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History

            For many years, history has been outlined as acquired knowledge about the past events. A time, it has been viewed as the period of time after which the writing has been invented. History field plays a paramount role in analyzing the sequence of events, which sometimes investigates objectively on the patterns of the effects, which made the event occur (Bennett 2). Generally, history involves different areas of studies that include religion, politics, social history, Diplomatic history, environmental, public history, People history and World history among others. Although these categories differ in views, they are common in explanations (Houghton 1). In this regard, this paper seeks to analyze two articles that relate to the topic of history. The first article discusses the current news on the history context of American politics, which for many years have been known to be influential in the entire World. The second article examines the history of art museum of arts and design in United States.

Historical Context of American Political

            In a recent New York Times article, Parry (1) has discussed briefly on the history of American political leaders in addition, how media attributed to making American a better place. In the article, he outlines that, the political forces over the past years were so meaningful compared to what is happening currently. From his personal experience as a Washington journalist points that, the post World II period was the best chance for institutions of Republic to improve the country welfare through creating conditions that would help the middle class people live in better conditions without lack. For past years of history, Parry analysis how the press had helped in exposing the wrongdoing for various politicians as a way of protecting the rights of citizen particularly the racial minorities along with women whose voice were diminished. Although some politicians like President Dwight Eisenhower had helped veterans buy homes as well as education, some political leaders were reported to ignore the rights of citizens.

According to Parry, President Dwight was known to unite the country together in addition, increased productivity. Dwight pursued a moderate policy of confession that pointed that, American was the strongest and most influential nation globally. Born in 1890 and died in 1969, his life left a legacy. In his ruling, he was known in reducing the strains of Cold War in 1953 to the point that, he brought an armed peace from the border of South Korea to maintain peace. Meanwhile, United States and Russia were attacked by hydrogen bombs in addition, threat of destructive forces were all over the World. He concentrated on maintaining world peace in addition, enjoyed the development atom for peace program. As a way of ensuring all citizens are treated equally, he occasionally ordered to the complete reunion of the armed forces that, there should be no second-class citizens in American country. In his leadership, he emphasized on better conditions that would attribute to all citizens living in harmony.

During John Kennedy leadership, Parry points out that, poverty had increased drastically in the United States. Although he was known to have pushed United States into the World leading technology, most citizens’ needs were ignored. It was at this point    President Lyndon Johnson intervened in fighting poverty in the United States. Additionally, he provided medical insurance for those above 65 years along with those too poor to pay.

It was at this point, the federal courts began to address the shameful history of racial segregation; and other forms of discrimination in 1950s and 1960s. This was to act as the U.S constitution specifically the amendment for equal protection. In 1960s, the U.S press corps noticed the improvement that Lyndon Johnson had done in the country; and as a result, they functioned closer to ideals of politicians that ruled in suspicions. For instance, the Watergate Scandal was among the political scandal in 1970s in United States that resulted from the breaking of Democratic national Committee which effect led to resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. Additionally, it also resulted to trial conviction along with the incarceration of Nixon administration officials. As a result, by mid 1970s, there were real checks and balance of ensuring the rights of citizens and accountability of political leadership were put in check.

Parry argues that, the view of American crisis becomes clear to him in the sense that, he sees the need of all journalist and editors report on any corrupt story without fear of losing jobs. He insists on honesty journalism that would make the world a better place. If leadership was to grow significantly should consider honest content along with courageous outlets.

Conclusion

            As discussed in the above article, it is indeed true that Journalism have a fundamental role to play in making the world a better place. As Parry ( 1) points out, there are no shortcuts to correcting the imbalance of U.S political system. In this regard, Parry has points out some of the challenges that United States experienced with various leaders and how the Media exposed their misleading. Parry has recognized the impact of some few leaders who worked hard in making a better American Nation. This knowledge has enhanced my understanding on current events in addition, it has changed my perspective of history. It has inspired me to know that, Media has a great role in making the World a better place. As a result, I have known that, we have the solution to what we inspire to see in politics.

The History of Art Galleries of United State

            In essence, the history of art Galleries in the United State has been very interesting. For many years, the Museum of Arts and Design has been established for many people in United States. It is based in Manhattan in New York; as a center for collection of handmade objects in different forms: metal, fiber, clay, glass and wood. It has greatly influenced the growth of American tourism industry. It generally accommodates 300,000 visitors per year and under outreach efforts, it doubles the number. In this regard, this paper seeks to examine the current news in the New York Times article concerning the history of Museum of Arts and designs.

In a recent New York Times article, Caplin (1) has discussed the museum of arts and design. In this regard, he has first discussed how Museum was founded and, later he has shown how this has affected the current building. Caplin points out that, Museum was established in 1956 as the Museum of Contemporary crafts by Philanthropist in Victorian brownstone. In 1986, it moved to 40 west 53^rd Street whereby it was renamed American Craft Museum. It was until 2002, it changed its name to Museum of Arts and designs as a way of reflecting its focus on fashion, technology, architecture, performing arts, crafts and art and design. IN 2008, the museum was moved to 2 Columbus Circle which was more tripled the size of the former place.

The Museum place now includes four floors of exhibition, emerging artists, exhibitions for works established, restaurants and 150-seat auditorium that the Museum plans to feature lecturers. In addition, it has a center for jewelry study and educational center, which offers multi-media access to art sources materials to students. Caplin reports out that, the show tends to focus on postwar contemporary art; which acts as the guiding principle of how it started out as the craft museum (Iise-Neuman 1).

The museum has quickly outgrown to the point that, it can have ten shows simultaneously as well as displayinging its permanent collection. The building has now been established in the number of visitors it holds on a daily basis. As a result, many individuals have praised the new building as a building that is impossible hard to get out of mind. Although there have been critics on building, the fact is, the building attracts many.

Conclusion

            As discussed in the above article, history of Museum of arts and design has been effectively discussed by Caplin (1) in a recent New York Times article. As a result, this article has enhanced my understanding on how Museum of Arts and Design started in addition, my knowledge on history has increased and inspired to develop a habit of reading newspaper daily to broaden my knowledge.

Work Cited

Bennett, Audrey. Design studies: theory and research in graphic design. Washington DC:         Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Print

Caplin, Robert. “Museum of Arts and design news.” The New York Times 20 April 2011.            Print.

Houghton, Walter. History of American politics (nonpartisan): embracing a history of the federal government and of political parties in the colonies and United States from   1607 to 1882. California: F. T. Neely & co., 1882. Print

Iise-Neuman, Ursula. Inspired jewelry from the Museum of Arts and Design. New York:  ACC, 2009. Print

Parry, Robert. “How I view the American crisis.” New York Times 17 April 20ll late ed.:    A1. Print.

 

 

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The Compromise of 1850 was a complicated package of five bills, which was passed in 1850 defusing a four-year confrontation between slave states of the south together with Free states of the north that arose in Mexican American War in 1846-1848 and drafted by Whig Henry.  It became possible after sudden death of President Zachary Taylor who tried to implement northern policy of eliminating slavery from Southwest. Different politicians committed themselves in speeches to their view finality on compromise section issues.

One of the speeches was penned by William Seward who was a powerful New York politician; the second was made by John C. Calhoun, and the last one was made by Daniel Webster. William Seward and John C. Calhoun were against the bill of clay while Webster was in favor of the bill. Even though these speeches had similarities, there were differences in each individual point of view. This paper aims at looking at each speech thereafter highlighting similarities between the three speeches.

William Seward speech

            William Seward so called “Higher law” speech is one of the most vital maiden speeches in the history of senate. Seward rose in political prominence in 1830s in New York serving within the state of senate. His speech established him as a major national anti slavery leader.  In his political ruling, he had interest on Whig party thus advocated on its internal improvements. In addition, he urged the government to arouse the state wealth, public education; along with compensated voluntary of setting, the slaves free (Seward, 1853).

Seward speech was called “Freedom in new territories”. The freshman spent a month preparing his statement in realizing that it could be taken as North respond to Calhoun. The speech hastened on the principle that, if congress was to exclude slavery from any part of new domain, then it was just to set off a portion of  domain which would be regarded to free from slavery. From his speech, he stated that equality of state are proved equal if all men are treated equally by use of law of nation as well as of nature. The constitution never expressed anything on slavery in that it only consisted of two false impressions to slaves. These included ratio representation of taxation and provision linked to fugitives from labor. In these two cases, it tends to mention slaves but less on an individual welfare (Seward, 1853).

He went on addressing that, the right of having slaves were to give the state a right to make people slaves which would result to the state been in perpetual war. According to him, when constitution was adopted, among the thirteen states, twelve of them were slave states, which he viewed as having no equilibrium. This implied that, the constitution was only made for some states. He objected that, freedom was the major harmony within United State. Issues of having a Christian nation were to increase slavery. If ever the government were to intervene on such knowledge then half a million of its citizen would live in slavery. From his judgment, he recognized the claims to which all men are created equally therefore should be given equal rights thus no slavery.

John C Calhoun speech

            John Calhoun was a political theorist and politician of South Carolina in 19^th century. He built his reputation in redefining republicanism that included approval of slavery along with minority rights. Although he wrote the speech, he never read it since he was too ill to deliver it. His speech was against the bill of clay’s bill, in which he believed that the issue of slavery would affect the country welfare thus leading to disunion. From his opinion, the union would only be acquired by having accurate knowledge and the cause by which union is endangered. According to him, the immediate cause of all states within southern section was commenced with slavery questions, which increased rapidly within any state. The people in south were divided on the effect political ties that united them in respective parties. In his speech, he said that when constitution was ratified, among the thirteen states, twelve of them were slave states, which he viewed as having no equilibrium. On the contrary, there was no single territory in progress.

According to him, the principle of peace and justice was the greatest tool to be used to avoid slavery. However, he stated, “If you are unwilling we should part in peace, tell us so; and we shall know what to do when you reduce the question to submission or resistance. If you remain silent, you will compel us to infer by your acts what you intend” (Calhoun, 1850).

Daniel Webster

            He was born in 1782 and died in 1852. On March 7, in 1850 he gave his in support to the compromise law of 1850. Based on his speech, he needed federal officials to return the concept of slaves. From his opinion, there was a need of South and North been in slavery in that their bonds were to create biblical perceptive which states that, “Slaves are to be submissive to their masters in everything, and to be well-pleasing, not talking back.” (Titus 2:9). The result would bring liberty thus making the country to be in peace with one other (Webster, 1850).

Their similarities

The three speeches address issues of liberty and union. They strongly believed that, peace is an element that unites human beings. They seem to discuss on one theme, slavery although on different point of view.

 

References

Calhoun, J. C. (1850). The Clay Compromise Measures. Retrived on 21^st March 2011 from:             http://www.nationalcenter.org/CalhounClayCompromise.html

Seward, W.H. (1853). Furman University: Seward higher speech. Retrieved on 21^st March 2011 from: http://facweb.furman.edu/~benson/docs/seward.htm

Webster, H. (1850). On the Clay Compromise. Retrieved on 21^st March 2011 from:             http://www.bartleby.com/268/9/4.html

 

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The original designer for coach was visionary designed in 1941 as a family owned business by Lillian Cahn and Miles (Whitney & Bronfman 1) The company has been famous for women handbags, men luggage and briefcases, umbrellas, hair extension, footwear and office furniture. It started with only six workers who made various items such as leather goods, billfolds and wallets by hand. In1960, the company increased the number of employees, which later led to high profit earned. Following this progress, Lillian Cahn and Miles requested the American design cashin to be their designer. This was to increase the company’s profit and production.

In 1962, she became their designer for new labels of leather accessories. Her designs were appropriate for modern sculpture, which she dyed with her favorite candy colors of orange, pink, yellow and green, which were lined with Mexico cottons and designed by her mentor designer, Dorothy Liebes. Her contribution led to better production of the company and introduced new items, which attracted many people.

Early 1980s, the company manufactured their products using skilled laborer. Employees were paid better salaries, which motivated them to be effective thus increased coach profit. In the late 1980s, the company took steps of diversity in its channels of distribution. Specific stores were opened to help in selling their products. Its sales grew steadily at that period until demand was so high compared to supply. Despite of the increase in demand, the company never increased its prices, which led to the firm increasing its revenues.

Meanwhile, challenges were there for instance high prices of leather. This being a major problem, the company planted plant near Miami where some of the leather products were manufactured. Plant production supplied twenty-two stores within that city and three hundred different retailers which made coach products available in more that two thousand countries. Although traditional products were emphasized, it expanded more business items for women and men. Among the new products were the modern handbags that cost $50.

 

In 1988, the organization saw a need of opening its market globally because many of the customers were foreigner. In addition, over three hundred coach stores were opened in Canada and in United States. According to Knight (1), business analysts have attributed a continuing success of coach in that its brand name has been accessible to the budget conscious in United States. Coach sales have remained strong especially in American sales and within Japanese market. This has led it to operate internationally almost two hundred locations in other nineteen countries such as Brazil, Portugal, Mexico, Italy, Spain and Taiwan among others.

As the company continued its international progress, clients requested for variety of colors, new texture and variety of shapes. This contributed to Cashin introducing various accessories design in different colors. These included wallets, key fobs, cosmetic bags, jewelries and eyewear. Most often, she used hardware alike on her clothes along with accessories, particularly the brass toggle, which later became coach hallmark. Her passion for women accessories made her design adorable.

Other items included human hair along with synthetic extension. The below clip display the beauty of this extensions

 

Its success in expanding its stores was caused by Coach Awareness on the wear along with tear that happened day-to day life. She developed an interest for her products in which she repaired bags for her customers when they were damaged. This was to ensure lifetime guarantee for durability of the handbag. When damaged were brought, she assessed it determining whether the product could be repaired. The assessment was not only based on the nature that the bag was damaged but also on suitable methods of fixing. If the item could not be repaired, she would send either a brand new product of the same make, value with its discount. She only sent damaged bags to clients upon their request. Her values and integrity of the company products in repairing, promoted the Coach name.

For the past years, the company has attained high profit margins compared to other competitors. In May 1991, profits had increased by more that a sixth over the previous years and annual sales was $150 million. Although there were challenges along the way, there was progress in revenues because of increase of each design item produced yearly.

 

 

Due to its production run, the company has been able to have an advantage on economic scale. However, it has utilized lower production facilities in some countries such as China together with Dominican Republic. Currently, there are twenty-five stores globally that have carried full coach collections. These collections include men bags and briefcases with women footwear. Among the twenty-five stores, six are located in New York with two in Honolulu. Other locations are in Palo Alto, Atlanta, East Hampton, Chicago, Houston, Greenwich, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Philadelphia, Natick, San Diego, Washngton DC, Seattle, Francisco, Seattle, Westchester and Troy (International Directory of Company Histories 1).

Work cited

International Directory of Company Histories, Retrived on 17^th March 2011 from http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Coach-Inc-Company-History.html

Knight Charles. The popular history of England: an illustrated history of society. and government from the earliest period to our own times, Volume 7. Bradbury and Evans publisher. 1861. Print

Whitney Catherine, Bronfman Edgar. The Third Act: Reinventing Yourself After Retirement. G. P. Putnam, 2002. Print

 

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History of Ballet Shoes

Introduction

            According to Streatfeild (32), ballet is a word in French origin. In essence, Ballet is the form of dance executed for theater audiences. The origin of Ballet can be traced during 1400s in Italy during Renaissance time where people developed a great interest in learning and art specifically dancing. Ballet shoes are light shoes designed for ballet dancing. In most cases, Ballet shoes are made from Soft leather, Satin or canvas, which are flexible thus, enhancing effective movement of dancing. In reality, ballet shoes centre work is dancing and to ensure its maximum flexibility, they should fit closely to the foot. Initially, ballet shoes were used for stylish movements and emphasizing graceful along with the appearance. With time, ballet shoes have undergone change to the extent; there are flexible ballet shoes best for dancing. With this regard, this paper aims to discuss the change of ballet shoes throughout history and briefly explain why it changed over a time.

It is important to note that, the roots of ballet are in the Renaissance Italy. It is assumed that, Catherine deMedici may have brought ballet to France from Italy. It is certain that, the ballet shoes as we know currently were not developed in the past until much later. In essence, the early ballets were initially danced by men with the first shoes being in high heels. In facts, various changes in ballet shoes throughout history have occurred. First, Bussell (11) argue that, in early ballets, the way to differentiate a man and woman ballet was if  legs were showing underneath costumes. In facts, ballets were mostly in heels, which to some extent hindered comfort. Nevertheless, this has changed in that, in the mid 17000, a dancer by name Marie Camargo shorten her skirts in addition, removed her high heels to dance effectively. Since then, things changed to the extent, dancers wear soft and simple slippers, which allowed dancers to move freely than before.

Secondly, there are changes in structure particularly in weight. In the past, ballet slippers were weightless to the extent, dancers would be uncomfortable dancing. In 1600s, the ballet shoes were high-heeled with large buckles, which took an important role in ballet dancing. In conjunction with this, the ballet shoes were made with delicate materials such as silk, fine fabrics and leather sole. Earlier on in 1400s, the Italians held their ballet dance and unfortunately, the shoe was not specifically designed for dancing. The ballet version never created the articulate comfort in dancing. Ballet shoes were extremely heavy to suit dancing.   However, things have changed in that ballet slippers are weightless to the extent dancers feel as if they are barefoot. In this regard, studies outline that, the main reason why ballet slippers has been transformed to practically weightless is to enhance comfort particularly for dancers (Crawford 1). In addition, materials used in making ballet slippers are more diverse, ranging from leather to satin in addition, having split soles to portray dancers’ toes. Bussell (33) argue that, Pointe shoes have blocks at the end, which aim to support the toes thus, enhance comfort. This development in the ballet supported and solidified dancers. Having ballet enhancing solid dancing; England founded a place where foreign dancers would dance with ballet in 1922.

Thirdly, in 1700 there were many advanced dancing movements to the extent, toe dancing developed. By then, ballet shoes were soft in leather and not flexible. Things have changed in that shoes are constructed differently; flexible leather, thin and the pleats that are precisely stitched to the seeded sole thus, enhancing ease dancing for the dancer hardly feels the shoe when it is the shoe. It is borne in mind; some of the ballet beauty along with mystique originates from elegant satin slippers. The ballet Pointe shoe is relatively recent making it to be highly technical today.

Conclusion

In facts, the ballet shoes originated in France. Ballet was founded in 1400s, in Italy during Renaissance time where people developed a great interest in learning and art specifically dancing. It is assumed that, Catherine deMedici may have brought ballet to France from Italy. There have been changes in the ballet shoes that were not outlined in the past. As discussed in the paper, there were changes in ballets were mostly in heels, which hindered comfort in dancing. Things changed in the mid 1700 where ballet shoes enhanced comfort. Secondly, there were changes in structure particularly in weight. In 1600s, the ballet shoes were high-heeled and heavily, which as a result, could not enhance comfort in dancing.  Things have changed in that ballet shoes are light in weight enhancing comfort in dancing. Thirdly, there were changes in construction in that, in 1700s, ballet shoes were soft in leather and not flexible, and with time, the construction has been modified in strong leather that is durable. In addition, the construction was precisely decorated in stitches and seeded sole with an aim of improving beauty. With this in mind, this paper ahs discussed the change of ballet shoes throughout history in addition, explain why this has changed over a time.

Work cited

Bussell, Darcey. Delphie and the Magic Ballet Shoes. New York: HarperCollins Canada,   Limited, 2009. Print

Crawford, Nicaela. The history of ballet shoes. Retrieved from:       http://www.ehow.com/about_5384595_history-ballet-shoes.html, 1999.

Streatfeild, Noel.  Ballet Shoes for Anna. London: HarperCollins Publishers Limited, 2010. Print

 

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HINDUISM

INTRODUCTION

The word Hinduism has been originated from a name that was applied by foreigners to people living within the area of Indus River. The region was introduced during nineteenth century beneath regal British regulation as a category of census taking

            What makes the Hinduism Religion?

According to Hindu Scholars, Hindu is believed to be a guide for life. Individual tend follow their own path. The path may differ from an individual since each individual soul requires a different lesson sooner than being reincarnated. Hinduism has few belief system compared to other religions. At times it is perceived not to have uniting belief system. Despite the fact that most religions have rules they follow, for example the Ten Commandments or else the set of laws laid down in the Qu’ran. Hindu religion does not have these inflexible set of laws. However in Hindu each individual is required to study along with pray in order to build up wisdom to choose what to do wisely.

The fundamental aspect of Hinduism belief is in the ultimate reality called (Brahman) that is known as universal soul. It’s also identified with the individual soul (Aatman). All creatures in Hindu go through the cycle of birth as well as re-birth. The status is usually determined by the principle of Karma. This aspect can only be broken by self realization that can be attained by Moksha (Liberation).

The vital God is assumed to be Braham which is formless in addition to infinite. In order of worshipping the vital reality, God had been categorized with various attributes. The most Gods worshipped are usually “Shiva, Vishnu and Shakthi (Devi)”. Hindu myths usually lie in aspect of “Vedic civilization”. However, the most important sources of Hindu myths are classics that include “Mahabharata, Puranasas well as Ramayana. It is also noted that large sector of Hindus religion are vegetarianism that is not considered being compulsory within Hindu tradition. Cow is regarded to be the holy animal.

 

            Cultural and society influences that have made Hinduism vital to the region in which it originated

 

The cultural along with societal influences have made Hinduism very important to region origin. Studies have shown that in history, for the past thousands of years, the “metaphysical” viewpoint in the “Vedas” were highly structured into different schools of thought through philosopher along with sages. The beliefs were as result of various methods used in spiritual discipline. Individuals who practice the region spread their region to their children through teaching them about Hinduism. As result it has keep the region strong.

There is various sacred teaching that has been thought of Hinduism. The earliest teaching is Samhitas that consist of hymns of praise and worship of deites. There was Brahmanas that was directions on performances of ritual sacrifices to deities. The last teaching consisted of Upanishads that included the teachings that major spiritual matters. These teachings gave explanation on personal transformation that contributed to psychic contribution in ritual performances. Sanatana Dharma respect the divine in many ways in that almost each day a regions celebration is usually held in some parts of India. There are also sixteen religious holidays honored by central government. These happen to make individuals leave their work and join the festival worship. According to Hindu Scholars, these festivals keep the religion alive.          Almost each individual practicing Hindu finds to rest to a “Guru”. This title is venerable to spiritual guides. People are usually drawn to Guru as a result of achieving spiritual status that seekers of Hinduism seek. Gurus are seen as enlightenment to the individuals. They do not give academic instruction bu5t gives advices and encouragement to those seeking enlightenment or else realization.

            The desire for liberation from earthly existence

            It is important to bear in mind that Hinduism usually belief in liberation. This is a fact in that the region has a saying that one need freedom for earth to exist. The reason why the region needs to be liberated in the world is due to the fact that without freedom individuals will be incapable of expressing themselves. They will be unable to live the way they would desire or else want. These will also hinder their region ways of life a d aspect of enjoying life to the fullest. In the past, individuals did not require freedom as it is currently.

The majority in the countries that were not civilized was controlled by rulers and never cared the individual’s wishes. They just wanted everyone to be the same in believing the same thing. For instance in “Armenia” who was mostly Christians was being organized by communism that was thereafter forced to turn to Judaism. Hinduism opt not to follow rules and regulations of other regions but rather desire to have freedom in order to believe in what they want. This will help them live where they choose to live without been forced to follow what they do not want in earth. These reasons therefore explain the desire for liberation from earthly existence

            Conclusion

            In conclusion in Hinduism there is only one supreme God called Brahman. The region has influenced the society through their teachings that gives individuals wisdom on making choices in life. The region need to be liberated in the world due to the fact that without freedom individuals will be incapable of expressing themselves and what the want in life.

 

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HIH INSURANCE LTD

 

Introduction

 

HIH Insurance ltd together with its group companies was the second largest insurance company within Australia. HIH insurance ltd consisted of 217 subsidiaries together with its operation in a number of countries. However, HIH group collapsed in March 2001. These resulted to the HIH Insurance Limited and a number of its leaders to be put in liquidation. Consequently, in August 2001, the companies that were in provisional were been placed into liquidation. These has resulted to the schemes of arrangement been put in place for these insurance companies (Romans, pp67).

 

 

What were the unethical behaviors of HIH senior management, including Rodney Adler and Ray Williams, founder of HIH, which resulted in their collapse?

 

The manner in which the senior management including Rodney Adler and Ray Williams, founder of HIH, is regulated in the insurance industry, therefore, is commendable reason of inquiry into light of the recent collapse of Heath International Holdings (HIH) that is currently recorded as the biggest corporate collapse in the history of Australia (Henry, pp138).

Rodney Adler and Ray Williams, together with the founder of HIH, result to suing by ASIC in the court of Wale in New South. ASIC was successful in finding the unethical behavior in that all these officers had broken the responsibilities in HIH insurance limited (Henry, pp139).

Rodner Adler was guilty of breaking the manager responsibility found in section 180 in the responsibilities of care as well as diligence within section 181 performing duties in good faith as well as skill. Under this section, members were required to devote the time that was necessary in the need of preparing the meeting as well activates participating in the duties of the board along with having adequate level of knowledge. Rodner found to have made statements that seemed to be not true and this had effect on the market place. Due to his dishonesty, was found under this criminal offence. He was also found in failure of not of using well the position of the director as shown in section 182. Under this section, he was required to respect the confidentiality of the meetings of the board. He was required not to use the skill acquired in the company to put within his personal interest. He was sued in breaking the act of not using proper information in his duties in section 180. Under this section, he was required not to use information in causing harm to the corporation (Henry, pp152).

Ray Williams who was the Founder Chairman failed in his duties by failing to exercise his duties and power for a good purpose. He signed a letter in the annual report, which he was aware it was misleading. These sections linked in compensation in HIH auxiliary of $10m, Causality of HIH as well as the broad Insurance Ltd through which Rodner Adler the Manager. Additional offences were in connection to these crimes. These include; failure to deliver the property of the company that led to the company collapsing that prevented the company from been reproductive. There was loss of confidence due to the concerns that were brought in accounting practices that resulted to the market been fully informed (Henry, pp156).

 

Who were the ‘gatekeepers’ of HIH, what roles did they play, and what were their unethical behaviors that resulted in the HIH collapse?

 

The gatekeepers of the HIH were the management tools. These included the leadership team that included Manager and the leadership team in general. The gatekeeper played the role of representing the HIH. They served to put together the entire company as well as having the efficiency that depended on their strong point. They played the role of showing the personal consideration for the employees. Been the representatives they provided guidance in undertaking the performance as well as dealing with cases of indiscipline within HIH. They also carried recruitment in conjunction with other team leaders of HIH (Clarke, pp39).

There were however corrupt behaviors that resulted in the HIH collapse that was as result of not carrying their responsibilities. HIH illustrated that higher-ranking management as well as the board had watched over the underprivileged selection of administration personnel, in addition to their lack of skills with competencies to supervise, what grew to be a multi national enterprise. It was noted in Ray William’s personal weaknesses that included a paternalistic self-importance as well as failure to see his own faults, and the suspending to his ruling by many found in the board within an unsuspecting behavior. This contributed to HIH collapse (Clarke, pp41).

The leadership team of HIH overlooked the caution signs of HIH, the group’s that was involved with the public’s risk. The customs of apparent lack of concern or else conscious ignore on their role of been in charge for the welfare of the corporation set into coach a sequence of events that terminated into the disaster of enormous extent. The main reasons for the collapse of HIH were poor management caused by the management tools of HIH along with greediness. These were set apart by means of lack of awareness to detail of HIH as well as capability, short of responsibility for performance along with lack of truth within the company’s internal course with systems (Clarke, pp45).

 

 

What role did the ‘regulators’ play in the HIH collapse and what were the reforms that were introduced to integrate a regulatory body for the financial industries?

 

The main role that regulators played in HIH was to administer an emission-trading permit in moving assets from the balance sheet to various facets of transactions. Regulators were the ones who were giving reports on the quality aspect of HIH. This was not the case in HIH for Swiss Winterthur sold 51.1% stake in July 1998. Within the same month the newly reforms were introduced in Prudential Regulation power in Australia. They began to come with the responsibility of regulating the insurance industry that was included within HIH (Justin, pp30).

In the year 2000 in July the routine audit made by Arthur Andersen failed to raise the terror regulators as well as others believe within the company affirmation that it contained $939 million of assets. This made the HIH reform in selling partially of its trade all-purpose cover within the trade. This resulted to HIH shares declining from A$1.05 in the direction of a figure of A$0.45 after declarations that were completed of losses as well as report within the marketplace about the fundamental economic state of the company. Regulators reformed in choosing not to send in a supervisor as the outwardly audited accounts that appear to explain the corporation health (Justin, pp35).

The December economic statements of HIH were behind schedule within February 2001 at APRA. This made the regulators to think in the act of that period. The Securities of Australia with the savings commission develop into concern that HIH appeared to be in capability of setting very wide bounds in opposition to its likely insurance losses found in that the period. In the period of September 2001, the liquidators made a reform in amending the losses that estimated to A$3.6 billion with A$5.3 billion (Justin, pp37)

            HIH showed failure in financial statement in that the regulatory system was been restored in the year 1998 into line with the walls of investigation commendations. The reforms established an incorporated regulatory body in the financial industries, APPA that took more the duties for the administration of banks, life as well as broad insurance companies along with the resources of excellent innovation. New Zealand supported risk in credit ranking firm, prompt ratings, published in the year 1996 that gave a warning of the struggle experienced in HIH with a huge burden of money owing and along with suggested of the firm been nearby liquidation. Consequently, he showed the resolute in rating the pattern of weakening of HIH (Justin, pp52).

 

 

 

Conclusion

 

There are a number of ethical lessons learnt from this collapse. The HIH collapses based in Australia, have given into suggestion that there are major universal troubles expressing the means in which businesses along with company governance function. The conduct shown in this paper of association of HIH collapses has shown crime in character of different individuals such as the actions of HIH firm such as Ray Williams who failed in his duties of not exercising his duties and power for a good purpose. He signed a letter in the annual report, which he was aware it was misleading. These sections linked him into compensation in HIH auxiliary of $10m, Causality of HIH as well as the broad Insurance Ltd. Rodner Adler was also guilty of breaking the manager responsibility. He was found to have made statements that seemed to be not true and this had effect on the market place. After a regulatory inquiry into HIH collapse, there was announcement in the making use of structures of balance sheets as a way of avoiding sufficient disclosure or else clearness. These have offered some of the necessary corporate governance with ideas. Some behaviors that are associated with the collapse of HIH have lead to the ineligibility of directors along with the disappearance the world’s great corporative firms (Frank, pp152).

Recent corporate collapses that have occurred have as well hit the basis of investor in addition to public assurance within HIH have led to calls for a reconsideration of ethical principles, auditing performance, managerial recompense structures, domination practices along with exposé principles. This paper reviews some of the factors that have led to the collapse of HIH in his history (Frank, pp179).

 

References

 

Roman A, HIH collapse crime. New York: New York University Publishers, 2002 pp 67

 

Clarke B. Roles that Regulator played in HIH Collapse.   New York: Taylor Publishers, 2007pp 39

 

Henry N, HIH Collapse caused by Management Tools: Washington Publishers, 2002 pp152

 

David C, Causes of Managing of HIH Collapse in Senior Management. New York: Cambridge Scholars Press 2006pp170

 

Justin O, Reforms made in HIH collapse. California. Harvard University Publishers 2002pp37

 

Frank L, Ethics Lessons made in HIH collapse .Washington .Cambridge Press 2000pp152

 

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HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEM

Name

Institution

 

Healthcare information system

Operating systems that can be used in health care delivery.

Health care is the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of diseases, injury, illness, along with other physical impairments in humans. According to Brown (1996), health care has been delivered by various operating systems. Among the operating systems, include Windows, Unix and MAC OS. These operating systems are vital because they bridge machines with applications used to define the computing environment of health care delivery.

Eder (2000) argues that, windows have been used widely in health care delivery. Windows operating system assists the health care organization in delivering productivity in work performance, improvement and storing of data. Born in mind healthcare care requires quick information in delivering their services, the need of using the computer is required. Windows operating system is considered branching into health care by a number of benefits.

Windows improve quality of care in hospital information system.  This is because; it helps to store and transfer information, which in many cases is used in giving advice and solving clinical problems. It alerts physicians on serious kidney failure that may a rose in patients thus preventing severe kidney failure in patients. The use of windows in HIV work stations increases use of primary care and quality care.  From any terminal at the hospital, clinical can access the patient data base together with HIV knowledge data base for improved patent care because computers with databases are mostly used in comparing expected results and actual results thus, assist physicians to make decisions (Seebach & Sobell, 2006).

Despite of its benefits , professional must be aware of its hazard in lack of standardization in the medical field. Different hospitals use different symbols in medical records from others. For instance, codes called during emergency differ in every hospital. Therefore, if the medical record is transferred from another hospital in sharing information can cause problems within medical professionals in understanding medical record.

According to Eric and Ray (2003), UNIX is the second operating system, which is characterized by various concepts such as the use of plain text in storing data and hierarchical fillingly system among others. UNIX was the first modern operating system developed for computers.  It has benefits of allowing users to choose from different methods of file storage. The use of UNIX system enables health care organization to store their data in most stable and efficient way. In addition, it has a benefit of running well on hardware without causing slowdown and viruses in computer. This makes it more efficient in handling resources since there is no loss of information.

Professionals should be aware of the learning curve it has. UNIX system requires more knowledge from a user that any other operating systems. This is because;it has a graphical interface throughout its system that require the user to do some memorization of commands along with file navigation. A user who uses Windows often may have trouble, for it organizes files and programs differently from windows.

MAC OS is a series graphical user interface that was introduced in 1984 by Apple Inc (Coursey, 2003). This was to help the computer machine friendlier thus differentiating it from other operating systems that appear technically challenging. There benefits that MAC OS provides from other operating systems. It offers flexible support in health care information in that, connecting many monitors to this operating system is easy. Because of its superior design, it automatically treats the multiple displays as one. One is only required to add a video card for each monitor, and it automatically recognizes the extra video cards. Standards PCs are not designed to support more that one monitor, thus adding a second monitor is more expensive and complex.

Health care Professionals should be aware of its software incompatibility. Its hardware compatibility is very limited. There is no windows application that operates on this system. It requires most advance with the latest hardware for it to run. The most compatible hardware is Apple laptops, which few can afford, thus making it an expensive operating system.

 

Timeline

Date	Priorities of information system
Week 1	Introduction of networks used in health care (Kongstvedt,2007). Characteristics of networks one at a time Their benefit in health care information system Their disadvantages Implementation
Week 2	Evaluation of computerized health management information system in health care (White, 2009).
Week 3	Bridging the gap within health management information system in the context of changing health sector
Week 4	Trends that emerge in Health information systems.

 

The priorities of information systems

The first ranking priority of information system is organizational level of analysis with composite informational systems. Use of interview along with archival data is collected thereafter implemented. The two theories used are Contingency and resource-dependence theory. These two theories are used to explain information-processing activities that happen in health care organization. According to Armoni (2002), these analyses are grouped in various categories for instance frontline individuals are doctors and nurses. This information gives information on the number of doctors and nurses present at any given health care organization.

 

References

Armoni, A.(Ed) (2002). Effective healthcare information systems. California: Idea Group Inc (IGI)

Brown, M(Ed) (1996). Integrated health care delivery: theory, practice, evaluation, and prognosis. Washington DC: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Coursey, D. (2003). Mac OS X for Windows users: a switchers’ guide. California: Peachpit Press

Eder,L.B.(Ed) (2000). Managing healthcare information systems with Web-enabled technologies.            California: Idea Group Inc (IGI)

Eric, J. R.,& Ray, D.S. (2003). UNIX. California: Peachpit Press

Kongstvedt, R.P.( 2007). Essentials of managed health care. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Seebach, P.,&Sobell, M.G. (2006). A practical guide to Unix for Mac OS X users. New York:       Prentice Hall PTR

White, K.M. (2009). MAC OS X Support EssentialsV106: A Guide To Support And Trouble          Shooting MAC OS X. California: Peachpit Press

 

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Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Health issues

            In essence, I get agitated when I get bad test grades. My thought about the previous semesters at Bowie was; I did not put my all into it. In facts, I was just doing enough to finish the semester without considering that, am required to perform well in my grades. Failure to recognize this fact, it led to unsatisfactory answers as well as poor grades. It is borne in mind; the chief weakness for examination answers is not the fact they are ungrammatical but the fact that, answers are not composed at all. With this regard, I failed to plan what I wanted to write in the exam, which as a result, gave out inadequate answers. In addition, I never planned what I wanted to give, which as a result, led to irrelevant, unclear and inadequate answers.  I believe my prior school experience played the role in my performance in that; I was not pushed to do the best I can. In addition, the school failed to give consequences following bad performance. As a result, I was never challenged to work hard instead; it encouraged me to be in the comfort zone. I never foresaw a concern in my grade because, was never challenged enough to do better in the performance. This imposed the aspect that; I was doing well enough in academic performance. In other words, I was never pushed to do the best I could do. In conjunction with this, I was never motivated to work harder and perform better in my previous academic results. It is with no doubt; the prior school influenced me not to foresee the concern for my grade.

Like previously stated, I got concerned about my grades when I got bad test scores, which as a result, led my academic advisor to issue a letter letting me know that I was on probation. The situation got severe when I was a given the warning that, I had to perform better in my performance which failure to this, would be kicked out. In reality, this got me into a shock because I was never given such a warning in my previous school. I thought my performance was good enough not to be put into probation. The worse of it, the financial-aid declared that I was on the thin ice. From my point of view, this indicated how my performance was poor which as result, needed an immediate action of changing my reading habits and any other action that would improve my grades. I greatly believe that my prior school played a role in my performance, particularly high school. Surprisingly, I was never given a warning concerning my poor performance. Never at any time was I told that I was on probation. I believe this led me to be overconfident over my performance thus, never pushed to perform better.  In facts, the work was too easy, which as a result, made me think that all exams were always like that. In cases when the exams were not easy, I was favored in marking since the administration and teachers liked me. This spoiled me to the extent that, I was never prepared for college. I must admit I had barriers that had no control over. I have had problems in reading habits and lack of accountability. With this regard, I considered communicating with the instructor for the problems I was undergoing which as a result, my instructor has kept me on track in ensuring that I complete my work in addition, doing it to the best of my capability. With this in mind, I wont say that am yet successful since I have not passed this semester but; I believe will be successful. My instructor will determine my success since he has kept me on the track towards my performance.

Because of the previous poor performance, I would prepare differently for the future semesters. First, I will set a timetable to guide on studying. In this regard, I will outline schedule topics to review weekly. To achieve this, will cover a small amount daily for reading in addition, giving myself a mini review of what I want to cover each day. Secondly, I will outline what the topic with the time requires to study on it. With this regard, I will make succinct outlines of reading over textbooks, class notes and making brief summary for the topics studying. In conjunction with this, I will outline the most troublesome topics, which as a result, will help me spending quality time tackling them. Thirdly, will communicate to my instructor to be accountable over my performance in addition, ask him questions in topics that I do not understand. Fourthly, I will look for a positive supportive group, which eventually will improve my communication skills, interpersonal skills and strengthen my divergent thinking. Fifthly, will work hard on extra-curricular activities to be physically healthy and fit thus been effective to acquire knowledge in an effective way. Moreover, this will nourish my social life through nourishing my inner capabilities. Often times, I have been busy with social life, which has taken me away from schoolwork. With this in mind, I will ensure am fully committed to my schoolwork thus, having control over any negative support system that hinders my school progress. Having discussed how I will prepare for my future semester, I come up with realistic goals to guide me in the preparation.

Semester plan and goals

Quintessentially, will figure out what it takes to be successful in academic. This will help me in planning what I do each month, day and every hour. With this in mind, my semester goals will be the following.

• Become smarter in the upcoming semester.
• Be positive in everything I do thus, preventing me from holding on negative facts about my previous performance.
• I will review my mistakes in the previous semester to assist in the future test.
• Communicate with the instructor weekly over my progress and areas that need improvement
• I will request my instructor to set a monthly test to measure my progress.
• Will ensure that I keep time in everything I do through budgeting my time and schedule that I can easily spin out of the control.
• Will ensure that am well prepared for class preparations by studying the topic earlier before it is taught in class.
• I will prioritize tasks based on school activities and personal activities.
• Apply effective learning strategies that influence smart learning skills. These include spending a minimum of three hours in studying and; 1 hour writing what I have learnt in the course of reading.
• Create positive learning habits that entails being consistent and never to give up.
• Reward myself for any improvement done in upcoming semesters.

 

 

Having discussed the semester realistic goals that Intend to set, there are stages that will be more challenging. For instance, budgeting time that ensures that all subjects and topics are covered. This will be challenging particularly when budgeting time that covers both unfavorable topics and easy topics. In reality, the human nature would demand what is favorable to tackle. With this in mind, will come up with various strategies that I think would help to maintain the challenge of keeping time. Besides scheduling on what am going to study every day, I will break down my studying plan into various plans to ensure the topic is fully tackled. My time will be scheduled into something like this: Day 1, 1^st and 2^nd   hour reading and writing notes, 3^rd and 4^th   memorizing. Eventually, this will avoid concentrating so much on reading without considering if I fully understand the topic. Despite the fact, I will require more time on certain topics than others will; I will change according to the tweak of my plan. In conjunction with this, I will request my instructor to hold me accountability especially in topics that are not favorable. Additionally, I will invite a close friend to ensure that I follow my timetable. Moreover, will be prepared to learn what I need to learn in order to make the best use of time possible.

Conclusion

            In essence, there are benefits and disadvantages of Transtheoretical model concerning stages of change. Researchers argue that, Transtheoretical model is beneficial in the sense that, it provides strategies that guide a student to change in behavior that do not attract education performance progress (Sharma & Romas 3). As a result, it assists students in preparation towards immediate action that assist in performance progress. These actions eventually lead to positive changes in that; students eliminate any behavior that may seem to distract learning progress. With this in mind, students take steps towards healthy behavior thus encouraged to seek support from friends, instructors and parents. Transtheoretical model enables people to substitute unhealthy activities with positive ones. In conjunction with this, it increases the need to address the shortcomings, which as a result, motivate an individual to know his weaknesses. This allows students to spend more time on areas that they are weak and less time on strong areas. With this regard, Transtheoretical model assist in how decisions are made towards positive change.

On the contrary, Sharma and Romas (4) assume that, when people recognize their weak areas they tend to look at the pros and cons for taking the immediate actions towards progress in the future. This implies that, many people may end up being discourage towards their weak areas thus; having fear to address change of dealing with weak areas. In conjunction with this, many students encounter difficulties when embracing change. Some may feel burdened especially when embracing change, which a time may require one to move from comfort zone and unhealthy behaviors to healthy behaviors.

 

Work cited

Sharma, Manoj & Romas, John.  Theoretical Foundations of Health Education and Health             Promotion. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010. Print

 

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Why are standards important for the data being transmitted in “d.1?”

There are various data used in transmission in Health care IT. Among the datas used is bidirectional health information, which is mostly used in health care. Bidirectional health information is used to facilitate health care exchange that is connected with the patient medical record. For it to be effective, there are set of standards that are required. These include information on population health, public health, comparative effectiveness research, performance measurement and quality.

Comparative effectiveness research is a growing strength between decision makers and researchers that plays a major role in effective transfer of exchange generated from health services research. In conjunction, research data integration is effective in disease prevention plus health promotion born in mind that knowledge is vital in effectiveness of community health programs. Additionally, due to its effectiveness, it is highly recommended to control diseases and enhance social development of any given country or state.

Population based health care is vital in identifying a population number of a given region with its health problems. This standard is therefore used in coming up with transmission that can be used in health promotion of that population together with its health care access. In addition, it helps in improving population health because, many hospitals many hospitals may not have ways of preventing infection in health care.

Public health standard are usually published by ministry of health in the act of healthy promotion act and health protection. The purpose of this is to give direction on population health assessment together with surveillance activities that evolve health issues. Likewise, it contributes to improvement of population health by issuing health inequities.

Importance of certification of HIT

HIT policy committees usually recommend an initial set of certificate to ensure qualified professional that are required to work in HIT. Implementation specification of certification is a criteria used to enhance functionality and utility of health information technology. This ensures all hospitals to abide in set of rules thus implementing effective HIT technology. In addition, certificates helps medical field to come up with appropriate doctor who is most qualified for an incentive payment under Medicaid incentive programs. Secondly, use of certified electronic health helps to improve quality of health care that include improving continuity of health care through reducing chronic diseases by advancing research with education. This can only be done by an individual that is qualified in this profession.

Certificates can also promote set of policies, which are needed in publicly accessible, legal agreements, standards, conditions and services needed for health information. This also helps to support public health, clinical care; emergency preparedness and quality improvement in HIT through ensuring patients are handled safely and in suitable clinic care by adequate control of medical decisions. Certification of HIT is also important because this field has set of standards of care that are required in order to be familiar with treatment of illness and any complication that may arouse during medication. It is therefore recommended that, each state should issue public information about the doctor in order to one to know his education background.

Certificate use lead to innovative competitive market place because it will lead to that individual to be demanded for his credential requirements. One will be regarded special thus becoming more confident in work place.

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Health Care Reforms

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Institution

            Health care reform attempts to discuss outstanding healthy policy or changes for the most part affecting health care delivery. Typically, health care reforms expand the array for the health care in addition, improving the quality of health care. In this regard, the article Academic medicine and real health care reform 2009 Kelly discusses the concept of health care reform. With this in mind, this paper seeks to summarize the article in the form of a report.

To start with, Kelly outlines how a group of well-established health care professional is ignored in reforming solutions in health care delivery and access. Spurred by the United State, Kelly highlights how Academic health systems and clinicians experts have provided high-quality care to millions of American citizens. Motivated by Clinton health initiative, Academic health systems developed a mechanism that aimed to improve quality and reduce costs for patients treatment. Kelly outline this to be the most effective step in that; dozens of regional health systems have been developing to the extent, the new entries consist of medical schools, main ambulatory care centers, medical schools and rehabilitation facilities. Kelly reports out that; health care system has developed to most hospital having electronic medical record with many using best practices in their professional. This has profoundly impacted the overall performance in health care such that, patients have improved in addition, given the best services. Additionally, it has increased patient satisfaction through reducing health care costs.  In the future, the regional health systems expect to be effective means in basis for the new system of care. The plan aims to improve the overall medical outcomes through enhancing its value. The new plan is to be implemented through a payer defining the requirements for the health systems in order to have qualified professionals to deliver the desired care outcomes. It is with no doubt;  multiple systems will be desirable thus having a guarantee for offering best services that improve the patient health.

In conjunction with this, almost 50% of the uninsured are been issued by the academic medical systems. They have achieved this because of their commitment to provide care to people in need of it. In conjunction with this, they have achieved best results due to identifying some financial coverage for patients along with writing off bad debt, which may amount to hundreds of dollars losses annually. In such aspects, it is with no doubt; there would be 50 % of the patients directed to the institution would be expensive. It is at this point, Kelly acclaim that, it would provide much need for financial support for the Academic health systems that would be best to improve the quality of cost-effective sough out by all health care systems (Kelly, 2009).

Subsequently, by using the nation’s Academic health systems there a number of benefits that emerges. First, they serve as the central focus in training physicians along with other physicians, which as result reassure effective health care in the next generations of providers. Secondly, they conduct the majority of basic biomedical researches funded by NIH which as a result, improves patients care. Kelly concludes by outlining that, in the proposal for solving immense problems in health care, there are various issues that need to be worked out. With this in mind, William outline that, Academic health systems represents the major opportunities for receiving the real health care reforms.

References

Kelly, W.N. (2009). Academic medicine and real health care reform. The Journal of Clinical         Investigation, 119 (10) doi:10.1172/ JCI40986.

 

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