Intelligent Design Science or Faith

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            In taking close at philosophy, it is the study of problems linked with existence, values, knowledge, mind, language and reason. This implies that, philosophy is the study that involves addressing problems based on the rational argument. It is a well-documented fact: the word philosophy is a Greek word that means love of wisdom.  Just like the name entails, philosophy is linked with many subjects such as politics, religion and ethics among others that involve absolute wisdom. In this regard, there are various concepts under philosophy subject including intelligent design claim, science and faith. For the past years, researchers have raised continuous issue regarding the subjects outlining various criticisms emerging under the subject of intelligent design ( Dembski, 2002). With this in mind, this paper seeks to discuss what intelligent design claims, science, and faith in addition, discuss scientific criticism of Intelligent Design.

WHAT INTELLIGENT DESIGN CLAIM

            In facts, intelligent design claim that, certain features of living things and the universe are explained through intelligent cause, and not natural selection that involves undirected process. In other words, philosophy seeks to analyze that, only the intelligent power seeks to explain the diversity and complexity we see today. Under this context, researchers highlight various assumption outlines in intelligent design. According to Machen (1991), intelligent design redefine science in a significant way to the extent it invokes the supernatural viewpoints thus facing irreducible criticism. With no doubt; the intelligent design concept is among the basic religious argument of the existence of God that has proceeded for centuries. Studies document that, in 13th century, Thomas Aquinas outlines that, intelligence enables natural things to accomplish the best results while setting goals (Machen, 1991). The version formulated by Aquinas outline that, God is paramount important in providing direction to human beings thus, setting a clear evidence of nature of intelligent design. To some extent, the intelligent design outline God as supernatural but; extraterrestrial race could be supernatural force. With these assumptions, it is important to note that, intelligent design assumptions are not drawn directly from the Christian bible despite some facts of supernatural power.

Paley’s assumption influenced scientists to assume that God designed nature thus, assuming intelligent design to be implemented by laws. Subsequently, the Charles Darwin hypothesis explain his assumption on the problem of evil as well, design in nature and with the natural selection clarified adaptation arguing that, everything that result from designed laws. In 1986, Meyer review suggested that, messages conveyed within DNA cell specified intelligence arguing to have originated from an intelligent agent. With this regard, the innovation of DNA cells merely outlined the supernaturalism and metaphysical naturalism.

 

 

WHAT IS SCIENCE?

            With no doubt; science has been defined in many ways with its meaning with time. According to Layton, J. (2011), science is the outline as the body of knowledge and process of understanding the natural world. In other words, science is the outline as the aspect of discovering facts in the universe through evaluating what worked in the past, how things appeal currently and how they are likely to occur in the future. With these facts, science in school set up is powerful and consistent, which in many cases develop advanced technologies, innovate methods for treatment in addition, dealing with sorts of problems that occur at daily basis. Science is interestingly in that, it continually expand knowledge of the universe thus, leads to new questions and answers for the future investigation.

Other studies outline that, science is the intellectual activity carried out by human beings to gain useful understanding of the universe (Joly, 1958). This imply that, science is the logical observation of natural events with conditions that aim at discovering facts and eventually formulating principles and law based on the facts to approve its applicability. Typically, science is efficient and organized inquiry that entails more than gaining knowledge. As an issue of fact, it involves pleasure of discovering things. With these facts, science involves gathering knowledge about the world through, which one organize and condense knowledge into testable theories and laws. In this regard, the credibility of science engrosses the act to expose ideas with results to provide system for self-correction for reliable evidence.

With no doubt; science enriches and extend our lives through liberating us from ignorance bonds along with superstition to giving facts that support the complete experiment. Adherence to science enables one to show causes for mass extinction, and eventually point out the way to prevent related catastrophe in the future. Furthermore, science has been tremendous important over the last decades to the extent, there have been an increase of new things being discovered everyday.

 

FAITH

            Studies outline faith as the state of faith, belief and hope in the trustworthiness or goodness of an individual or entity (Coon, 1997). In facts, faith has been essential virtue of human nature when shared by people. With this regard, faith reinforces religious people to cope well in hostile environments despite challenges with an assurance that things would be better in the end. This is derived by religious interpretation that outlines faith as the aspect of being certain of what we need without tangible proof.

With this in mind, there are many demonstrations of how faith has worked in the past. For instance, at the efflorescence of the human society within Middle East, Islam’s beliefs enhanced a unifying force, which permitted many converts to work as a team thus, accomplished the historical achievement that would occur without faith. Under this context, faith turns discontented and aimless group into a powerful force. From this concept, faith offers direction and purposes that other people lack. The golden rule of faith is that, it is the starting point of progressive humanity. As a matter of fact, faith is the state of mind, which makes people believe in the total absence of lack of evidence. In regard to this, William James has fortified faith assuming that, life is in due course impossible without faith. Philosophers on the other hand, life involves evidence gaps, which can only be negotiated by leaps of faith.  Nevertheless, there have been criticisms regarding religious faith in the sense that, some outline faith like ignorance of authenticity (Coon, 1997). For instance, Philosopher Todd Carroll outline the word faith to refer to be a belief not supported by evidences thus, being a misconception or disinformation.

 

SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM OF INTELLIGENT DESIGN

            In thoughts of criticism intelligent design, Suzanne (2007) argues that, many scientists have emerged to criticize the derived facts. In this regard, there are criticisms of intelligent design being un-testable based on the Karl popper statement that all swans are white. Under this context, scientists disapprove this fact in the sense that, there is no evidence of swan being white thus, the idea been falsifiable. In conjunction with this, concept of phony is outlined in other facts such as the intelligent claim that, vertebrates have eyes. In this context, scientists seem to raise questions on whether there is evidence that supports the fact.

According to Edis and Young (2006), intelligent design is in question regarding many predictions of the naturalistic evolution. In facts, intelligent design recognizes animals, birds and human beings to derive from a common ancestor. On the contrary, scientists raise questions on how animals, birds and human beings could derive from the same ancestor. Additionally, Stephen Jay disprove the of pandas and people concept arguing that, if intelligent designers were responsible for the panda, then they would provide a better tool than panda’s thumb used by arduously strip bamboo to eat. With this regard, scientists outline creation as testable thus, scientists disapproving intelligent designer disapproving the assumption.

Intelligent design critics disapprove the aspect of intelligent design, which outline that, non-naturalistic assumptions not to be given scientific thoughtfulness. Too often, intelligent design has been a contentious issue, and only science assist in coming up with answers. In reality, scientific integrity is supported by presenting facts instead of just highlighting attempts without facts. According to scientists, the problem with intelligent design is that they make facts that lack evidences.

Conclusion

As discussed in the paper, philosophy outlines intelligence design as the aspect that seeks to explain the diversity and complexity we see today. This fact is disapproved by scientists’ who claim intelligence design to lack proofs. Based on my perceptive, both intelligent design and science facts are right but, science seems logical in the sense it supports the hypothesis with facts and evidences. In other words, science involves discovering facts in the universe through evaluating what worked in the past, how things appeal currently and how they are likely to occur in the future. Subsequently, faith is paramount important in life in the sense that, it is the hope of things hoped for, thus significant in enhancing purpose for living. As discussed in the paper, faith is the state of faith, belief and hope in the trustworthiness or goodness of an individual or entity. With this regard, this paper has discussed intelligent design claims, science, and faith in addition, scientific criticism of Intelligent Design.

 

 

 

References

Coon, C. (1997). The nature of faith. Progressive Humanism:

            http://www.progressivehumanism.com/progressive-humanism/the-nature-of-faith/

Dembski, W.A. (2002). Intelligent design: the bridge between science & theology. London:            Intervarsity Press

Edis, T.,& Young, M. (2006). Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New           Creationism. London: Rutgers University Press

Joly, E. (1958). What is faith. London: Hawthorn Books

Layton, J. (2011). How Intelligent Design Works:

            http://people.howstuffworks.com/intelligent-design1.htm

Machen, G. J. (1991). What Is Faith. London: Banner of Truth

Mannoia, J.V. (1980). What is science an introduction to the structure and methodology of             science. New York: University Press of America

Suzanne, W. (2007). What is wrong with intelligent design? :          http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-02/uocp-wiw022207.php

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Two theories of intelligence testing

Intelligence is the most topics discussed by many theorists in psychology. Some researches have suggested that, intelligence is a single general ability, which may be affected by some experiences that an individual go through, for instance stress. Others have argued that, intelligence is entailed by range of aptitudes skills and talents, which an individual has (Hunter, 1986). Hunter has assessed some theories that have emerged in discussing approaches on the interpretation of intelligence testing.

The first theory was created by Alfred Binet the French Psychologist who was employed by schools within France to assist in establishing intelligent students within the institution. He developed a testing instrument that identified gifted people from those that were not from various factors such as how good in arithmetic.  He came up with questions on various students that majored on intelligence capacity and different ages of children.  Binet eventually developed a test of questions that assigned on chronological age together with mental age. In his research, he concluded that, age might have a strong effect on integrity.  His test entailed IQ test that has been effective in American schools up to date.

The second theory on integrity testing was Wechsler (WAIS) Intelligence Test, which was introduced by David Wechsler in 1939 (Mitchigan, 1972).  His test measured vocabulary, Visual spatial ability and arithmetic solving. On arithmetic solving, he assessed that, individuals that are good in arithmetic having a higher IQ compared to those that are not good in arithmetic. Additionally, he took this account in general knowledge, short-term memories and social

 

awareness. These sub-tests assessed intelligence capacities that depended on skills, culture, education, current state of mind and social economic conditions.

His test assumed that, if an individual native language is English and differs from others within the culture his IQ may vary considerably. In his research, he argued that, education, vocation along with practice play a great role in integrity testing. From his assumptions, an individual that has a daily interaction with arithmetic or puzzles has a better IQ than those who do not have such opportunities. In addition, when an individual is anxious or depressed his intelligence is most affected.

            Effectiveness of intelligence testing

Intelligence testing has been used by many schools in determining which children are most gifted. Most often, children are done an IQ test that is mostly done by psychologist and certified personnel in United States. In addition, of being used in schools, it determines which students do not perform well as they should be. Therefore, intelligence tests can be helpful to teachers in determining students that have deficiency and what these deficiencies are. By doing this, one will be in a position to pinpoint these deficiencies earlier thus; will be much simpler in assisting those students to get back on track. Mitchigan (1972) designed intelligence test to be effective in predicting school performance. It is important noting that, an academic problem requires any possible help that may be accepted in offering solution that a time may require motivation along with personal involvement.

According to Robert (1985), intelligence test is effective in helping psychologists in making recommendations on the kind of teaching that mostly benefit a child. Hunter (1986) argues that, through intelligence test Psychologists become more conducive in helping students to learn. Intelligence test may also be used in predicting job performance along with ability. In this view, if employees use intelligence test in selecting highest scoring applicant on each job, the training results that would be predicted well through overall performance.

 

References

Hunter, J.E.(1986). Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance.   Journal of vocational behavior, 29(3)340-362.

Mitchigan,S.U. (1972). Does intelligence cause achievement?: A cross-lagged panel analysis.        Journal of education psychology,63(2)258-275.

Robert,J.S.(1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. Journal of       Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3)607-627.

 

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Individual Rights versus Public Order                                                                   

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Introduction

            In essence, people have different views on the definition of individual rights with public orders. Although many find it hard differentiating the two terms, it is with no doubt; the two terms differ. According to Robinson (2009), individual rights are required by man’s rational nature, which as a result, they are supreme necessities for safe life in the society. With this regard, individual rights are fundamental in the sense that, they guarantee freedom for action that protects human rights. Individual rights include rights to life, liberty, free speech, pursuit of happiness and self defense among others. On the other hand, public orders are acts passed by the government or parliament which provides ways for justice against criminals. Public orders defend safety for citizens through reducing crimes for people to live a save life. With this regard, this paper seeks to examine advantages and disadvantages of individual rights versus public order.

Advantages of individual rights versus public orders   

            According to Schmalleger (2009), individual rights are requirements that ensure human rights are observed. It is a well documented fact; the founding fathers decided that, individual rights should be guaranteed to its citizens to ensure human life rights are guarantee. The society has become so complex to the sense that, it has moved away from increasing individual rights to focusing more on establishing more public orders.  Individual rights according to Schmalleger are rights to pursuit happiness, liberty and life. As a result, they are a number of benefits that emerge from this such as, protecting individuals from government action which otherwise may affect their liberties. With this in mind, individual rights provide a clear outline rights that emphasizes on acceptable behavior to making individual life pleasing. In this context, according to Robinson (2009), public order provides clear parameters which govern right behaviors within the society through outlining responses concerning criminal justice. Robinson further states that, the law issues practical application for the social contract, which citizens along with the government intervene in ensuring an orderly society. The most benefit of public order is that, the government protects individual rights through introducing measures to punish any perpetrator that fails to align with law. In other words, public orders ensure individual rights are respected by being harder to crimes.

Additionally, Kelley (1998) argues that, individual rights are essential in the sense that, they impose freedom to human beings. This is necessity for man’s life since; an individual does what he wants provided he does not trample rights of others. Ultimately, man is enabled to pursue his own goals and happiness. This helps individuals to choose what is right, which as a result, assist in acting towards accomplishing goals. In facts, individual rights allow an individual to choose goals which are basic tools for survival subject. As a result, it enables an individual to do what he wishes throughout making healthy decisions towards living a purposeful life.  In conjunction with this, public orders ensures that human beings are safe from crime through assurance of their rights been considered beneficial. In this context, the government protects individual rights when it is threatened. If for instance, individual rights are not protected as they ought to, the government introduces measures that ensure individual rights are respected and observed. For example, if an individual uses illegal drugs, they take initiative of punishing the drug abuser due to the fact of hurting his body and the person selling the drugs. The positive side of this is that, public orders ensure human life is respected in good standard of living. There has been a contentious issue pertaining public order crimes to drug abuse and prostitution among others which many view them to be victimless crimes. In other words, many outline these crimes to hurt the perpetrator bodies and thus; regard they should not be punished. Nevertheless, in the current world, public orders has ensured all people respect individual rights in personal perceptive and to others.

In addition, public orders ensure public norms are respected in order to protect, individual rights. These include public nuisances and indecencies among others. When these norms are approved by the government, it is obvious that, its outcome eradicate noise nuisance and indecencies affecting individual rights such as happiness.

Despite of the individual rights and public order advantages, there are various disadvantages to them as well.

Disadvantages of individual rights versus public orders

            Brett (2003) argue that, the first disadvantage for having individual rights is that, they are not always respected for instance in police states who fails to respect individual rights. As a result, people feel oppressed and once the felling occurs most of them rebel against what they know in individual rights context. For instance, right to free speech ‘is highly recognized in many states. Freedom of speech is recognized in that, without freedom of speech, one cannot persuade others of the right thing to what is wrong. In facts, Lipsky (2010) argue that, freedom to speech is not always identified by the government in the sense that, ordinary citizens are shattered from giving out their views concerning various matters concerning a state.

While the government is expected to protect individual rights, it ends up taking advantage by enriching themselves. Having a disadvantage like this, it may lead to negative rights such as social security system. Despite the fact, individual rights states to ensure social security it may end being not observed. In many cases, this occurs in political debate. More often, cases have emerged of political leaders using citizens to eradicate social security believing there is political gain that would emerge. As a result, many people end up fighting with other to the extent of eradiating rights to property. This causes murder, tribal clashes and fighting for property. The often faceless victims are ordinary citizens that end up having their rights being respected.

The most contentious disadvantage of public order is how certain morals have declined. In this context, Burgan (2002) argue that, in some states prostitution is legal or tolerated in having temporary wives such in, Casna, England, Brazil, and New Zealand among others. With such individual rights, it creates opportunities for men and women to be unfaithful to their spouses. As a result, this leads to divorce, suicide or murder. This right leads to children growing in unstable families due to lack of parental love.

Conclusion

            In facts, individual rights protect rights of individual from the government that would not treat them as they would be treated with bill of rights. Public orders ensure that individual rights are preserved through introducing measures that would preserve individual rights from being obeyed. Individual rights versus public orders have both advantages and disadvantages as outlined in the paper. With this in mind, this paper has examined both advantages and disadvantages of individual rights versus public order.

 

 

 

References

Brett,A.S. (2003). Liberty, Right and Nature: Individual Rights in Later Scholastic Thought.          New York: Cambridge University Press

Burgan, M. (2002). The Bill of Rights. London: Compass Point Books

Kelley, D. (1998). A life of one’s own: individual rights and the welfare state. New York: Cato       Institute

Lipsky, M. (2010). Streel-level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. New     York: Russell Sage Foundation

Robinson, M (2009). Justice blind? Odeals and realities of American Criminal justice (3rd ed.       Upper Saddle River,NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall

Schmalleger,F (2009). Criminal justice today: An introductory text for the twenty-first century         (10th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

 

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Individual Rights for the Island Of Tagg

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Introduction

            Bill of rights is an important list that dictates rights of citizens in a country. The purpose of bill of right is to ensure that rights are an infringement by the government. The word bill of rights derived from England in referring the bill of rights 1689. When coming up with the bill of rights, it is worth emulating other bill of rights that align with principles of country. In this regard, Tagg island highly appreciates the drafted constitution statement in the U.S constitution otherwise referred as the bill of rights (Ishay, 1997). With this regard, this paper seeks to prepare a report that concludes with the preliminary list of the recommended individual rights that suit Island Nation. The report will be based on comparing and contrasting individual rights and thereafter come up with appropriate rights for the island nation.

U.S Bill of rights 1789

            The United States bill of right 1789 is the collective of the first ten amendments of United States introduced by James Madison. The bill of rights outlines series of limitations on the power of United State government tackling freedom of religion, freedom of speech, rights for liberty, free assembly, free association, and rights of keeping and bearing arms. This bill of rights plays a fundamental role within the American law and as a result, a vital symbol of freedom and culture of American nation.

In addition, the constitution expresses; the desire for preventing the misconstruction of power, which best insures the extended ground for public confidence. Researchers argue that, the fourth amendment of the law regards the right for people to be secure in their houses (Ishay, 1997). This principle of law was developed by Cicero in Roman times that saw the need to have rights of individuals in acquiring and holding property in that, it secured liberty along with life. In brief, the tenth amendment delegate that, all power belongs to ordinary citizens who in this case are required to preserve the balance of power between states along with the federal government.

Declaration of the rights of man 1789

            In essence, Declaration of the rights of man 1789 is an essential document of French revolution that defines the collective rights of individuals. It was adopted by National Constituent Assembly during French revolution believing that, contempt of rights of man and its ignorance was the sole cause for corruption government and public calamities. Therefore, the national assembly saw the need of coming up with rights of man and for the fellow citizens.

With this regard, the laws entailed the society having the right of inquiring every public agent from administrations implying rights for making decisions regarding the state in terms of collection and duration of taxes. Other aspects in the document concerned the aspect of free communication as the most precious rights of man. In this aspect, rights to speak and print in freedom were enhanced pointing out that, freedom shall be defined by law regarding any abuse discovered.  The document held in accountability of securing a person in the aspect of, punishing the person before declared guilty. In such cases, the bill of right entails that, all harshness before been declared guilty would be severely repressed by law. The law provides for the imprisoned only when it is prescribed by law. The principle regards liberty to be the freedom that injures no one implying that, the exercise of natural rights has no boundaries except those that assure members of society the pleasure of similar rights. With this in mind, the aim of political association entails liberty, property, resistance to oppression and security. Under the aspect of security, no one is required to exercise any authority that fails to precede directly to the nation, which entails that, law only prohibit actions that are hurtful to the society. The law regards that, all citizens are equal in law, which therefore means that, they are equally entitled to all dignities of occupations and public position based on their abilities, virtues and talents without distinction (Postgate, 1921).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (United Nations)

            According to Marcus (2007), the Universal declaration of Human Rights was the declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This declaration arose from the experience of Second World War representing the global expressions, which entitles all human beings. During World War II, the allies adopted in terms of rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, fear and freedom of want.  In this regard, the United Nations reaffirmed the fundamental human rights, which dictates the worth of human beings without distinction in religion, language, race and sex.

Universal Declaration of Human rights elaborated the fundamental rights concerning slavery, humanitarian law, social development, discrimination, violence against women and minorities in addition, genocide. The main four conventions relating to racial discrimination, women and children are the core human rights treaties.

Similarities

            Declaration of the rights of man 1789, Declaration of the rights of man 1789 and Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 entails freedom of religion, freedom of speech, rights for liberty, free assembly, free association, and fundamental human rights that dictate the worth of human life without discrimination. Secondly, there is an aspect of not prohibiting actions that are hurtful to the society. Thirdly, there the three bills of rights tend to elaborate fundamental roles regarding discrimination and violence as an aspect of strengthening human rights.

  

Historical Legal system

            Declaration of the rights of man 1789 principle defines the collective rights of estates of the realm as universal influenced by the doctrine of natural and legal right. In this case, natural rights are not contingent upon beliefs, customs or law. They are codified into legal statures through the legislative body. Under this document, the rights are universal with its existence reliable throughout the universe. Studies argue that, Declaration of the rights of man 1789 pertaining human natures that include the way of acting, thinking and feeling (Morsink, 2000). Questions of what causes human beings to be content are the philosophical underpinning of this legal system. In addition, it addresses the status neither of slavery nor of women which entails it is a herald document to be International human rights instruments (Hatts, 2005).     

             U.S Bill of rights 1789 is a collective name concerning the first ten amendments. The overall intention reflects on Christian heritage on the idea of human dignity that all men were created equal thus demand equal rights. The preamble aspect of the bill is to prevent abuse of power in the government.

Additionally, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 consists of the universal declaration of human rights regarding cultural and social rights that outlines the dignity as well as worth of a human being. The underlying structure regarding Universal declaration was prepared in four steps concerning rights of individual in political and civil society, rights of individual and concerning spiritual freedom. According to Hatts (2005), these duties concern duties of individual in the society in addition, their prohibition concerning rights of contravention. The Declaration legal effect purpose entails fundamental freedom as well as human rights. It forms Part of the customary international law in that; it is derived from general principles of law. For that reason, Declaration is widely cited in the sense that, it advocates powerful tools in moral pressure on the government. Additionally, it advocates for protection of human rights.

Preliminary list appropriate for Island Nation

            An island nation is a nation that consists of more than one or more islands. It is a well documented that; island nation is the basis for historical rivalry by other countries. For that reason, Tagg’s island is an island within River Thames in England just above Ash Island. It is well documented that, Island nation of Tagg faces economic and social challenge. Based on my perception, island nation should have individual rights that enhance equality of rights without favoritism. In this regard, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 would be best appropriate in addressing humanitarian law, social development and discrimination rights.  This would ensure that all men are treated equally thus eradicate poverty (Ishay, 1997).

Additionally, U.S Bill of rights 1789 would be appropriate in addressing rights for liberty, which would eventually solve social problems encountered occasionally. In addition, the nation may make use of principle regarding liberty to the freedom that injures no one to enhance better social life.

Conclusion

            It is indeed true; bill of rights ensures that human beings live in harmony and in liberty. As discussed in the paper, it is worth emulating other bill of rights in other countries to ensure effective decisions regarding the best policy that enhance human beings rights. In this regard, the paper has sought to analyze preliminary list of the recommended individual rights that suit Island Nation based on a different bill of rights discussed in the paper.

 

 

References

Hatts,L. (2005).  The Thames Path. London: Cicerone Press Limited

Ishay,M. (1997). The human rights reader: major political writings, essays, speeches, and documents from the Bible to the present. New York: Routledge Publisher

Marcus, M. (ed). (2007). The documentary history of the Supreme Court of the United States,         1789-1800, Volume 8. California: Columbia University Press

Morsink,J. (2000). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting, and intent.         New York: University of Pennsylvania Press

Postgate, R. (1921). Revolution from 1789 to 1906: documents selected and ed. New York:           Houghton Mifflin company

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Nursing informatics is defined as area of expertise, which integrates nursing science, information science, and computer science in order to manage, communicate data and knowledge required in nursing practice (Ball, 2000). It was officially recognized in 1992 by American Nurses Association. Nursing informatics entails conducting research in order to expand nursing knowledge. The use of nursing informatics helps nurses in their roles and decision-making that is accomplished by use of information technology. Ball argues that, nursing being a healthcare professional, it requires an individual to have health information system. Therefore, it is important for health care professional to use nursing informatics. There are number of benefits for using nursing informatics, which include the following.

Nursing informative tend to assist management and processing of nursing data. Nurses who uses computerized software identifies various complications in patient condition thus choosing appropriate action in evaluating patient care. It ensures data collected by nurses and clinical knowledge is planned in acceptable and accessible areas of healthcare. This enhances the quality of professional practice in knowledge, which assists nurses to make suitable decisions that enhance patient care. This implies that, this knowledge assists nurses in areas of treatment and operations. Education of nursing practices assists in nature of preparation for this role thereby expanding knowledge on emerging issues in this professional practice. This increases occupational competence in that its implication will make increase knowledge along with skills within nursing staff presented.

 

It encourages nursing staff, patients along with their families to propose ideas for developing patient satisfaction. For instance, the access of computers helps patients that have extended hospital stays to interact with their families, friends and loved ones through emailing that enhances patient satisfaction. When patients interact with their friends and loved ones, it enables nurses to have an easy time dealing with the patient in that there is satisfaction that emerge from interaction thus improving employee task in treating the patient. According to Gerdin, Wainwright and Tallberg (1997), in nursing department, the use of computers has also enhanced effective communication between employee and patient. In some states, patient use advanced technology to communicate to the physicians along with nursing staffs what they require from them. The result improves interaction between staffs and patients thus setting high standard in knowing what the patient requires.

A nursing informatics specialist is a well position with better salary. Studies have shown that, he or she trains in new technology and offers upkeep along with maintenance for computer system. An individual specialist in this area is so much marketable because a part from implementing these plans he assess whether a safer environment is enhanced for patient through suitable treatment. While the salary for these specialist increases, there other benefits obtained in job security of being registered nurse.

Its relevant use in the emergency room

Other vital aspects of nursing informatics include being used in emergency room. Emergency room nurses tend to deal with severe conditions on a daily basis. Therefore, they should be able to make decision quickly in addition to making rapid assessments. Nurses are advised to come up with wide range of care together with advanced knowledge of treating patient. Nursing informatics assists them to treat wide range of injuries as well as injuries. These preparations include topics like helmet use and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, which occurs by using proper measures to handle the patient for instance wearing gloves.

The use of computer has become an important tool in emergency room for the past years (Gerdin, Wainwright & Tallberg 1997). It allows nurses to gather the suitable information on health care information that contributes to enhance the quality of patient care in emergency room, which eventually save patient life. It is also important noting that, nurses are required to be prepared of foreseeable emergencies because of many tasks they may have in the hospital. For instance, as the nurse cares for sudden emergency she may also be required to take care of other patients who require urgent medical care.

Nursing informatics provides high degree of skill and knowledge in decision-making that is urgently needed in emergency rooms. Additionally, it provides urgent care of those injuries and provides psychosocial evaluation that is required in patient treatment. It develops skilled conditions in discerning the patient need and the suitable care needed.

This system offers the suitable patient specific drug based on the health problem. It estimates treatment benefits based on each drug used. Therefore, nurses are in better position offering urgent medication required in treating patient and improving his or her condition. The use of computer automatically generates the suitable medication required by physician, nurse or doctor in the emergency room.

An example of an instance where a better outcome may have been obtained had there been nursing informaticists involved

Nursing informaticists have been known to have positive role in improving the patient condition and reducing errors regarding patient conditions and relevant information. There are a number of incidences in various set up where a better outcome could have been accomplished were there nursing informaticists involved.

A study was done by Ball (2000) in 1990s that showed a patient who had heart problem. When he went to the hospital, nurses could not exactly recognize what the problem was. He was attended by many doctors but there was no improvement. The patients was given drugs that instead of improving his health, they worsened the conditions. The patient was later discharged from the hospital in addition to being given some drugs that were to improve his health. After three years of using drugs, his health became worse and died after one year.

Ball argues that, if nurse informaticist was involved, he would use every technology facility to provide based care of the patient care. Instead of just giving the patient drugs, he would have used computer science and informatics wisdom in heart treatment practices.  Nursing informaticists would have assessed whether a safer environment was enhanced for this patient together with giving suitable treatment. He would have used computer system to keep the patient information, his genetic history along with monitoring the patient vital symptoms which would have helped in coming up with the recommended treatment progress.

Instead of discharging the patient, he would come up with excellent skills that would improve the patients through use advanced technology. He would manage feedback from other hospital staffs that had treated the patient thus coming up with the best approach to improve the condition along with finding the best time to discharge the patient. The patient condition would have improved instead of dying.

 

Reference

Ball, M. J. (2000). Nursing informatics: where caring and technology meet. New York : Springer

Gerdin, U., Wainwright. P.,& Tallberg. M. (1997). Nursing informatics: the impact of nursing       knowledge on health care informatics. California: IOS Press

 

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Hutu and Tutsi Ethnic conflict

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Cross-cultural psychology has been defined as a branch of psychology which looks at how cultural factors influence human behaviors (Keith, 2010). Increasing number of psychologists has investigated how behaviors differ among various ethnic groups throughout the world. Keith in his research founded two ethnic groups that were at war with each other. The two groups were Hutu and Tutsi tribe from Rwanda. Their stories about their conflict and fighting were all over in news reports. Their reasons for war have been discussed by various psychologists based on their differences and their similarities.

According to Levinson (1998), in February of 1994, the president of Rwanda who was a Hutu, called habyrimana was shot down in a plane. Hutu extremist, who never liked Tutsi, used this as an excuse of killing Tutsis because they blamed them for the killing. However, this was not the probable case, in that, Tutsis believed that the plane was most likely to be shot down by Hutus who never liked the fact that habyrimana was working mostly on peace treaty with Tutsis.

Levinson argues that, it is more likely the whole thing was planned and they wanted top have ethnic war with Tutsis. Typically, conflict between these two groups were colonial influenced, in that, before these happened, there was British that controlled the area and allowed Tutsis who were the minority to rule the government. This implies that, most of this ethnic conflict started when the group was placed in power and thereafter Hutus took control. It caused a continual struggle between the two groups for power to the extent it caused the death of 800, 000 people within three months in 1994.

Despite of their differences, there were similarities between the two groups in that they shared a common land, heritage along with language. Their similarities caused the two groups at war with each other, because each group wanted to be better in terms of wealth possession, power along with land possession. Mamdani (2002) argues that, ethnic identity influences ethnic conflict in that the two groups fight with each other to own and posses the best possession discussed as concept of conformity.

Concept of conformity and how it relates to these ethnic groups

            Conformity has been defined as the act of matching beliefs, attitudes and behaviors that people perceive as norms of their social group or society. Conformity may have good or bad effects depending on the situation. It influences maintenance of social norms in addition, helps the society to eliminate behaviors that are contrary to the unwritten rules. However, in this sense it can be proven not to have positive force which prevents dangerous behavior from emerging. People of Burundi and Rwanda were traditionally considered Nilotic. They spoke the same language and had similar Christian religious beliefs. In addition, conformity within Rwandan culture was very deep (Mamdani, 2002).

There was a requirement from the law to obey authority in everything whether bad or good. Reporting in 1994 January, human rights in the entire world assessed the combat operations by the Rwanda army to have been associated with civilian atrocities of civilian groups that were composed of majority Hutus in ethnic violence against Tutsi. These ethnic wars were led by local administrators that were militia attached to Rwanda ruling political party for a longtime. Those reluctant to kill destroyed crops, slaughtered cattle, burned homes and killed many people using spears, clubs and spears.

Additionally, Tutsi retained their dominant position over the Hutu within Rwanda until 1961 when monarch was overthrown. Unsuccessful Hult revolt led to 100, 000 deaths that were mostly Hutu. When Tutsi evaluated Hutu to be liked more, it caused them to cause ethnic conflict. Despite of their matching beliefs, attitudes and behaviors, we can conclude that, their war was political because each ethnic tribe wanted to possess their own goods along with possession.

The relationship between social perception and social cognition, and social perceptions required to be addressed in order to resolve the conflict between the two groups.

Social cognition has been defined as encoding storage, retrival together with processing in the brain (Saha, 2006). This method has been used as an approach in social psychology in investigating various social abilities that disrupt information processing in the brain and any other disorder. In addition, Saha has defined social perception as the part of perception that helps people to understand individuals with the groups of their social world which is an element of cognition in giving solution of changing behaviors. This implies that, there is a relationship between social cognition and social perception in that, social recognition determines the outcome of social perception as discussed in their definition. Additionally, both have similarities in influencing self-motives in desire to achieve beneficial outcomes that maintain positive behaviors.

Relating the concept of social cognition and social perception on the two groups, the underlying root condition for their cause of mass violence can be assessed by examining social psychological factors. In analyzing, certain factors of cultural history, dehumanization, moral exclusion, impunity can be then be applied in analyzing the effectiveness prevention of its occurrence. In social perception, such behavior recognitions can be used in outlining instances of genocides for instance, threat of genocide committed by different tribes, in addition, knowing what caused the war along with having full information on any political leader that would have influenced the conflict. In doing the assessment, violent forms of aggression may be assumed to be natural part of human evolutionary development, but should be avoided in all means (Saha, 2006).

In conclusion, the ability of organizing the development of pro-social behavior plays a major role in survival humanity rather that using aggressive behavior. This may be a fundament role in controlling behaviors that may cause war, in addition, solving the differences between the two groups.

 

 

References

Keith, K. D. (Ed) (2010). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Contemporary Themes and Perspectives.    New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Levinson, D. (1998). Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Westport New          York: Greenwood publishing group

Mamdani,M. (2002). When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in        Rwanda. New York: Princeton University Press

Saha, S.C. (Ed) (2006). Perspectives on contemporary ethnic conflict: primal violence or the politics of conviction. California: Lexington Books

 

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The case main issue

            For any organization to prosper and survive in the modern world of rapid change, it requires to be flexible, faster learning and moving than before. Capability of this lies on the value of training in that, if an individual is able to learn, develop and change, then the organization will follow the same trend. Due to advanced technology in the modern world, training should be considered along with systems that are important in human resource development. In this regard, many organizations are using technology such as video streaming; Web based multimedia, simulation along with a virtual reality. Although there are many benefits that emerge from training, it does not come cheaply. It needs to be planned for with adequate information required to attract enterprises to organization training. In addition, training the existing employees can be challenging; therefore, the trainers should train employees and enable them to undertake training to fellow employees. With this in mind, training has been a crucial aspect in hotels in United States and globally. Hotels like Ritz-Carlton, Four seasons, Starwood and Sheraton among others have identified how crucial training is.

Its importance

            Training improves the overall image of the Hotel through working in a high degree of professionalism that lead to delivering high quality customer service. It influences employees to be more productive which many businesses recognize as a key aspect to competitive success. It compels the staff and management in creating a positive organizational culture, which as result enhances quality service of the enterprise performance through matching the organization goals with management policies. Training instills managers the skills required to improve their management of people. In this case, managers at hotels are usually trained to evaluate their customer and employee body language, ensuring eye contact in addition, flexibility in solving problems in the organization. Eventually, managers can end up training their employees as a way of ensuring successful customer service.

A survey done in Starwood hotel indicated that, after training 185,000 workers on areas such as solving conflicts and social skills, it increased the organizational profits and revenues because employees were encouraged to work as a team which greatly influences effective work performance.

From Human resource management point of view, training is aimed at bettering the performance of groups and individuals within an organizational setting. It is borne in mind that, conflicts between employees with the bosses are most career challenges. Economists have argued that, the key reason why many employees quit their jobs is conflicts with the bosses. In this regard, training employees to get along with authority and bosses who have diverse character may be the best guarantee of long-term success. As a result, it enhances better relationship in the work place.

In addition, training improves the fullest of employee work performance along with self-actualization, which develops, and enhances quality of work life that makes employment in the enterprises desirable.

Potential solutions

            The focus of Human resource manager is to create a positive organization culture and provide well-motivated employees. Training assists in achieving the objectives as well as improving the skills and abilities of work performance.

HRM plays a fundamental role in ensuring that an organization prosper and survive. The organization effectiveness is based on employee performance, turnovers and employee satisfaction among others. In achieving these, training assists in ensuring that the organization meets its needs by having well trained and motivated employees. Thirdly, training assist in preparing reports on solutions to problems encountered within the firm which easen the duty of Human resource manager.

Pros and cons for these solutions

            As discussed above, training creates a positive organization culture. This assists the employees in understanding what is required in meeting organization objectives. This can highly increases work productivity in that employees will be equipped with skills required in the work force. However, this may have a side effect on employees in that; many may end up feeling frustrated in the process of working hard to meet the organization culture. Because of inspiring employees to work efficiently, it may greatly increase the organization profits. However, if this is not properly handled, employees may be forced to work overtime in the name of increasing the organization earnings.

Best solution

            Based on my opinion, the best solution from the above solutions is that, training develops and maintains quality of work life, which makes employment within organization desirable. This is because; employee greatly determines the performance of an organization. If proper training is given on employees, there will be a likelihood of delivering quality services to the guests, effective skills when solving problems, morale to work and self-actualization among others. As a result, these factors will greatly attribute to a successful business in terms of profits and work performance.

Conclusion

            As discussed in this paper, training greatly influences on work performance in an organization. Many hotels in the united State have identified its importance. When effective training is done, employees understand the organization culture, improve in their work performance and acquire effective skills required in the work place. Additionally, It easen the duty of Human Resource Manager by helping the organization meets its goals. However, it may have side effects in frustrating employees to work overtime as a way of making them cause productivity. A time, employees may be forced to go for trainings when at that time they are suppose to be with their families.

 

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Human Motivation

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It is a well-documented fact; Motivation concept is the driving force that influences human beings to achieve their goals by imposing a strong impact of direction in their behaviors. In essence, motivation is the basic need; effective in maximizing pleasure and minimizing physical pain rooted in resting, goal achievement, and state of well-being in addition; ,less selfishness, mortality and altruism. With this regard, various theories have emerged in discussing the concept of motivation theory. Among the theories; Attribution theory has been proposed by many experts to be most effective in the sense that, it  concerns the aspect of how individuals interpret events and how it eventually relates to behavior thinking in  a positive or negative way (Murray,1939). With this regard, this paper seeks to analyze Attribution theory of achievement in addition, describer how this theory would and would not applicable if applied in the ABA behavioral therapist option or professional development and performance feedback.

Attribution theory of achievement

In essence, Attribution theory concerns the way individuals interpret events in addition, outline how the interpretation relates to their behavior and thinking. In brief, the theory explain why people behave the way they do. The theory was first proposed by Bernard Weiner in 1935. The theory underlies a three stage process, which include Behavior must be perceived, determined whether they are intentional in addition, their causes should be attributed to be external or internal. Weiner contribution underlies fundamental factors such as ability, task, luck and effort. It’s perceived  that, success and failure is determined by locus, stability that tend to cause change over a time or not and controllability said to be causes, which an individual cannot control for instance luck. In this regard, the perceived stability for the causes is said to influence any changes in expectancy for the success or failure. With this in mind, Murray (1939) argue that, the theory outline that, achievement is attributed by effort, luck, level of task flexibility and level of  ability. With this regard, Weiner’s theory is globally applied in clinical psychology, law, education along with mental health domain. In addition, it has been widely been applicable in examining the company productivity. Based on my personal experience, this theory relates to the workplace situations but, to some extent it is not applicable.

Most applicable

In facts, as an ABA therapist, it is with no doubt; the theory is most applicable in the sense that, it enables the entire ABA Therapist professional to effectively study how behavior is determined by the environment factors. By using Attribution theory of achievement, therapists effectively treat patients with behavior disorders through using reward systems that aim to reinforce positive behaviors, social skills and learned behaviors. Under this concept, therapist professionalism uses various techniques, which include milieu therapy, incidental teaching and essential incidental teaching to help patients overcome social and mental disabilities.

The concept of Weiner theory has been applicable in the aspect of; an individual that experience repeated failures is more likely to suffer emotionally, being less competent in life, low self-esteem, and controllable factors to failure. With this regard, the victim is more likely to suffer from various disorders such as behavior, emotional and personality disorder. The  Attribution theory of achievement aid to explain in detail the root causes of such disorders. For instance, the theory attempt to explain that, individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to be successful than those with low self-esteem. In conjunction with this, ;the theory explain the controllable factors of how individuals behave, which as a result, assist in establishing the best treatment to handle patients with various disorders. Therefore, numerous empirical observations may be examined from this theoretical perspective. By using Weiner theory, the ABA therapist understands the environment thus, enabling the therapist to understand patients with the surrounding factors of the patient (Forsyth, 1980).

Intrinsically, because of the theory being applicable to ABA therapist in treating patients eventually it increases efforts in understanding patients thus, leading to the professional improvement (Bolles, 1975). A desire for mastery and that of functional search in a case like that of two generations in a casual exploration may not seem to specifically be characterized as one geographical area or a human period of life. We can say that if a prior outcome likes that of an exam failure, social rejection, political loss or maybe economic decline and since the out come may be undesired then there would be a strong possibility that there might be an attempt to alter the cause to produce a positive result

Not Applicable

            According to McGregor (1960), to some extent, the theory therefore rates the structure of thinking to the dynamics of actions and feelings. For instance, it fails to increase work productivity in the sense that, many employees relate their poor work performance with bad luck. In conjunction with this, it decreases work performance in the sense that, when used in explaining the difference within motivation concept between high and low achievers it seems not applicable. For instance, despite the workers having the capability to perform well in work performance; most end up avoiding the task for the reason that, success relates to high capability and effort while failure is thought to be caused by faults.

Additionally, it may have effect on personal satisfaction in the aspect that, instead of many people being motivated to face challenges they encounter in their working performance; many avoid chores related to success contributed by doubt of their ability to addition, underlying success concept with lack. According to Forsyth (2009), this directly affects an individual morale of working on tasks thus destroying self-esteem and confidence. With this regard, these may lead to other aspects of anger, gratitude, pity, pride, hopelessness and shame. Worse to these, it becomes discouraging in cases where people with disabilities are regarded as failers because of uncontrollable factors. Based on these arguments, one can outline that,  the structure of perceived causality is derived from causes of success and failure for instance ability and effort that eventually may lead to social in acceptance and rejection thus, despite when successful fails to be recognized.

Bolles (1975) argue that, men will always try to attain certain objects or attainable goals not so much demanding. It is with no doubt;  to some extent, the theory stimulates individuals to believe that, success comes by luck thus; encouraging many to wait for that luck. As a result, an individual takes a job depending with his instinct to work and merely to give a redundant description of the observed behavior that will add nothing to his understanding of the behavior took place.

The need to create new theoretical models of motivation

For Attribution theory of achievement to work in accordance;  there must be a good working environment and opportunities to satisfy the high needs. Nevertheless, if the management fails to focus on physiological needs then, the mere provision of reward will be bound to be infective. With this regard, the concept of anarchy, chaos, lack of responsibilities and inability to make decisions may cause irreconcilable conflicts of self interest. All these consequences and other worse won’t be inventible unless conditions are created in such a way that; any member of the organizations perceived, can achieve their own best goals when it comes to directing their efforts toward success of any enterprise. If this change is imposed, the attitude of managers toward their workers can be transformed by the theory (McGregor, 1960). As a result, the assemblies of assumptions about people and their behaviors may be used to guide and determine their actions thus enhancing the concept of human motivation.

In conclusion, an emphasis on the creation of a good and favorable work environment for managers eventually lead to fruitful organization approach thus increasing individual manipulation of personal motivation (McGregor, 1960).On the contrary, failure to change discussed in the paper, the theory may lead personal dissatisfaction and low productivity of employee performance. With this regard,  this paper has analyzed the Attribution theory of achievement in addition, describer how this theory would and would not applicable if applied in the ABA behavioral therapist option or professional development and performance feedback

References

Bolles, C (2000). Work Place Motivation. A review of Literature, 2, 8-9.

Forsyth B. (2009, September 29).Forgotten Film: That Sinking Feeling.  Retrieved from Talking

Moviezzz.com.

McGregor, D (1960).The Human Side of Enterprise.25th Edition, 45-49.

 Murray, A (1939).Explorations in Personality, Oxford University Press. 4, 78-79.

 

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How to manage cross-cultural teams in international projects.

 

1. ABSTRACT

 

International projects experiences many barriers to their road of achievement compared to the domestic projects. Guidance of individuals among Cross-cultural have been done which has been helpful in providing knowledge and ability required to exist   and perform duties in a different culture. Present cross-cultural training has however failed to tackle the factors which result to the victory of international projects. After evaluating different studies in the literature that tends to deals with reasons of achievements and failure of international projects, different writers have come up with guidance a curriculum that is of use in providing proficiency required as a way of improving the possibilities of project succeeding.

 

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND AIMS

 

 

. To come up with a document that shows best practice methods of training as a way of attaining success in cross-cultural

. To set up important information as a guideline of the policy progress in the years to come and the decision made in the present organization that are in charge of multicultural relations, government organizations in addition to the society associations as a way to put into practice cross-cultural instructors in conjunction to consuming the resources found in the cross-cultural.

. To offer strategies in applying useful cross-cultural preparation and the progress requirements of the field found in cross-cultural education in training.

 

2.1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS.

 

1. How will the cross-cultural success be shown in method of training in form of a document?

2. How will the important information be used as a guideline of the policy progress in the years to come and the decisions made in the present in the present that are in charge of multicultural relations, government organizations in addition to the society associations as a way to put into practice cross-cultural instructors in conjunction to consuming the resources found in the cross-cultural?

3. How will the strategies in applying useful cross-cultural preparation and the progress requirements of the field found in cross-cultural education in training be offered?

 

 

2.1 IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT AND ITS EXPECTED OUTCOME

 

 The cross cultural training will be of importance in the progress of individuals and this will bring competition in the cultural association. The training will help in delivering huge assessable profits for the organization. This will also be significant in that it will develop the facts of cultural pressures on client and communication among colleagues in work place.

 

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Surveys in different field have been done showing the impacts that cross-cultural training has. A survey that was carried in public region in the phase between the years 2000-2005 gave clear information that cross cultural training curriculums has result in attaining their goals. Assessments in training assessing done in surveys in approximately 515 public region data showed upgrading in their consciousness in cultural controls both in client and the colleagues interaction in the places of work as result of having information through accepting different cultures by knowing their variety policies and their concerns. As a result of doing away with 39 cross cultural training that was put in usual range of six hours in additional to the common nonattendance of managerial cultural competency never resulted into increases in accepting the major causes of culture based in culture and assurance to move cross cultural ability found in the colleagues in the places of work.

Studies were also done in the cross-cultural training that was done in Australian based in public region. Reactions to the present practice study were obtained as from 105 legislatures to 93 administrations in additional to community associations. These studies showed in general the self-effacing level in cross-cultural training activity. Ninety three reacting associations had a standard of five training incidents in a year giving to an average of 5.2 hours mostly in employees. Their main aim was to improve client service, society public relation, enhance good communication in the work place, and improve in business abilities and advertisement of the service.

 

4. PROJECT PLAN METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO BE USED

 

RESEARCH METHADOLOGY

 

From verification in history it is obvious that individuals of cross-cultural team are perpetually trying to come up with better and efficient ways for training individuals resulting to greater success. These were however followed to researches that gave priorities in their researches over ways of making cross-cultural teams in international projects become well. The research methodology to be used will be interview from individuals with the outcome of providing information regarding cross-cultural team. This approach will create awareness of the challenges that cross-cultural team in international projects. Method of preparing and presenting conference papers will be used reporting on the cross-cultural training and its effects.

 

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Homosexuality

Introduction

            It is a well documented fact; homosexuality is the romantic and sexual attraction between members of the same sex. It refers to the person sense of social and personal identity based on attractions of the same gender. There two common adjectives used to refer homosexuality; lesbian and gay. Lesbian refers to women while gay refer to men. Without doubt; homosexual relationships is admired by some while condemned by some throughout history. In this regard, The Picture of Dorian Gray ‘is one of the books said to underlie homosexual tension. With this in mind, this paper seeks to analyze Picture of Dorian Gray using direct examples that portray homosexuality.

According to Wilde (10), the picture of Dorian Gray is a novel published by Oscar Wilde printed in 1890. In brief, the novel narrates the story of a young man named Dorian Gray subject to painting by artist Basil Hallward. In facts, Basil is impressed by Dorian’s beauty who later becomes infatuated with him with a belief that, his beauty is responsible for the new model in his art. Dorian begins to indulge in pleasure and immoral behaviors. With this and many more, The Picture of Dorian Gray is the novel that deserves credit as the pioneering of depiction of homosexuality relationships. It is with no doubt; homosexuality reader would respond to the book undercurrent of gay feeling in addition, would find the very name of Dorian in the sense that, it was Dorian tribesmen that introduce homosexuality into Greece.

In addition, Wilde’s said the main characters are a reflection of him. In this aspect, Wilde’s attitude toward homosexuality in the novel is seen in the portrayal of Basil Hollaward. He becomes infatuated by Dorian’s beauty. Hallward is also portrayed to be morally sensitive in the sense that, he represents the idealized Platonized homosexuality connected to the art and philosophy. In essence, Basil Hollaward love towards Dorian is best shown in his paintings based upon the adoration of the Dorian’s beauty.

Similarly, Gillespie (3) argue that, Henry is overcome by the desire of seducing Dorian by molding him into realization of a type. As a homosexual living within the prejudiced society, Wilde asserted this philosophy in an attempt to justify his lifestyle. In reality, for Wilde, homosexuality is portrayed as the sign of a refined culture and not a sordid voice. For example, he portrays this during the trial of the indecency between men as well the affection between a younger and an older man.

In conjunction with this, Lord Henry portrays homosexuality nature in the aspect of preferring the company of Dorian to that of his wife to the extent he consistently expresses the misogynist views. He goes to the extent of worshipping the youthful male beauty embodied by Dorian. As a result, he encourages Dorian to give full rein to his secret desires suggesting that, he acknowledges sexual attraction to men. The language used by Lord Henry describes the homosexuality attitudes best shown in admiring the people of the same sex (Gillespie 5).

Interestingly, both Lord Henry and Basil are attracted to Dorian Gray on account of the great physical beauty. It is a well-documented fact; Basil insists that his love for Dorian is intellectual, and noble and there is no reason for doubting him. In this case, he speaks about Dorian as in the facts of man who would speak about his lover.  Additionally, he sublimates the erotic dimensions of his feelings to Dorian into his arts. It is with no doubt; the novel best presents the theme of homosexuality (Wilder 5).

Conclusion

            In facts, the picture of Dorian Gray best portrays the theme of homosexuality. Underlying the homosexual tension is found between Basil, Lord Henry to Dorian. With regard, these characters reveal homosexual behavior. With this in mind, this paper has analyzed Picture of Dorian Gray using direct examples that portray homosexuality.

Work cited

Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York: Plain Label Books, 2009. Print

Gillespie, Michael. The picture of Dorian Gray: “what the world thinks me. California: Twayne     Publishers, 1995. Print

Wilder, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray and Other Writings. New York: Simon & Schuster,     2005. Print

 

 

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