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Dividing of the Korean Peninsula

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Dividing of the Korean Peninsula

The process of dividing Korea into Northern and Southern Korea began when Japan surrendered to the allies. This was at the end of the Second World War, when Japan was the colonial master in Korea. With the fall of Japan, Korean peninsula was therefore divided into two separate states: the North, which became the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (D.P.R.K), and the South, which became the Republic of Korea (R.O.K).  There have been many efforts to reunify Korea since 1950s. Despite much effort to reunify North and South Korea, reunification is hard to be achieved.

The division resulted in the agreement by the two powers that emerged after the Second World War: the U.S and the U.S.S.R. The U.S and U.S.S.R agreed to accept the surrender of Japan in Korea. They also agreed that the U.S occupy the northern part of the parallel 38 in Korea, while the U.S.S.R occupies the southern part. This occupation was to hold until Koreans formed an independent government. The process of unification of the two divisions was thwarted by the cold war in 1947. The cold war that reflected the ideological differences between the U.S and the U.S.S.R ended the ongoing negotiations to unify Korea. The political differences that existed between the people of Korea who lived in the divided zones also frustrated the unification process (Ebrey, 2009). Korea became even more polarized. In addition, the policies that were laid down by the occupational forces of the two super powers also led to more divisions.

These divisions became more pronounce when a government that was pro U.S was founded in Seoul in 1948. Three weeks after this, a government that was pro U.S.S.R was formed in Pyongyang. Further polarization came in when both of these governments claimed superiority in representing all the Koreans. This led to tension in the entire 38^th parallel. Further rifts came in when North Korea invaded the South with the support of the U.S.S.R and tried to unify the two zones through force. The Southern Korea was assisted by the U.S and its partners to resist this forceful unification. In retaliation, the U.S.S.R supported the North with air surveillance and other weapons. China also intervened by assisting the North with combat troops. However, this came to a halt in 1953 with no agreement of unification. The North and the South remained divided into almost equal zones. These zones were marked by the lines of cease fire and demilitarization. To date, these lines form the boundaries between North and South.

Obstacles facing reunification of Korea

Most of the Koreans, both in the North and the South appreciate that the division that exists between the two was imposed on them by other external power. They therefore appreciate reunification of Korea in future.  In most instances, reunification efforts are thwarted by the influence of other states, for example, China, Japan, United States and Russia.  Reunification efforts existed since 1950s. The previous desire by the Koreans for a unified Korea was first thwarted by the Korean War in 1950 (Ch’oe, 2000). Following the Nixon shock in 1971, the North and the South Korean governments agreed on unification on 4^th July, 1972. This followed an exchange visit of the partner’s capital city by each government. According to the Korean Quarterly (1972, p.58), the two governments solemnly agreed to implement the terms of the agreement. Despite outlining the steps to be followed in this reunification, the efforts never succeeded. The committees in charge of this pact were banned before they could accomplish their mission. There were also reunification efforts in the 1980s and the 1990s with no much success. In September 1990, the two prime ministers of North and South Korea met in Inter-Korean Summits held in Seoul. They agreed that the two nations engage in reconciliation, cooperation, nonaggression and peaceful exchange. These high level talks collapsed when the two nations began nuclear weapon inspections. According to Ch’oe (2000), the Korean leaders were to meet after the visit of Jimmi Carter the president of the U.S in 1994. However, this was barred by the death of Kim II. This was followed by the signing of the North-South Declaration of June 15^th. In this pact, they agreed to seek new reunification in a peaceful way. This pact involved peaceful issue resolution, to encourage North Korea to do away with nuclear weapons, to promote inter Korea development, to promote social and cultural exchange between the two Koreans , and that the Lee administration to remain strongly in commitment for resolution of humanitarian issues.

The current efforts of reunification began by the signing of the North-South Joint Declaration of 15^th June 2000. This was signed in August, 2000. In this pact, the South and the North Korea agreed to work towards realization of a unified Korea in future.  The two countries have been marching together in the Olympics, for instance in 2000, 2004 and 2006. However, their teams compete separately. The two countries have unanimously agreed to deal with issues of human rights in North Korea universally.  The Republic of Korea has also offered to provide humanitarian aid to North Korea unconditionally in an effort to foster brotherhood. In 1991, teams from both North and South Korea formed a single team for championships that were held in Japan.  According to Feffer (2009), the process of reunification in Korea has begun, though it is slow. This has been realized through reconciliation cooperation in economic development in both South and North Korea. Feffer (2009), asserts that reunification in Korea can be achieved by integration of North and South or by collapse of North Korea. However, the current relations between the North and the South remain strained, especially after the alleged sinking of the ROKS Cheonan, which had 46 of its crew die. This was blamed on North Korea, which has since denied it. The efforts to reunite Korea have also become blurred with the death of Kim Jong-il and the coming of Kim Jong-un in December 17, 2011. The commitment of Kim to this reunification is not clear.

 

 

References

Ch’oe, Y,. Bary W,. De, M , & Peter, H. (2000). Sources of Korean Culture: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia Univ., 2000. 425. Print.

Ebrey, P. (2009). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, 2^nd Ed. Houghton: Mifflin Harcourt.

Feffer, J. (June 9, 2005). “Korea’s slow-motion reunification”. Boston Globe. Retrieved from http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/06/09/koreas_slow_motion_reunification/.

Korean Quarterly (1972) 14:3:pp.58-60

 

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Single Sex Schools

Teaching boys and girls separately has always been a significant and unique feature of private and parochial schools. However, American public schools are also taking advantage of the feature of private education and introducing single sex education in their school systems. The reason attributed to the popularity of single sex education in American public schools is based on the parents’ desire to have a firm and established role in the education of their children and the individual education predicaments which boys and girls experience (Weil, 2008). Regardless of the positive outcomes attributed to single sex education in terms of educational performance, there are arguments and criticisms that have been established against the incorporation of single sex education in schools.

Arguments against Single Sex Education

Single sex education has been indicated as a positive force especially for catering for the needs attributed to the differences between both sexes. Regardless of such basis placed for single sex education, there are arguments that counteract the positive statements accorded to single sex education. One argument that counteracts single sex education is based against the predisposed notion that single sex schools perform better than coeducational schools. According to Jost (574), the effects attributed to single sex education are biased since there are various determinants that influence successful academic performance regardless of the single sex or coeducational forms of education. To be more precise, single sex schools perform better because they are good schools. Hence, this does not mean that only single sex schools perform better. The same elements of a good school incorporated in other schools whether single sex or coeducational can facilitate any school to perform better regardless of the method of education.

Another argument presented against single sex education is the prevalence of deviant behavior amongst boys and girls in their respective single gender schools. According to Jost (575), research on single gender education in various single sex schools discovered that single sex classes in reality aggravated taunting and unruly conduct among boys and spitefulness among girls. These behaviors characterized by both sexes despite being in different single sex schools indicated that single sex education does not necessarily correct individual gender behaviors. Moreover, coeducational institutions function as correctional educational facilities for the promotion of presentable behavior among students regardless of the gender. Additionally, the argument indicates that education encompasses other aspects that do not border on academic performance solely. Education also encompasses the social and psychological aspect of both sexes in order to develop positive social behavior among students regardless of the type of education.

Single sex education only focuses on teaching students with respect to gender without acknowledging the real situations that face educational institutions. Single sex schools do not offer other services that coeducational schools offer for the overall development and facilitation of education of the students. The educational method only focuses on the separation of children in terms of gender without incorporating other external factors that are intrinsic for the performance of educational institutions. Additionally, American public schools conforming to the institution of single sex education are primary culprits since they do not possess the necessary considerable funds to provide structures that facilitate the education of the students unlike private schools, which are able to cater for the expenses. According to the USA Today (2007), single gender schools are a false impression of education since they do not consider the real problems that face the educational sector in terms of facilities. Some of the problems that single gender schools ignore include insufficient funding and the prevalence of large class sizes, which are a major characteristic of American public schools.

Single sex education also facilitates the discrimination of the students in terms of their gender differences. According to Weil (2008), the 1972 Education Amendments prohibit discrimination based on sex in all educational programs. Single sex education promotes segregation instead of unification between both sexes. The segregation only causes tension between boys and girls since education is viewed as competition instead of a vital feature that opens up the minds of students in order to be formidable in the world. Moreover, single sex education as a facilitator of segregation based on gender prohibits the boys and girls from accepting the diverse and varied differences between the two sexes. By ignoring the differences between boys and girls because of division, emergent conflicts between the two genders are not resolved and solutions as well as novel ideas for efficient and advantageous education that addresses the needs of each gender are not formulated.

Finally, single sex education only encourages the use of stereotypes in the respective educational institutions. These stereotypes are based on gender and are usually spread by the teachers and other educational instructors of these students. According to Jost (575), teachers are responsible for the perpetuation of stereotypes among the students. Most of the stereotypes generated in terms of gender are usually based on gender roles. For instance, teachers use gender role stereotypes by identifying men as the sole and basic wage earners or breadwinners for their respective families. Consequently, teachers and instructors also base instructional and penalizing practices on stereotypes of gender. For instance, boys were more penalized and educated in idiosyncratic settings whereas girls were nurtured and given opportunities for mutual work. Such stereotypes only portray the difference in education, which is only detrimental to the development of the students in a cohesive environment.

Regardless of the promotion of single sex education in public schools, the method of education is not yet prevalent in contemporary institutions. Moreover, in order to determine whether single sex education is beneficial to the students, it is appropriate to perform adequate research on the form of education and assess it on other aspects that influence a student’s academic life instead of focusing on academic performance as the only determinant for acceptance of single sex education.

 

Works Cited

Jost, Kenneth. Single-sex Education: Do All-Boy and All-Girl Schools Enhance Learning?Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 2001. Print.

n.a. “Dividing Boys and Girls into Separate Classes a Growing Trend in Many Cities’ Public Schools.” USA Today, Ganett Co. Inc., 25 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. <http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-25-split-schools_x.htm/>

Weil, Elizabeth. “Teaching Boys and Girls Separately.” The Times Magazine. The New York Times, 2 Mar. 2008. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/magazine/02sex3-t.html?pagewanted=all/>

 

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E. coli in the slaughterhouses and fast food meat

Ecoli is a bacterium known as Escherichia (genius), and Coli (species) and it belongs to Enterobacteriaceace family. The bacterium is found mostly in the fast food from restaurants such as hamburger meat and in many slaughterhouses. The bacterium is commonly found in warm-blooded organisms. It exists as part of normal flora. It has various functions such as vitamin K2 production, and it prevents harmful bacteria in the intestine. This bacterium does not cause harm to the health of a human being except the serotype 0157:H7, which may cause food poisoning thus threatening life. It can cause severe cramps and bloody diarrhea. Ecoli infections pose risk factors to the health thus raising a developing condition or disease such as obesity or diabetes.

Ecoli is common in the nations/global fast food restaurants. According to Schlosser (157) fast food, industries are driven by significant changes in the American society. For instance, MacDonald Corporation is one of the fast food industries that supply food in many parts of the country. Due to fundamental changes in the ways meat is packed and processed into beef in this corporation, many cases of sickness are rampant. The meat industries have endangered workers in the United States because of injuries, which go unrecorded and compensated. This has facilitated the deadly pathogen known as Ecoli 0157:H7 into the hamburger meat for Americans. Schlosser (247) argues that America is becoming an obese nation thus the federal government needs to act quickly on the fast food restaurants. This is because of the change created from standardization, self-service and production line thus contributing to deadly diseases. 80 % of the Americans have been reported with high cases of obesity and diabetes due to consumption of fast food from various industries.

In addition, the research indicates that the Americans spend more money on fast foods than even on higher education. It was discovered that the meat packing industries and fast food restaurants in USA are responsible health problems raised about the nation’s beef (Schlosser (235). Poor sanitation from the slaughter houses are the primary cause of the contamination of the infections. This has led to widespread risks hence there is a need for increased meat inspections before the infection causes more harm globally. Nevertheless, the USDA is now promoting technical solutions to reduce the causes of meat contamination and the way of handling fast food in restaurants. They have tried to implement policies of the way health and safety should be practiced in slaughterhouses as well as fast food restaurants.

Ecoli gets into the meat through contaminating muscle meat during slaughtering of animals. This bacterium lives in the animal’s intestines such as cows. Although some of them are harmless, some types such as serotype 0157:H7 are dangerous. Ecoli is not only limited to meat but also to vegetables that are grown using infected manure or washed with infected water. In the meat, the bacterium transmits to the human body through eating uncooked meat. Sometimes, it is transmitted through touching the meat and then eating without washing hands well. In fact, serotype 0157:H7 infection is consumed when eating any contaminated meat of animals especially cattle such as beef, sausages or unpasteurized milk in fast food restaurants.

Ecoli in the slaughterhouses and fast food restaurant meat affects the state of Texas, USA and other countries globally. It has been estimated that 85 percent of serotype 0157:H7 infections are food borne and they affect many people globally. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that more than two thousand Americans are admitted to hospitals and sixty of them die annually from this infection. The recent research estimated that serotype 0157:H7 illness increased making the federal government spend millions of dollars annually. In addition, the federal health authorities estimated that about 76 million people get sick from eating fast foods, which are contaminated. About 325,000 people are being hospitalized, and 5,000 Americans die annually. The USA continues to experience disease outbreak from E. coli bacterium. This is due to unacceptable contamination levels caused by dirty conditions whereby the animals are raised and from the slaughtering areas.

There are various cases in Texas whereby many people have died because of eating food from fast food restaurants. From the Media Matters for America (2011), many causes for children who have died from obesity have been reported to increase. Obesity has become an epidemic among children in USA. It was reported that in Texas, 2-19 children died every year. For instance, it was approximated that 12.5 million children in 2010 are affected by obesity in Texas, and a considerable number of them died from obesity (Media Matters for America 2011). In 2008, the medical costs for people with obesity in Texas increased because many people were dying from obesity, which was due to high consumption of fast foods. In fact, the number of mortality level increased from 2000 and in 2001, the U.S health care recorded high cases of premature deaths. This has been increasing in every year thus the federal government is now spending more cost on the health care system.

In conclusion, Ecoli 0157:H7 is one of the deadly organisms that pose risk factors to the health thus raising developing diseases such as obesity or diabetes. The bacterium is common in the nations/global fast food restaurants such as MacDonald restaurants and many other American meat-processing industries. The bacterium gets into the meat through contaminating muscle meat during slaughtering of animals. Americans spends more money on fast foods than in any other activities. It has affected many people locally, nationally and globally. Thus, many people have been hospitalized while others have died because of eating contaminated meat from fast food restaurants.

Work Cited

Media Matters for America. “Hannity Denies The Existence Of Food Deserts In America.”

Media Matters for America. November 16, 2011. Web. December    6, 2011.             <http://mediamatters.org/research/201111160020>.

Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, 2001. Print.

 

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Child Labor and Globalization

Summary: Argument and Main Points

Eric V. Edmonds analyses the relationship between globalization and child labor. His article first attempts to distinguish various definitions and descriptions of child labor where a politician views child labor as any activity impeding the development and empowerment of a child. On the other hand, an economist views the vice as any economic activity involving children. The article illustrates the correlation between child labor, poverty and globalization. Using case scenarios such as Vietnam’s 1990s economic boom, the author suggests child labor is primarily castigated by poverty given it reduced significantly in Vietnam as economic conditions improved. More over, the author notes the high level of child labor, up to 30%, in countries with low household per capita income in this case $1500 (Edmonds 2002). The background is created to illustrate the effects of economic change associated with globalization. Among the links stated in the article is globalization gives advanced economies more influence on the nature of domestic policies formulated. Given most developed nations, do not condone the vice, developing countries eager for trade will align domestic policies to appease developed nations. This includes alleviation of child labor. Additionally, globalization will increase the per capita income of developing nations given enhanced trade consequently, reducing child labor. However, the author notes there are instances where globalization may increase the vice in developing countries. For instance, if globalization opens the country’s industries to foreign competition, decreased demand will resort to unemployment for parents who will likely opt to withdraw their children from school making them work to increase household income. There instances where the increased demand for agricultural goods produced by developing countries due to globalization may result to more children working in farms (Edmonds 2002).

Context of Child labor in Globalization

            From Bhargava (2003) view, globalization defined is the progression where the world’s production is shared internationally coupled with increasing interdependence between the economic systems of different nations. Advanced information technology, improved transport systems and liberalized trade routes have greatly enhanced globalization. Globalization has several indicators such as percentage of non-trade tariffs or the level of control a government has on economic activity. Globalization has induced growth in demand for agricultural commodities mainly traded by developing countries where the vice is rampant. Additionally, the improved communication lines have made the production system more open therefore making it difficult to conceal the vice. Part of the globalization process is liberalizing cross border travel and transport a situation increasing workforce migration (Dagdemir & Acaroglu 2010). Typically, governments of developing nations are eager to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) thus, reduced regulations and restrictions in their labor sectors to entice multinationals who establish manufacturing plants. Globalization is such a context is viewed as a modern perpetuation of colonialism or imperialism where restrictions and regulations characteristic of sovereign states are loosed to allow corporations based in more economically powerful nations expand. Globalization has caused increased social inequality especially in developing countries further compounding alleviation of child labor. The increase inequality, the decentralization of production as corporations seek flexible labor and raising demand for cheap labor are factors characteristic of globalization impacting child labor. Conversely, globalization is characterized by decreased governmental bureaucracy and control while increasing demand for productive as well as skilled labor. Consequently, more importance is attached to human capital creating and incentive to educate children rather than make them work.

Analysis: argumentative opinion

            Edmonds attributes the negative impact of globalization to misdirecting of accruing benefits typified by increasing inequality in developing countries. I agree with this observation given research findings demonstrating effects of globalization on child labor in reference to household per capita income. In countries where the per capita income is less than $7500, globalization decreased child labor incident while in countries with more than $7500 the vice increased (Dagdemir & Acaroglu 2010). Additionally, with increased FDI the vice increase even though the economy expanded. One reason for this is increased wages for child workers who opt to continue working than returning to school. However, the author’s stance is only applicable to a limited extent. Whenever wages increase, adults or parents prefer to educate their children as evidenced by the first result where regions with house hold per capita below $7500 record a decrease in child labor. Parents have observed because of globalization the importance of skilled and productive human capital thus prefer to educate their children. Additionally, in instances where children work to educate siblings, an increase in their wages will translate to more children enrolling for education. Furthermore, the study covered in Edmond’s article exhibits the same result where even after an increase in Vietnam’s rice industry wages, the rate of children joining school increased more than those preferring to work.

The article Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor by Edmond purports increasing inequality as the impediment in globalization’s course of alleviating child labor.  The author notes globalization is only effective in nations where affected industries envisage majority of the income earners such as 70% of Vietnam income earners in the rice industry. In my opinion, this is a valid argument given inequality hinders eradication of consequences associated poverty such as child labor. The segment of the population living below the poverty line is likely to practice the vice regardless of a nation’s GDP increasing (Dagdemir & Acaroglu 2010). This is illustrated by the slow response of child labor to globalization economic empowerment effects. Research indicates the world’s top 50 million people earn as much as the world’s poorest 2.7 billion (Lieten 2003). This means in spite of increasing globalization, income disparity is worsening where in China 100 million more people live in poverty than five years ago. As fore mentioned, this justifies the authors perspective of globalization increasing child labor if measures to reduce the socio-economic inequality are not enforced.

In my opinion, the author’s perspectives on globalization or international trade effects on child labor are validated. Edmond articulates two perspectives the first highlighting the positive effect of international trade in reducing child labor. This is also validated by Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) who present a model stating domestic interest rates are reduced due the access to global capital market. Consequently, falling interest rates are less enticing to higher returns from educating a child. Therefore, parents opt to educate their children as opposed to having them work. On the other hand, Edmond also depicts the negative effect of international trade on child labor where increased foreign competition leads to increased unemployment as well as poverty. I also agree with this statement in light of economic models depicting the relationship between trade liberalization and child labor. The models highlighted in the article by Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) imply increase in demand for goods made through unskilled labor due to trade liberalization. If the demand for unskilled labor rises, then the anticipated returns on education decrease thus luring more children into employment. Additionally, trade liberalization entails loosening of migration regulations resulting to labor migration where children transverse borders searching for employment. This is illustrated by children in poor nations of Mali and Burkina faso migrating to work in cocoa farms in neighboring Ghana as well as Ivory Coast. Given the former example, I contend with Edmond’s suggestion of globalization being complimented by incentives to educate children. Lieten (2003), India has recorded a decreasing number of children workers in factories but surprisingly an increase in generic child labor. This is because much of the labor has shifted to household where the carpet making and weaving is done by children in their homes. In spite of government sanctions against the vice, globalization creates a market for goods made at home with no countering incentive for the children to be in school. Accordingly, incentives to keep children in school such as free meals should be integrated.

Conclusion

            In reference to presented facts and perspectives, opposing globalization and associated international trade since they are probable enhancers of child labor is wrong on various levels. First, globalization can aid in economic empowerment of populations in developing nations by creating a market for domestic goods resulting to adults earning enough to send their children to school and alleviating child labor. Secondly, globalization decreases the influence of state governments in market systems thus creating the opportunity for developing nations to learn and acquire child protection regulations from developed countries. Additionally, advanced economies/countries can sway domestic governments to formulating and implementing labor regulations suppressing the vice. Integrating educational incentives and reducing socio-economic inequality will direct the benefits for globalization to fully eradicating child labor.

 

 

Reference

Bhargava, G. (2003). Child labour. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.

Dagdemir O. & Acaroglu H. (2010). The effects of globalization on child Labor in developing countries BEH – Business and Economic Horizons. Volume 2, Issue 2, pp2 -11.

Dinopoulos E. & Zhao L. (2007). Child Labor and Globalization. Journal of Labor Economics Volume 2, Issue 2, pp 2- 5.

Edmonds E. V. (2002). Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, February 23/24, p29.

G.K. Lieten (2003). Globalization And Child Labor: Possible Consequences. Child Labor within the Context of Globalization: Problem Outline and Action Points, September 2003 conference.

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Bodas de Sangre

Introduction

What would you do if you were a man and your wife ran away hours after your marriage with another man? Would you leave her alone with the man or would you go after her so that you can reclaim her? In the play ‘Bodas de Sangre’ by Federico Garcia Lorca, is a heroic and tragic story of a man who has been robbed of his wife by another man. In this story, the husband, Groom, of the runaway wife, bride, is extremely furious and decides to go and seek revenge and get his wife back. Therefore, in this essay, the character of the tragic hero is analyzed from each act as it unfolds.

Discussion

In act one; the play introduces the characteristics of the hero. The play begins with the mother who is talking to his son, the groom. She is so bitter about the death of his husband and tries to let go of all the bitterness to her son. She starts this when her son refuses to eat something and decides to go to the fields and eat berries instead. In the process, he asks his mother for a knife, and she gets angry. In this act, we are introduced to the family rivals the Felix’s who are believed to have murdered her husband[1]. Additionally, the act has also introduced the character of the hero.

The hero in the play is the groom who is almost ready to marry his wife. In the first act, his characteristics are introduced and they revealed slowly in this act. He is a humble man. This is because he does not quarrel with his mother for letting out all her emotions on him. Additionally, he is not quick to go and revenge for his father’s death after being told the story of his father’s death by his mother[2]. In addition to this, the way he humbles his mother shows that he is extremely humble. In reality and in the theatres one characteristic of the different heroes is being humble. Therefore, in act one the hero is being revealed as a humble man.

The other characteristic of the hero revealed by this act is patience. The groom does not do things hurriedly and is not quick to judge. In act one, he is seen to wait for the right time to exit after his mother has let go of her anger on him. In reality, people often try to escape any discussion from their mothers involving anger. Additionally, when a person is told that his or her father was murdered by a certain person, he or she wants to revenge. However, heroes wait, investigate and look for the real perpetrator before they commit themselves to anything. This is because they might be wrong. In this case, the characteristic of patience is revealed because heroes are meant to be patient despite the circumstance they are involved in.

Another characteristic of the hero, groom, is that he is caring. In reality, heroes are loving. They put the community or the society first before their own needs. This means that they love their own society. In this act, it can be clearly seen that the groom cares for his mother because he has waited and allowed his mother to release all her anger on him. Lastly, as he is about to depart he hugs her despite his mother telling him that he is too old for these things. This shows that he loves his mother, and he cares for his mothers needs before his own. Therefore, the characteristic of the hero is revealed as a caring and loving man.

It is worth noting that heroes are also human beings; therefore, they tend to portray normal characteristics. Additionally, heroes do not have to win in a battle so that they can be called heroes. They must first start somewhere so that they can finally emerge to be heroes. There are other activities they can perform to deserve the name. Occasionally, heroes often have similar characteristics that separate them from the rest of the world. Additionally, they do not boast of what they have achieved but always in silence. Therefore, in act one of the play, the story has slowly revealed the characteristics of the hero as a normal person. It should be noted that at this point the tragic hero is not referred to as tragic yet because he has not met the tragedy.

After Leonardo, one of the Felix family members was told that the groom was going to marry the bride he decides to see the bride at night. In act two, it begins with Leonardo visiting the groom at night so that he can inform her of the burning desire he has for her. It is in this act, the groom marries the bride. The normal process of a marriage takes place where the groom’s family goes to the bride’s family. After receiving the bride, they go to the church where everybody has been invited for the wedding service. After the service, the groom’s family goes with the bride to their home where they are expected to have a traditional party in the evening. When they are about to begin the traditional dances, the presence of the groom and the bride is required. However, the bride is nowhere to be found. Leonardo’s wife burst from one of the room saying that the bride has eloped to the forest with Leonardo[3]. Act two ends with the beginning of the search party heading towards the forest.

The hero is also friendly, that is, he does not choose who to talk to and who not talk with. Heroes do not choose who to save and who not to save. They save everybody regardless of what is gong to happen. In this act, the groom did not chase Leonardo away from the wedding despite what happened in the past with their father[4]. Additionally, he tells Leonardo’s wife that her husband will be back instead of misleading the wife of the sworn enemy of the family. This shows that despite all the wrong things the family has done to them, the groom is still friendly to them and does not consider them as enemies.

 

In this act, the characteristics of the hero have grown from the normal life to the beginning of the real heroic characters. The characteristic portrayed by the groom is that of being protective. Universally, heroes are known to be protectors, that is, their work is to protect the lives of others at no cost. In this situation, the bride knows that the groom has the ability to protect the bride from anything. Therefore, she feels safe when they are with the groom. When the wedding is about to start, the bride begs the groom to protect her from anything. This alone shows that the tragic hero is protective. For this reason, the tragic hero is being revealed as the protector thus showing the real duties of heroes.

The tragic hero is also an optimistic person. All heroes often believe that they are going to win their battles and the lives of the innocent. This is because there is no way a person can go into a battle without the expectation of losing. Everybody believes that he or she is going to emerge the victor. In this case, the groom was optimistic in whatever he was being told by Leonardo’s wife. The wife expected that the groom was going to read between the lines; instead, he brushed her off and told her that Leonardo has just gone for a ride and will be back shortly[5]. Additionally, when the groom was entering the forest with the search party, he was optimistic that he would bring his wife back home with him. This alone reveals that the hero is going to reclaim back his wife thus showing optimism

In the end of act two, the hero has also been portrayed as a person who is determined to get what he wants. He wants to go and bring back his love from another man, Leonardo, who took her has taken her away from him. This determination can also be compared to the other tragic heroes of the day-to-day life who often are determined in their endeavors no matter how difficult the situation. Therefore, it can be clearly seen that the hero is extremely determined to do what it takes to bring back his wife no matter the consequences.

In the second act, the characteristics of the hero have been developed in such way that one can understand that the hero is seeking to save the fate from not happening. This is the reason as to why he is referred to as a hero by the society. For these facts, the second act has revealed the characteristics of a real hero. Additionally, the hero is filled with anger because it is a repeat of what the Felix family did to them but in a different way. This shows that the hero has waited until he has to prove that the Felix family killed their father. Lastly, it can be seen that the groom has taken charge of the search party thus gaining the status of the hero. It should be noted that the fact of tragedy has not yet been revealed in this act. Therefore, the analysis shows that the tragic is still a hero.

In act three, the story has reached its climax. Every youth in the society has joined the groom in the quest of searching for his bride and killing Leonardo. This act begins when the woodcutters emerge to discuss the events. They reveal that Leonardo will be eventually apprehended and killed by the Groom once the moon emerges from the clouds[6]. The forest is filled with activities from all corners. On one corner, the bride and Leonardo discusses the future where she urges him to go away before it is too late. However, Leonardo refuses. On the other side of the forest, the moon is speaking of how lonely it is and desire to let blood be shed. Finally, death enters as a beggar and informs the groom that she knows where the two are hiding. The Groom follows them into the forest. Finally, they catch up with them. Two screams are heard, Leonardo and groom are dead.

In this act, it is the climax of the story where the tragic heroism of the groom is finally revealed. The first characteristic of the tragic hero that can be viewed in this act is courage. The groom is filled with a lot of courage and determination of finding his bride and Leonardo. There is one situation where the youths are afraid of going any further due to darkness in the forest. The groom is not discouraged and says that he will continue until he finds Leonardo so that he can kill him and reclaim back his wife. This alone shows that the groups is courageous enough like a hero, and there is nothing that can stop.

Another characteristic of the hero is that he is fearless. Heroes are expected to be fearless. They can walk into a trap without the fear of the outcome rather they think of what they are needed to do in order to save the day. In this situation, the groom is willing to do anything despite the fact that he might be killed or die trying to find the bride and groom. This proves that the groom is fearless and is ready to do what it takes. Therefore, this act has revealed that the hero is courageous enough to do anything for his wife.

Finally, the hero is filled with anger. All heroes are driven by something so that they can be able to save the innocent. Most of them are driven by anger. This is because they are angry that the innocent people are getting hurt for no reason. In this incident, the groom is extremely angry because his lover has been taken by an enemy of the family. On the other hand, he is also angry because fate is not following the course that it is supposed. Lastly, the groom is filled with anger because his wife told him to protect her, but he has failed the task. In this case, he has becoming so angry thus leading to his vigorous search of the two.

In this act, the point of the tragic hero has been clearly explained. As described in the story, a tragic hero is a person who dies in the process of his or her heroic duties. In this story, the groom is the tragic hero because he was trying to save his wife and kill Leonardo. Even though he achieved saving his wife and killing Leonardo he also died[7]. In this last act, the characteristic of the tragic hero have been shown, to prove why he is a hero. However, the side of being courageous, fearless and anger are the few characters a hero portrays as compared to the other people who are not heroes.

According to the analysis above, the characteristic traits of the tragic hero revealed systematically from the first act to the last. At first, the tragic hero is a common person like any other who lives with her mother and works in the fields. This shows that heroes are not prominent people but just normal people in the society. In the second act, the story picks the momentum and the characteristics of a hero start to emerge. In the third act, the hero is in the process of performing his heroic duty when he tragically dies thus, acquiring the name tragic hero.

 

References

Cut to the Chase Productions, (2011). Blood Wedding. New York, NY: Cut to the Chase Productions.

Gussow, Mel, (1992). Review/Theater; A Garcia Lorca Tragedy of Blood Lust and Death. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9E0CE1DE163EF936A25756C0A964958260

Lorca, Federico, Garcia, (2011). Blood Wedding. Retrieved from: www3.nccu.edu.tw/~cyyang/data/…/Bodas%20de%20sangre.pdf

Morris, C. Brian. 1980. García Lorca: Bodas de sangre. London: Grant & Cutler.

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Hays Code on Midnight Cowboys

            The Hays Code was a set of particular standards that ensured morality censorship controls to rule the film industry that contained a majority of film production companies in the United States (Jill 42). The hays code became active from the early thirties to the year 1968 and formed by William Harrison (Jill 42). The code was divided into two parts, in which the first section included standards on morality while the second part dealt with standards of censoring vulgar language or suggestive materials used in films such as drugs that would defy the morality of the society.

However, after its implementation was stopped, some film companies decided to take the opportunity in investing and taking risks in the art of film making by including the concepts that were made unacceptable or illegal by the Hays code in the past. One of the famous movies in the sixties that achieved this accomplishment was known as the Midnight Cowboys. This was evidently witnessed in its content, in which offensive concepts of sexuality and violence are displayed despite it having a negative effect of immorality on the society.

Midnight Cowboys was recognized as first film in the late sixties to be termed as X-rated because of its audacious content that included sexual scenes of nudity and the use of illegal drugs (Browne and Ray 206). However, its rating was reduced after it was released for the second time during the late seventies. Surprisingly, it became a success as it was nominated for several awards in the areas of Art and Science. An example of sexual content that is illustrated in the film is whereby a character named Joe is raised by only women including his mother and grandmother with his father excluded in the picture. Both women supposedly work as prostitutes and hence this stirs urges feelings of homosexuality in the boy as he develops during his teenage period. This involved the boy forming sexual feelings towards members of the same sex. This section reveals sexual content because the concept of homosexuality was not well established and accepted in the societal standards during that period (Browne and Ray 207).

Another scene in the film is witnessed where Joe is walking through a small town and encounters a graffiti painting which reminds him of the relationship he had with his girlfriend. The resulting flashbacks in the movie display suggestive sexual scenes in which he and his girlfriend are having a sexual intercourse (Browne and Ray 207). The scenes depicted in this movie section have sexual content that could negatively affect the moral values of individuals. The second example is where Joe arrives at a hotel in New York and appears to be entertaining himself with a magazine that has a nude female on the front cover. This also shows sexual content that defies morality.

An example of a scene that shows the elements of violence is whereby Joe and his girlfriend named Anne are attacked on the streets by male individuals and severely assaulted by being raped. The scenes displayed that express this incident is very disturbing and violent since the viewers are left with distracting visuals in their minds that contradict with their moral values.

After analyzing the content in Mighty Cowboys, it is evident that the movie succeeded with taking advantage of the discontinuity of the Hay code that protected the society’s morals from being negatively influenced by the film industry. Evidence has been displayed through scenes of the film that contain immoral aspects of sexuality and violence. As much as they succeeded, they failed maintaining the society’s morals and hence caused greater consequences for the younger generation. For example, because of this incident, there is a possibility of having an increase in crimes such as rape, murder and homicide due to the exposure of such immorality.

 

Reference

Browne, Ray B, and Pat Browne. The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling GreenStateUniversity Popular Press, 2001. Print.

Nelmes, Jill. An Introduction to Film Studies. London: Routledge, 2003. Print.

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Ali Ibn Abi Talib Biography

Ali ibn Abi Talib was the apparent heir of Prophet Mohammed. He was the son of Abu Talib the uncle of Prophet Mohammed.  He was born in (c.570) and lived in mecca in the sacred house, which is known as the Kaba. He was later adopted and raised by Prophet Mohammed (Cherri 32). Prophet Mohammed was a teacher and he taught, cared and educated Ali.

Ali bin Talib is known as the leader of the faithful by many Muslims. He is regarded as the most believable of believers, the ruler of the rulers, and the truthful one and the trusted one.  Ali’s life is related to Prophet Mohammed s life, teachings and as a successful successor.  It is believed that no one in the house of Prophet Mohammed or after Prophet Mohammed has reigned and born in the House of God except Ali bin Talib.

Ali bin Talib had distinguishing characters that declared his devotion to the grounds of Mohammad teachings.  He married Mohammed’s daughter Bi Fatima Zahra and had four children.   At a younger age, Bi Fatima died and Ali grieved bitterly over his wife’s death. Brave and faith to his religion and as a soldier were the major concepts that characterized his nature. He was brave and faithful and he won most of the battles that he faced.   After the death of Prophet Mohammed, Ali Ibn Talib was declared the successor of the prophet, despite the fact that there were other caliphs like Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthnam. There were disagreements between Ali and Abu Bakr. Many people believed that Abu Bakr was the successor of Prophet Mohammed and others believed that Ali was his successor. This brought about the division of Muslim religion. In 656, Uthman died and Ali was declared a caliph. There are conspirators who opposed Ali as the successor and they argued his concept as the successor, and they never left Ali bin Talib in peace. The death of Uthman had a very great effect on Ali’s life, despite the fact that he sent his sons Hussein and Hassan to defend Uthman. Since they were unable to protect him, Ali became angry.

There were two distinguished companions of Prophet Mohammed, Talha and Zobair that proved Ali’s action of defeat in rebellion. Talha and Zobair were presented by one of the Prophet Mohammed’s wife known as Aisha and Ali’s opposing chief. Aisha was termed as an enemy of Prophet Mohammed who caused difficult moments during the prophet’s life and the chief prevented the progressions of the prophet to the caliphate. In the battle of Basra, the rebel army was defeated and the two generals were killed and Aisha was led with all veneration to Al- Madina and was assigned a pension.

Kufa was made the capital city by Ali (Strauch 79). He planned in getting rid of his opponent Muawiyah the ruler of Syria. Muawiyah recognized himself as the head of a defector army. In July 657, the battle began in Suffern near the Euphrates, which included the army led by Ali. According to the Quran, it states a firm statement of forbidding Muslims to shed their people’s religion. Ali’s soldier refused to face the battle and they referred it as arbitration. Some umpires were chosen like Abu Musa who played Ali’s role and Amr- ibn-al as the veteran representative played the part of Muawiyah. Amr persuaded Abu Musa that it was a great idea to Muslim that both Ali and Muawiya would not rule, but Abu Musa declared that he had overthrown both Ali and Muawiya. The decision was not of satisfactory to Amr and he acknowledged that he also overthrew Ali and he devoted Muawiyah with the caliphate. The decision made some impacts on Ali because it was later destabilized by the loss of Egypt.

There were groups of the Kharijites who had planned to assassinate Ali, Muawiyah and Amr as the authors of the catastrophic disputes among the faithful. The only person whom they battered firmly was Ali who died in Kufa 661 after being inflicted and wounded by poisoned weapon (Strauch 80). After his death, a Mosque known as Meshed Ali was established near the city at Najaf (Husain 56). This is the place where he was buried near his wife.  After his wife Fatima died, he married eight wives and had thirty three children (Rauf, Muhammad and Seyyed 67). While he was with Fatima, he had four children. One of the sons was known as Hassan, who is thought by the Muslim to have stopped bloodshed in them. Hassan and Hussein are believed to have inherited their father’s bravery. They fought and won many wars like their fathers. It was believed that the house of Prophet Mohammed trained worriers to win in the battles. They were up to fighting a war that remarked the bloodshed against the people who opposed the laws and teachings made by Prophet Mohammed. After the death of Ali, Muawiyah the founder of Umayyad became caliph.  The progenies of Ali by Fatima are recognized as the Fatimads.  Fatima in the Muslim religion is known as a noble woman, a mother of all and the chosen example by prophets who respected her husband’s decisions and was ready to assist her husband.  Prophet Mohammed loved Fatima as one of his moral daughters who had compassion, faith and a willingness of declaring his father’s position and teachings. Fatima’s life has reflected the upbringing of young girls and women in the Muslim religion. They anticipate and try to put into focus her character as a mother, daughter and a wife. Ali loved his wife and had no any other wife apart from Fatima until she died, where he married several wives.

The Muslim religion is up to today separated into two prodigious groups, Sunni and the Shia. This occurred as a way of Ali proving his right to thrive to the caliphate. The Sunni believe that Prophet Mohammed chose Abu Bakr to be his successor, while the Shia believe that Ali was chosen to be his successor. The Shia designates Ali as the second to the prophet and his successor, and they define him as the worrier of the faithful and the leader chosen by the prophet and God. The Shia Muslims celebrate a remarkable ceremony of Ali’s death through a Shia version known as Adhan, which includes clear positions of Ali.

Ali is described as a courageous, principled and substantial gentleman and the last knowledgeable Muslim who battled for the moralities of God and above all, Prophets Mohammed’s successor. He followed the teachings of Prophet Mohammed and shadowed the effortlessness illustrations of a leader. Shia Muslims perceive Ali bin Talib as a remarkable leader whose roots are copied by today’s leadership.

  

Works Cited

Cherri, Mohammad. The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit,

            Michigan. Alibris. 1982. Print. ISBN 978-0-942778-00-7.

Husain, Mufti Ja`far. Biography of Imam Ali ibn Abi-Talib. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. 1990. Print. ISBN 978-964-438-798-2.

Rauf, Abdul., Muhammad and Seyyed Hussein Nasr. Imam ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib: The First Intellectual Muslim Thinker. Al Saadawi Publications. 1996. Print. ISBN 978-1-881963-49-3.

Strauch, Sameh. Biography of the prophet. Darussalam, 2006. Print. ISBN9960980324, 789960980324

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Benefits of IEEE membership

Introduction

It is good to know that IEEE caters for every responsibility of its members willing to promote there professionals. It does not consider its professionalism on a number of people; it focuses even to the employers, workers, young professions and the retired people.

This is a memo designed to converse the results of some beneficial factors that caters for its membership responsibity. Itbriefs the membership factors on electrical engineers, employer of IEEE and computer professionals

The major key components that are defined by the IEEE membership program id to enhance technological innovations in a company and enhance excellence for the main reasons of excellency and advancements. IEEE offers an inspirational program that is defined to the community through the provision of the publication books, technology, professional advice and education action. Its responsibility is to offer support to the technological innovation and high quality advancements to the advantage of humanity. It figures professionalism, employment andretirement and issues a high number of the membership benefits in each group. Its website takes a step by step formulation, on situation its mission and vision and finallyassemblingits significance on membership benefit is to the company (IEEE Advancing Technology for Humanity2011).

 

Important benefit of IEEE on member electrical and or computer engineer

IEEE key responsibility is to provide computer engineers with technical information on the technology used today. The information issued by the IEEE is based on specific set standards that can assist the member electrical or computer to be able to advance their technological knowhow provided in the industries. Computer engineers are capable of possessingan opportunity of networkingdevelopment. Its major mission is to provide a basic opportunity of the networking strategies that offer significance to people. Network models are issued in different aspects; therefore the involvement of member computer engineer is highly significant for attaining benefits of using the networking models provide.

Benefits to An employer of an IEEE member

An employer in IEEE has an important benefit when willing to be subjected to enjoy the employee membership benefit. Being one of the employers, subjection to the new resources in the industry is a benefit. The employer is able to know how to deal with the valuable resource opportunity and be in a position todiscover there efficacy. The employer is subjected to different technological development in the company and compromises on its effectiveness.

The electrical/computer engineering profession

Professionalism defines the power to articulate in some samples. The electrical engineer professions are in a position to graduate, and after they have completed their professionalism they are able to undergo the new and challenging technological environment. IEEE responsibility is to subject the computer professional in the challenging environment by allowing the professionals to learn basic ideas from their colleagues and advance their knowledge in the world of professionalism. An opportunity of sharing with colleagues will be an important aspect that credits and advances your career to the right direction. Through IEEE you can find colleagues who share your vision and commitment those who are moving today.Beingan IEEE employer member you will be accessible with new resourcesvaluedchances and many concessions that will benefit you improve your profession in the precisecourse(IEEE STARDARD ASSOCIATION 2010). Asan employer of IEEE the benefits will be rewarding and work experience

 

 

 

Works Cited

IEEE Advancing Technology for Humanity, 2011, the world’s largest professional association     for the            advancement of technology. Web      http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/index.html

IEEE STARDARD ASSOCIATION 2010. Retrieved from            http://standards.ieee.org/about/index.html

 

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GLOBALIZATION EFFECTS THE ENVIRONMENT

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Abstract

Globalization is rapidly changing how the world conducts trades and regulates various issues. One of its major areas of influences has been on the environment because ecological process such as temperature rise cannot be addressed at the national level. To deal with this issue policy makers have argued that clean energy technologies that help to minimize carbon emission are the way forward. This has been coupled with carbon curb policy. This paper explores the background of globalization and global warming literature.  It highlights the loopholes in the policy measure and conclude that contrarily to believe that globalization is going to bring prosperity, trade-offs will be made between economic gains and cost of mitigating its costs. 

Introduction

Globalization is readily accepted as inevitable and that it provides immense opportunities for economic prosperity. Intertwined with this, is its environmental effect on the world through global warming. Those for globalization have tended to concentrate on its benefits such as its ability to reduce prices, reduce poverty and increase efficiency. Those opposed to some of its policy are considered to oppose the next world revolution. However, policies changes are necessary to handle some of the challenges it brings in terms of global warming. Globalization is resulting in increased carbon emission and consequently global warming, something that can be reversed if proper policies are in place. For instance countries such as China and India have experienced increased trade and exponential growth in energy demand and are meeting these by burning fossil fuels (Leopold, 2007).As a result globalization has resulted in depletion of fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources. Consequently, there is concern that overreliance on carbon sources of fuels is affecting the environment. To minimize global warming effect, technologies and clean energy alternatives have been proposed. This paper explores human activities driving global warming and efficiency of proposed policies

Facts about Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases. These are atmospheric gases that absorb and release heat radiation and as a result prevent heat from escaping from the lower atmosphere. Most of these gases naturally occur at very small concentration in the atmosphere. Without them the word would be 30^oC colder than it is. They include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HFCS).

These gases differ in terms of their concentration in the atmosphere as well as their ability to ensnare heat in the lower atmosphere. Most of the other gases mentioned are more capable of trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide but it is the latter that has the greatest influence due to its high concentration in the atmosphere. In the recent decades, this key gas has registered an increase by o.o15 percent due to burning of fossil fuels mainly oil, gas and coal and a further projected increase of 0.02 percent between 2002 and 2003 (Brown, 2004). PAL 2004 States that carbon dioxide concentration has increased in the last two century from 280 million parts to 380 million parts (1). Scientist use global warming potential indexes to determine each gas warming effect. In calculating this index carbon dioxide is used as the base element to compare the radioactive forcing of specific gas to that of carbon dioxide. In addition because various gases stay for certain period of time in the atmosphere before naturally being removed, these calculations are period based. These figures reveal that gases such as HFCs and CFC have very high warming effect relative to that of carbon dioxide (PAL, 2004).

In addition, to their high global warming effects these gases emanate from human activities. CFCs and HFCs for instance, are gases that are used for refrigeration and cooling. Things that will be even more necessary with globalization as perishable goods are transported for longer distances.  On the other hand the carbon dioxide is released from burning of fossil fuels. Although natural phenomenon such as El Nino  also contribute to  increase in carbon dioxide concentration, it is also noted that for the periods that CO₂ increase has been observed, such phenomenon have not taken place (Brown, 2004).

Alternatives

At the center of economic prosperity in globalization era, is constrain by natural resources. Environmental soundness is necessarily to achieve this prosperity. It has come to our realization that natural resources are finite and cannot be adequate to fulfill human demands, in spite of their importance in achieving global goals. As economies like India and China continues to expand the proportion of the natural resources being used has increased exponentially. Consequently global competition and geopolitical forces have emerged to guarantee continuous supply of these resources and how they are controlled (Najam, nd). This far this paper has identified that one of the global environmental concern has been the increase in carbon dioxide gas from burning of fossil fuel, which is one of the major non-renewable resources. As a result it has raised various debates about how to control its concentration as well as geopolitics of alternative energy fuels.

In this global arena technology has been viewed as the best way to reduce these pressures and to deploy the benefit across the world. However, in spite of the importance of the stance taken to address this phenomenon globally, most of the technological measures proposed are economically unfeasible for the developing nations. Emerging economies like India and China as well as industrialized nations are the ones which have dominated in development of the clean technologies. In addition to this, putting of price caps on carbon emission has raised debate on its impacts on world economy. It has been argued that countries that do not need to have carbon credit because they have less emission, are trading the balance credits. This is an abuse of the policy as its main intention was to encourage development of low-carbon efficient technology and not a method of distributing cash (“Globalization and the Environment,” 2009).

Conclusion

Globalization has invoked concerns that certain ecological process do not observe national boundaries and international policies need to be developed to deal with them. Global warming is such an ecological process and it has raised equivalent pressure among the nations to deal with it. The cost of globalization is to ensure energy demands are met without comprising the environment. Development of clean energy technology has been advocated to curb the menace. However, it has resulted in disequilibrium such as capacity of developing nations to develop such technologies.

 

References

Brown, P. (2004). Climate Fear as Carbon Levels Soar. The Guardian, 11 Oct, retrieved on 3 Dec. 2011 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2004/oct/11/environment.research

Globalization and the Environment. (2009). Does Carbon trading risk becoming the new sub-prime? Retrieved on 3 Dec. 2011 from http://globalisation-and-the-environment.blogspot.com/2009_01_01_archive.html.

Leopold, L. Globalization is Fueling Global Warming. AlterNet. Retrieved on 3 Dec. 2011 from http://www.alternet.org/environment/71873/

Najam, A. Runnalls D., & Halle M. (Nd). Environment and Globalization Five Propositions. Manitoba. Unigraphics Ltd.

Parliament of Australia Library (PAL). (2004). Greenhouse gases. Retrieved on 3 Dec. 2011 from .

 

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Table of contents

1) Purpose.

2) Applicability.

3) Summary.

4) Definitions.

5) Personnel qualifications/responsibilities.

6) Procedure.

7) Criteria, checklists, or other standards.

8) Records management

9) Quality control and quality assurance.

Job Hazard Analysis at the Work Place

1) Purpose

Hazards and risks in the work place pose a significant threat to employees as well as organizations, through losing employees, destroyed equipments, and accidents that could cause massive losses. Having a job hazard analysis in the work place ensures that all people are protected against all forms of danger that could arise from the specific task each of the employees is performing. In general, a job hazard analysis in the organization is meant to create an environment with the least hazards and risks to the people as possible. It also ensures protection for the employees through laying measures and procedures to be followed in all tasks of the organization.

In this research, the focus is identifying the risks associated with organizations, in order to eliminate them through coming up with strategies that ensure the hazard does not pose a threat to people, or, people are protected from the risk. Many workers every day might be injured or even killed in their tasks, leaving the organizations with the responsibilities of compensating workers. For the improvement and reduction of such cases, it is important for organizations to establish appropriate procedures in the work place, which if followed strictly, ensure the safety of all the people involved. These procedures must be well stipulated for the workers to follow, and the workers must be aware of all the procedures.

2) Applicability

A job hazard analysis in the work place exists as a tool for identifying and reducing hazards or risks in any industry. A job hazard analysis is also known as job safety analysis. This is a technique used by organizations to analyze a job or task in terms of the risks and injuries it can pose to an employee or anybody else. Job hazard analysis is supposed to ensure that all people including employees, staff, customers and other stakeholders associated with the organization are safe from physical, emotional, psychological, accidents, among other forms of harm at the work place. Job hazard analysis involves identifying any dangers associated with a certain job, hence, putting the person in a better position of handling the hazard. After identifying the hazards, they are assessed, and an action is formulated. The last step a job hazard analysis should ensure, is laying a standard operating guideline (SOG) that is broadly stated telling workers what operations they are supposed to conduct to ensure safety. For each task, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is formulated that states specific procedures to be followed to ensure safety. With SOG and SOP, the job hazard analysis becomes very applicable since it gives specific procedures and guidelines, which ensure safety for all when well followed.

With job hazard analysis, it is easy to formulate actions that can be used against hazards. For instance, if the hazard involves falling off a high-raised working area, a barrier can be used when there is a person in the risky position. Without identifying the particular position as a hazard, no measure can be taken. Hence, the job analysis is very applicable in ensuring safety. Construction organizations are faced with many hazards at the construction sites, and before embarking on any construction, a job hazard analysis has to be conducted. With the identified hazards, the company or organization can take the necessary measures of ensuring protection for its workers. The hazard analysis is the first process of ensuring safety within any organization. It lays a base under which safety measures are to be taken.

3) Summary

Construction industry is one of the many industries faced by a daily likelihood of accidents and hazards. The process of job hazard analysis involves three parts, the first being identification of the risks. This involves analyzing a task, and dividing it in to several parts and identifying any possible danger such as loss of control. The second process is an assessment of the severity of the risk or damage that can be caused by the risk identified. Some danger could mean, life, while others could mean minor injuries, or health issues. The final process in job hazard analysis is identifying the action that can be taken to minimize the risk or eliminate it. More so, the action could be directed towards protecting people from its harm in case it happens or reduce its severity.

However, with the construction industry unlike others, it is constantly changing from one form to another, with the risk changing all the time; hence, SOP and SOG will differ with every construction site. Therefore, a hazard analysis is a necessary tool with each construction site. This industry faces many hazards, with the major ones being physical such as the risk of falling objects and working on high raised levels, as well as machines, pose a hazard. More so, there is a lot of dust in constructions sites, and this poses a big health problem for not only employees, but also people around construction sites. The safety of the workers is quite at risk considering that some heavy materials have to be lifted up high depending on the construction, and incase anything went wrong, a big danger for those below would be present. More so, in construction sites, there are bound to be many workers.

Workers at construction sites deal with many tools and items that pose a risk to their safety. Starting from the smallest tool, a hammer, high-speed cutting devices among sharp objects such as nails and drills, the workers are at risk. More so, they are at risk from some of the chemicals used such as cement, whose dust can be quite hazardous to human health, among other chemicals such as paints. Identifying the hazards involved with such equipments and chemicals is crucial in formulating the safety measures that can be taken to ensure the protection of workers. For instance, for hand held equipments, protective gear such as gloves can be provided. On the other hand, for sharp objects heavy boots can be provided, while protective headgears can be provided for small falling object. More so, other measures and precautions can be implemented to ensure workers are protected, such as ensuring to put up preventive barriers where there are possibilities of falling, or areas with moving equipments.

To ensure safety, the workers have to be aware of the precautions they have to take with the equipments, and the procedures of using them. This will require training the workers, as well as ensuring the right people with experience of using such equipments are recruited. Many workers are bound to use their own skills in the construction if there are no other precautions put in place, hence, having precautions put in place will prevent things going out of control. Moreover, considering the dynamic nature of constructions sites, each construction site is different from each other, with different risks in terms of the events that might go out of control. Despite the equipments and materials used in construction sites, other dangers such as several things going out of control are highly likely.

With such a risk of things going out of control, measures to be taken vary with every construction site. Such risks require assessing the events that are likely to go out of control, and the potential victims to the danger posed. An event going on in a certain section might pose a threat to other workers in another section. Hence, identifying such danger would allow the management to take precautions such as scheduling the two events at different times (Rozenfeld, Sacks, Rosenfeld & Baum, 2010). For this reason, it was identified that job hazard analysis in a construction industry was not sufficient, and more was needed. What was needed was the assessment of jobs independently from any time or even place (Rozenfeld et al, 2010). The method that came up was Construction Job Safety Analysis (CJSA). It involves three steps, the first being identification, where hazards are identified just like in the ordinary job hazard analysis. The second step is an assessment of the probability of the event occurring, where the likelihood of a certain event going out of control is assessed. The third step is assessing the severity, the same way the other method does.

Despite construction industries requiring an assessment of the events that are likely to get out of control, ensuring safety measures will require cooperation between all the people involved. For the workers, considering they are the ones at most risk, they require being aware of what procedures are put in place, and they should be involved in formulating some of the measures considering they come with expertise concerning such matters. More so, before equipments are committed to the construction work, they have to be checked by the engineers. Ensuring every procedure and precaution ids carried out should be the responsibility of all the people involved, and they should all work towards ensuring there are no injuries or accidents in the construction sites.

4) Definitions

A hazard is a potential harm that is posed by a particular condition, activity or material if it is not well attended to, or if not well used according to the procedures put forward. They result in harm top people such as health problems, physical injuries ad even death. Controlling them as early as they are identified is the only way to ensure safety of the potential victims (Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 2002).

A Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) is a tool that is used by organizations across all industries especially manufacturing and construction in industries, focused on assessing job tasks to identify and assess likelihoods and recommend action of the hazards involved. Its major focus is on the risks posed by a task in a job to a worker, and the job environment. It identifies hazards posed by a specific task before they occur, which is its first step, then assesses the severity or the amount of damage it is likely to cause, and finally recommends an action be taken to ensure the hazard is minimized (OSHA, 2002).

Standard Operating Guidelines is a broad statement of direction of operations in an organization that are applied by all people. They are designed to ensure workers are following the guidelines for safety, and they are formulated after hazards are identified. This is almost the same with Standard Operating Procedures, SOP, which is specific to a task, meant to be the routine, in accordance with certain specifications laid towards achieving a certain result. This is formulated in a job hazard analysis with the aim of ensuring a procedure that maintains the safety of the worker and everybody else involved with the task.

Construction Job Safety Analysis (CJSA) is another tool that resembles JHA, but designed for construction. It follows the same rules, except that it assesses the probability of an activity going out of control, where the JHA assesses the severity that a certain hazard would cause. It assesses each construction different from each other, in order to account for the difference caused by different types of constructions (Rozenfeld et al, 2010).

5) Personal qualifications/responsibilities

For a job hazard, analysis to be successful and applicable there has to be qualified personnel carrying out the analysis. The team conducting the safety analysis must be highly qualified and must have experience in the task they are analyzing. In the construction industry, the safety team must be qualified in all the tasks they analyze, and meet any minimum requirements needed. For instance, to analyze the hazard caused by equipments such as concrete pumps in the construction site, the person analyzing the equipment must be a qualified engineer, who has knowledge of what could cause loss of control, and who could be harmed.

The responsibilities of the safety team or manager will involve anticipating the hazards, and coming up with procedures and guidelines to ensure minimal danger. Moreover, they will be charged with analyzing the severity of the hazards, and sharing information with all the workers, considering they are the potential victims of the hazards. The major task should not be identifying the hazards, alone, but also formulating strategies that will ensure total safety and implementation. One of the strategies should be hiring highly qualified workers with skills and knowledge of the task and experience. This will make it easier to implement the strategies formulated, and safety will be maintained.

Procedure

The first procedure in safety analysis as mentioned earlier is the identification of the hazards. After identification, several procedures follow, starting with:

• Formulating strategies in form of procedures and guidelines that are meant to ensure safety.
• Training the workers and informing them of any changes in the procedures and guidelines, especially those handling the most hazardous equipments is necessary to ensure they are well used to avoid the risks. More so, they should be taught the importance of putting protective gear (OSHA, 2002).
• The environment should be made conducive to ensure proper working conditions in order to avoid accidents due to poor working environments, such as ensuring dust is controlled as much as possible to enable clear vision, and should be conducive for the equipments such as enough space for bulldozers to move along.
• Inspection of the site should be carried out regularly to ensure everything is in order especially for areas where there is more probability of losing control.

With these procedures, safety can easily be monitored and checked to ensure the hazards are minimized to the least level (Rozenfeld et al, 2010).

Criteria, checklist, or other standards

Having criteria for safety assessment on the construction sites is very crucial for ensuring the right areas and materials checked. It should be easy to understand and use. One of the criteria that can be used is putting down all the areas involving a certain task that might be risky. This way, all the areas involved with this task will be assessed. For instance, all areas on the site using electricity such as welding should be assessed, to ensure all people around these areas are aware of the danger. Having the best criteria ensures protection for all the people around the construction site.

A checklist of the areas needing to be checked should be made, to ensure they are all assessed, and ensure none is left behind. More so, a checklist will help the safety team in managing safety within the site. This also helps in evaluation of the safety conditions of the site, and whether the target set by the safety team is accomplished. A checklist also ensures there is no likelihood of forgetting any areas for checking.

Other standards involved in construction sites safety are set by the government, and it is up to the constructor to ensure they are followed. Also, there are set standard on all equipments from the manufacturers, which should also be followed not unless under the instructions of an expert.

Records management

The keeping of records is very important for the purpose of evaluation in the future. Keeping record of the operations helps in assessing the safety at the construction site, where one may be able to know what went wrong in the event that go out of control. A record of all the injuries, how they occurred, and when, helps the safety team in understanding what causes most accidents at the sites. This will help in formulating better strategies in the future to ensure such injuries do occur again. Good management of records of the on going work ensures quality informed decisions concerning safety. Having all risk factors recorded, managing them can be easy and controlling them will take less time considering what matters is information to make certain actions. More so, this will help the workers in understanding the safety precautions they are required to take, and solutions available in case anything happens.

Quality control and quality assurance

Quality control in all organization is very important, and this is no exemption for the construction industry. All customers are interested in quality assurance that upon completion of the work, everything will be up to standards. Quality control should be ensured through evaluating the quality of other product at the end of the work, such as quality of the walls; are they straight, firm, and smooth enough? Such quality is achieved through evaluation and good procedures, as well as safety of workers. Both should be observed (Channing & Ridley, 2007). This will have to be met considering the government standards put in place to ensure safety considering low quality walls might pose a danger to people after completion. Hence, considering construction is expensive and time consuming, companies cannot afford to construct low quality constructions.

 

References

Channing, J. & Ridley, J. R. (2007). Safety at Work.Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2002). Job Hazard Analysis. U.S Department of Labor.

Rozenfeld et al. (2010). Construction Job Safety Analysis. Safety Science 48: 491-498.

 

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