supply. For instance, when the price of a product is high the demand is low and vice versa. As far as demand is concern, there are complimentary goods and supplementary. Complimentary goods are used together for instance, pen and ink or chalk and blackboard (Linderman, 2001). The supplementary goods are goods that can be interchanged for example charcoal and gas. When the price of one complimentary good is high, the demand for the other complimentary product decreases. If the price of pen is high, its demand decreases causing a decrease in demand for ink. In supplementary good for instance, if the price of charcoal increases, its demand decreases causing consumers to opt for a substitute good such as gas, thus leading to its demand increase.

In theory of supply, when the supply of a commodity is high, the price increases. This is because, the supplier will want to gain more profit from the high prices.

Factors that contribute to the elasticity of demand for goods

There are many factors that contribute to demand for price elasticity. The first factor includes availability of substitutes. In general, the more the substitute there is, the more elastic the demand. For instance, if the price of a cup of tea rises by $0.25, consumers would substitute their morning caffeine with a cup of coffee. However, if the cost of caffeine was to increase as a whole, there would be little change in the consumption because they would be fewer substitutes. Many will not be willing to give up what they use despite of a price increase (Mankiw, 2008).

Secondly, amount of income available to spend on the good can affect demand elasticity. For instance, if the price for coke increases from $ 1 to $ 2 and income remain the same, the income that was to spend for two cokes will only be spent on one coke. Therefore, the consumer will be forced to reduce his demand for coke and vice versa.

 

Discuss how these factors influence consumers to purchase goods or services.  

Availability of substitute leads to consumers having an option for supplementary product. For instance, if the price for coca cola rises within the market, consumers will switch to purchasing Pepsi cola that is its substitute. In addition to this, if an income earning of an individual increases the demand for purchasing the good or services increases. For instance, if the price for purchasing cars increases and there is no increase in income earning, salary decreases, the demand for purchasing car would decrease.

How price elasticity of demand relates to microeconomics

                When the price of a product is high, consumers will opt for a supplementary good. This implies that, if an individual is spending $10 dollars on kales and the price increases to $15 dollars, the individual will opt to use cabbage which in this case may be cheaper. In addition, an increase in income will cause an increase in demand of goods and services because the consumer’s purchasing power will increase while a decrease in income will cause a decrease in purchasing power of an individual.

If the quantity supplied is expected to decrease in future, an individual will demand more of the product now, this spending more on that good. On the other hand, if the quantity of supply of a commodity is expected to increase in future, the demand for buying the good decreases. For example, if the supply of maize is predicted to increase in future, many consumers will prefer buying the product when it is accessible due to the fact that the price will be low .Change in taste and fashion may also affect an individual on how much he/she spends. If a product is in fashion, its taste will improve causing individuals demand on the product to increase.

A real-life example that shows elasticity of demand
                In Kenya, the price of kerosene increased tremendously last year. As a result, many could not afford kerosene which was too expensive. This contributed to decrease in its demand for many opted to use charcoal as a substitute

                Elastic, inelastic and unitary elastic.

An elastic good is a product that has elastic demand thus consumers have an option of choosing a substitute. If the price for gas is high its demand decreases and consumers can substitute with charcoal. An inelastic good has a constant demand despite of its increase in price. An example is life saving drugs that people will pay any cost to save a life.  On the other hand, unitary elastic is a product with unitary elastic demand is a product in which its increase in price causes its demand to decrease. For instance, if the price for cars increases by 20% many consumers will decrease the demand for buying the car (Depken, 2005).

 

 

References

Depken, C. A.  (2005). Microeconomics demystified. New York. McGraw-Hill Professional

Mankiw, G. N. (2008). Principles of Microeconomics. New York. Cengage learning publishers

Linderman, B.J. (2001). EZ-101 Microeconomics. New York. Barron’s Educational Series

 

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