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Current issue for financial Accounting Research

            Financial Accounting is the field of accountancy is based on the grounding of financial statements for decision makers that include people like; stockholders, banks, workers, government agencies, proprietors in addition to other stockholders. The purpose of Financial Accounting in any field is to offer the information that is required for better financial decision-making. It also helps in preparing financial reports that give the required information about any organization performance to the parties that are external for example, shareholders, tax collectors in addition to creditors. Financial Accounting is prepared according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles guidelines. There are two approaches for accounting research. These include, Positive Approach and Critical Approach to research. This paper aims at explaining these approaches.

Positive approach is appropriate when the rules and the idea of positive laws are applied to recognizable situations instead of unspecific principles that involve the individuals who use them to put together subjective decisions with the aim of understanding and following them. Positive accounting theory has a complete important involvement in the understanding of company or any organization account information. Through this positive approach, one of the study has been conducted by Moses (1987) coming with the idea that positive approaches been of use to the executives’ option among accounting methods following to founding in the being of motivation for wages management. The existing range in the present UK coverage set of laws indicate the choices that have being classified by use of amazing objects to offer a new decision-making choice background where positive accounting theory can be tested. Research has shown that 53 per cent of 700 companies are presently reporting amazing matters (Financial Reporting Council, 1991). The major essential hypothesis in positive accounting theory is to facilitate agents and individuals to advance their own character and interest. The main aim for inspiration for accounting strategy option is to gather round verification about the dynamics that pressure the managerial action.

Positive accounting theory linked with Zimmerman and Watts (1986), shows effect in market efficiency. Through introduction of positive approaches, the inducement rationale for wages management is produced. There are results in the opportunistic performance, well-organized contracting together with awareness in information. These elements depend on accounting numbers (Holthausen, 1990). Under opportunistic performance setting, executives are believed to have taken full advantage of their own wealth, which depends in the performance related to cash bonuses. As a result, there is arising in the employment risk that being arise from the possibility of company breakdown or else takeover and the company’s divided value. The share value possessions has outcome in executives grasping their shares and in the value of their human capital. This therefore means that executives are in a position to make decisions that capitalizes on the organization cash flow contributing thereafter to the organization-becoming firm. Executive’s incentives also tend to arise in the cases when accounting choices lack direct cash flow effect. This happens in cases where accounting choices are impacted on share prices by means of effect on the expected political cost in the firm. In consequence, it is foresee that, the executives of firms that have elevated political cost will tend to opt for the present wages reducing in accounting strategies. In additional to this the current executives of firm that have elevated organization costs of justness and debit will tend to choose the current wages increasing. Researches have shown that most of the empirical job is determine on the opportunistic performance of assumption (Holthausen, 1990).

Resourceful constricting settings together with contracts that reduce organization cost may give confidence in payments management. The agreements are, nonetheless, resourceful for they may end resulting to the exploitation of the firm value. It therefore hard to make a distinction based on the awareness gotten from those produced in the opportunistic performance surroundings. Based on the information gotten from hypothesis deviation between executives and the genuine claim holders, this approach sets up why such diplomacy to smooth can be in the excellent interest of the current shareholders. According to Dye (1988), this benefit in increasing the firm value reduces the level of risk in bankruptcy. Several studies show that this awareness put forward that accounting method are been chosen to make known the outlook of the executives and their upcoming cash flows of the organization. It is however advised, that for this smoothing to be effective, the executives accounting choices must be observable (Suh and Titman, 1990).

Positive accounting theory has been tested by use of different studies. According to Christie (1990), concluded that six substitutes have descriptive power across range of learning: dimension, hazard managerial reward, influence, and restrictions of attention cover up together payment expense. There is few wages smoothing studies that try to give clarification in the incidence of smoothing and in terms of the variety of the organization in particular uniqueness relating to enticements. According to Suh (1990), argues that the parting of ownership from supremacy increases the likelihood of smoothing behavior. Different researchers have offered Numbers of reasons. According to Kamin (1975), he came up with the first reason, even as controlling outside owners have shortest access to the organization they do not depend on the printed information to tell what will happen in the future. Executives are likely to engage in smoothing as they reduce the risk in employment and improve the worth of their capital (Hunt and Ronen.1990).

Critical theory is the second theory in accounting. There are three means of uniqueness in Critical theory that can be recognize with observation to clarify the practical and social characteristic of accounting method. The first critical theory suggests with vitality connecting theory that entails practice. The second critical theory tends to see analysis, change as well as advance as the crucial factor of the practically in research attempt with a need to attain a better life in accounting. The third critical theory tends to outlook, social organizations in both the past and societal environment. Critical theory may provide helpful understanding in transforming the accounting method in the organization perspective (Hunt and Ronen.1990).

Historical was far from different philosophy that had views about the truth of this theory. According to Adorno (1966), viewed history as an even domination of human individuals to attain a better world. Adorno propounded a critical methodology that was intended to expose this domination and later create transform and enlighten the world. According to Max Horkheimer (1966), he interpreted during his life that things were not as the way they should be but the longing and capability to modify and accomplish was in the humankind. Habermas theory of social progression preserves that society member. He centered on different languages, which would produce greater progression (Habermas, 1965).

Basing Habermas approach in both the language and ways of communication there is the important aspect in allowing understanding to take place and change to take place in non-violent circumstances. From this aspect, accounting system can be seen, as the useful element and language system need that need to be understood and changed through language. By use of Harbermas’ aspect in an accounting context, one is required not to start with the perfect design but evaluate the real things and find out the enhancement that is required. This addresses a subject that is significant to those that perceive accounting system as not anything more than scientific phenomenon and those who outlook themselves as possessing significant essential root.

Based on accounting context, this means that accounting has been restricted to talk about approaches in concepts for instance price, turnover or other professional system of assessment by this means limiting the understanding about accounting system aim. This also results to the probability and the answer as to why so many textbook form of accounting stay unused in account practice. For this to be changed change process should happen in the linguistic and the language used for explanatory understanding about the natural world of accounting. Critical theory sets the scenery of understanding wholly into context of lasting significant change and progress. It is important for the academics of those who have specialized in accounting to get involved not only to the accounting practices but also in advance to apprehension. Accounting system in diverse firms needs not to be assumed but rather be in a position to possess the important qualities to open the opportunity in future (Hunt and Ronen.1990).

 

Conclusion

 

Currently, accounting is a key ingredient in business, organizations or else institutions. Accounting research has been formulated to help in managerial practices in helping identify sources of problems by eliminating causative elements and providing solutions to the same.

Accounting research has been used has been used to gauge how efficient managers are. The theory seeks to explain how they would choose an accounting research methodology that would give a clear representation of the institution is financial and equity performance. The hypothesis is that managers who accrue added benefits that is determined by a company’s good or bad financial performance are more likely to interfere with an accounting methodology for the figures to favor the organization (Richard M, 2007).

The use of Positivist approach to accounting research has been used to explain how things happen by observing past happenings and predicting the most probable expected results. In a positivistic approach the researcher seeks to understand the causes and the effects in particular phenomenon. Examples of these financial recession include, a researcher that seek to find what caused the 1930’s financial recession and compare it with 2009 financial recession in order to come up with an argument to support such considering the factors remain constant, thereby predicting when such a case will arise again (Richard M, 2007).

In accounting research one may use positivistic approach if it solely wants an objective explanation because that’s what the positivistic approach goal is. In a social setting, the theory sets social control, implies that it is rational, and moves towards establishing integration in the society.

 

A firm opts to use the critical approach in its accounting research in order to establish and challenge assumptions on why people may perceive, conceive or even act a certain way. Rather than a positivistic approach who accepts things as they are since the theory states that action is always rational and that rules and norms are created to create integration and they are created for the common good.

A critical approach is suitable in cases where or when they may actually interrupt what is considered normal routines and the known way of doing things in pursuit  of exploring and discovering other hidden alternatives. For example a company that has solely relies on its auditors previously, may venture into modern technology. It may update its accounts using software, despite the anomalies that may occur thereof ,if it means getting more accurate information or cutting off expenses that a firm may do without e.g. paying auditors for various departments when new technology can ease that (Richard M, 2007).

Accounting research tends to rule out the possibilities of managers who have opportunistic intentions. They tend to implement accounting methodology that helps them gain in the institutions. Due to this motives it make it possible to prefer an accounting policy over the other. In this case, critical approach is of use for helps established how a manager’s belief and his actions may be influenced by history, social status and culture. This is because critical approach may again go beyond finding faults and seek to understand w things happen t way they do. Firms in corporate world have been known to evade taxes. Even worse, is that they incorporate in their systems accounting methodologies that shows that they have accrued lesser annual profits than they really have in order not to attract attention of the government who tends to place tight and tougher regulations on high earning firms than low profit making firms. This is more so especially, if they are foreign companies. In this case, the critical approach to accounting in research is used since its more skeptical about any knowledge or information or even a solution that may be deemed as ordinarily truth or as the alternative.

 

References

 

Robert L.P (2004).Financial Accounting, Canberra: New York University Publishers.

 

Moses D.G (1987) Positive Accounting Theory, New York: New York University Press.

 

Dye N.A (1988), Impact of Accounting Research, London: Duke University Publishers.

 

Adorno A.B (1966), History in Critical Theory, London: Duke University Press.

 

Max Horkheimer (1966), Positive Accounting Theory, Canberra: New York Publishers.

 

Richard M (2007), Two Hundred Years of Accounting, London: Stanford Press

 

David H (1980), Introduction to Critical theory, Los Angeles: University of California

Press

Kieran J (2006), Approaches in Critical Theory, Newderhi: Sterling Publishers

 

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Critical Thinking

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Question 1: Jasper’s assignment will be late

Based on this sentence, an argument would derive regarding the explanation given. First, there would an argument that, all assignment should be delivered on time. In essence, what makes this sentence an argument is that; there is an order imposed concerning assignments being required on time. For that reason, an explanation is given regarding the assignment being late. With this in mind, what makes the sentence an explanation in that; the sentence is a statement, which makes something clear of the assignment being late. In conjunction with this, the statement imposes justification or reason for an action intended to have been done.

Question 2: Linked or convergent

Convergent

The below sentence is a convergent in that, the sentences tends to come together from different directions outlining butler intention of confessing to murder the cook, to his character of lack of loyalty to everyone

The butler has confessed to murdering the cook, but he couldn’t have done it because was out of the country when murder occur, so he must be covering up for someone. The butler has no loyalty to anyone except the gardener, so only person the butler would cover up for is the gardener, and the gardener also had a motive for murdering the cook. So the gardener must have done it.

 

 

Linked

The following sentence is linked statement in that; the sentences are connected to each other providing a preview that had occurred previously. There is continuation of sentences explaining why Barbie dolls are bad influence to young girls.

Barbie dolls are a bad influence on young girls, since all their accessories are pink, and that just reinforces gender stereotypes. Also, Barbie dolls promote an unrealistic body image.

Question 3 (Target argument and counterargument or linked or convergent)

Target argument and convergent

The below sentence is a target argument because it specifies fact of how children in NSW are permitted to start in school with those at five years held back. The argument tends to target children in NSW based on the year they should join the school. Additionally, the following sentences tend to be linked attributed on how they are connected to each other. This implies that, it is a continuation of a story.

Some educationalists believe that though children in NSW are permitted to start school when they are four and a half, those who have not yet turned five should be held back until the following year. They argue that many four year olds are not ready for school, and having young children in the year means that there is a very wide range of ages in a class for the teachers to have to deal with. Also, they suggest that sending children early could lead to problems later on, since children who reach puberty much later than their peers may find it difficult to socialise.

 

Convergent and counterargument

The below paragraph is an example of convergent in that, the story diverts from the effects of sending children early to school to outlining how parents should hold their children back based on the development of the child. In addition, the paragraph represents counterargument in this case presented as a quick move in the paragraph where parents should not hold their children back but, the main idea being, children starting school at specific age.

But parents should not have to hold their child back if they believe the child is ready, since the individual development of the child is more relevant to their readiness than their age, and parents are able to judge the development of their child. And although having a wide range of ages in a class does pose challenges, the fact that there is now such a wide range is as much a result of parents holding their children back longer they need to as it is a matter of sending them early. It should also be noted that children reaching puberty before their peers may have as many difficulties socializing as those who reach puberty later.

Question 4 (Conditional statements)

He likes disco music but he does not like dancing

Disco music is good if there is no dancing.

He does not like dancing but he likes disco music.

 

 

Question 5

Students are required to follow teacher instruction despite being wrong or right. While I was helping my teacher to mark exams, I found a sentence that deserved to be wrong and for that reason, the teacher told me to take marks off and since the student was my friend I denied. Denying the necessary condition made me punished particularly when I was asked to take marks off and I said “I won’t take marks off”  

Question 6

Conditional argument and invalid

If people spend all the money the Government gives them as part of the economic stimulus package, the government’s action will be vindicated.

The above sentence is a Conditional argument, and for that reason, invalid since, the government only gives people economic stimulus when people spends all the money. In other words, there are conditions for the government to take action.

Valid and sub-argument

But people won’t spend the all the money, because they would only spend all the money if they thought their jobs were secure, and currently they don’t think their jobs are secure. So the Government’s action will not be vindicated.

The above statements are valid because the sentences clearly outline the desired results or the effects. Additionally, statements are sub-argument because it is easier to identify other elements. These include people failing to spend all money, people feeling their jobs are secure and government actions being vindicated.

Question 7

A deductive argument is the argument that the premises offer an assurance of the truth or conclusion. The premises provide support to the conclusion. On the other hand, in the inductive argument, the premises may be so strong unlikely the conclusion. In this case, argument may fail to establish the truth about the conclusion.

A deductive argument

To perform well academically, one requires being adequately prepared and since you have prepared yourself adequately you will do well in the test.

Inductive

The first semester is good for a start; you will do well in the test.

Question 8

The invalid argument with true premises may have a true conclusion if the premises support conclusion. For instance, all ladies are relationship oriented therefore, many tend to be sensitive when it comes to matters of love. The sentence is invalid in that, there is no truth presented in this case on why ladies are relationship oriented but, the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

 

Linked premises

Love is paramount important in people preparing to be married and because of love, Harry and Harriet will get married.

The above sentence is linked premises because there is connection between love and Harry and Harry getting married.

Convergent

Many people do not opt to be married but, Harry and Harriet will get married.

The above sentence is a convergent because it highlights two subjects one being people not opting for marriage and ironically Harry and Harriet getting married.

 

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Classical Rhetoric

Introduction

            It is well documented that, scholars have a steady debate regarding rhetoric since prehistoric times. Rhetorical studies diverse fields than include social sciences, religion, fine art, journalism, history, digital media, architecture, fiction and tradition domains of law and politics. For the past years, individuals studying rhetorical have enlarged its subject beyond speech texts. Many have benefited in terms of employment and intellectual. This is well documented in Augustine life who studied Rhetorical at Carthage; and this gained him employment to teach in Cartage, Rome and Milan. Additionally, Quintilian was a Roman rhetorician born at Calahorra in Spain. Both Quintilian and Augustine have been referred to be institutionalized. Quintilian main task was to develop an education system that would train Roman Empire. Consequently, Augustine lived his life imitating Christ; and this enabled him to spread Christian faith to the point that, Christianity spread throughout European world. In this regard, this paper seeks to study Augustine and Quintilian as theorists and practitioner of rhetoric.

In essence, it is vital considering that, rhetorical theory that governed from Isocrates to Cicero that taught about morals and practice. Based on philosophy, Isocrates described philosophy to be the study of being a reasonable citizen. With this regard, he argued that, the test for all virtue lies in men approval. This implied that, a human trained in rhetorical was trained in truth; and this was the custom of Isocrates runs silently within intellectual history. In response to this, Augustine and Quintilian have responded differently in regards to this rhetorical theory as discussed below.

Quintilian response towards rhetorical theory of Isocrates

            From Quintilian points of view, there have been many definitions towards rhetorical theory. For the past years, every sinful man is outlined to be an orator while others have referred the right to be the orator. On the other hand, some have defined rhetorical theory to be power, science but not a practice or else virtue. Quintilian believed that, ethics is what formed the valuable part of philosophy along with ethical teaching ought to conquer with the hands of tradition rhetoricians. Throughout his discussions, he majors his discussion on practical and applicable aspects instead of theoretical point of view. Unlike other theorists, he fails to see the figurative language as a threat to stability of rhetorical.

Based on Quintilian’s perspective, the most pregnant point about orator is not about the act rather the motive. For instance, he points out that, an evil man cannot be an orator in that, the orator’s objective is to carry assurance and trust is only given to the individual is worth to be trusted.

 

Augustine response towards rhetorical theory of Isocrates

            It is borne in mind that, the middle age of (400-1400 AD) has viewed to be the study of rhetorical as an arrangement on styles and arrangements. Medieval rhetorical is debasing to pagan art that contrast with Christianity. This truth was enough to persuade Augustine to the point that, he converted to Christianity. In this regard, he regards rhetorical theory as the doctrine to teach Christians. This is because; rhetorical is fundamental towards proclamation of Christian message.

On the contrary, Augustine changes his perception on the long tradition of rhetorical theory in the sense that, one does not need to be wise or good to acquire virtues of life. Additionally, the concept of culture is not significant in the sense of eloquence since, words are not what convey truth; insight does that. This implies that, words just aid but insights is what determine the motive. Augustine elevated the aspect of self-reflection to be what perceive the soul of truth rather he projects that, perversion of truth is attributed by communication with God through prayers.

How Quintilian’s declamations reflect his rhetorical theories?

            Two sets of declamations reflect Quintilian’s rhetoric theory that includes minors and Declamations majors. With this regard, the two declamations are composed with three aspects of theoretical, practical and educational. For instance, from the first century of BC to Quintilian’s time, there have been flowering of roman rhetoric. Therefore, we can base our argument on the fact that, Quintilian may have influenced the roman rhetorical theory in Roman since his work was linked to power of persuasions through speaking (Loeb 305).

His passion for education may have reflected his argument on rhetorical theory in that; he bases his argument on how education can have an impact on the individual behavior. For instance, he points out that, just like the way people discovers the art of medicine through observing what is healthy; so is the aspect of an individual to teach what he knows. Additionally, this is reflected on how he base his argument that, ethics forms the valuable part of philosophy and for this fact, he emphasizes that, ethics teaching should be mostly used by rhetoricians.

How St. Augustine’s sermon on John 1:1-5 reflect both his theory of Christianity

            In essence, St Augustine’s sermon on John 1: 1-5 is credible. The sermon has attributed St Augustine theory of Christianity by evaluating this was appointed from eternity and before creation. Christianity was the artisan by God’s side. In conjunction with this, he outlines that, there is only one God in Christianity, whom all things come and live. He has projected that; Jesus Christ is the mediator for Christians particularly during intercession. God granted Jesus Christ to the World so that light would come in the world. This was to initiate salvations to Christians by turning from the darkness to light and from Satan to God.

In addition, his sermon has been reflected on his emphasizes on the need of turning attention on the word of God as quoted in the bible; “in the beginning was the word and the word was God John 1:1”. Consequently, he outlines that the word of God is the basic aspect of understanding the nature of the world along with Christianity. This has also had the effect on the Augustine argument towards rhetorical theories. For example, through believing that God’s word is fundamental in changing a human being behavior, makes him believe that; an individual does not need to be wise or good to acquire virtues of life. Instead, he should have quality time studying the word of God for transformations. Additionally, Augustine elevated the aspect of truth to be attributed by communication with God through prayers.

Conclusion

            Having discussed this, we can outline that, individuals studying rhetorical have enlarged its subject beyond speech texts. As discussed in this paper, we have outlined various factors that may attribute to what a person thinks. For instance, Augustine being a religious person believes that, an individual can find true virtue by abiding in God’s word and prayers. On the other hand, Quintilian passion in education reflects his reasoning on rhetorical to be power, science but not a practice or else virtue. With this regard, the paper has sought to examine Augustine and Quintilian as theorists and as a practitioner of rhetoric.

 

 

Work cited

Loeb, James. Quintilian. The lesser declamation II. New York: The Loeb Classical Library,           1911. Print

Oratoria. Quintilian. Trans.H.E. Butler. New York: Harvard University press, 1920. Print

 

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COPD and Asthma

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            It is a well-documented fact; while the symptoms of the COPD and Asthma may be similar; they are very different. In essence, Asthma is the inflammatory disorder of airways that causes attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. In facts, when Asthma attack occurs, muscles that pass airways become tight and as a result, reduce air to pass by. Medical experts outline that, Asthma is most triggered by various substances such as dust, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, respiratory infection, mold and chemicals found in the food. In conjunction with this, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the most common lung disease, which like Asthma causes difficult in breathing. In many cases, COPD causes coughing in a slimy substance, chest tightness, wheezing, difficult in breathing. The disease is mostly attributed by chemical fumes, air pollution and lung irritants. Having discussed this, it is essential to note that, there are a number of differences and similarities between COPD and Asthma. With regard, this paper seeks to analyze how COPD differ from the Asthma by outlining both similarities and differences of COPD and Asthma.

Asthma

            In essence, Asthma is the disease common characterized by chronic inflammatory whose symptoms keep on recurring. The disease causes constriction of airways resulting to difficult in breathing. The disease attack is different in that; each individual has the degree of reactivity to the environmental trigger. Asthma is classified based on the frequency of symptoms. In thought, the disease is outline to be caused by the combination of environmental and genetic factors. The environmental factors associated with asthma include air pollutants that include dust, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, respiratory infection, mold and chemicals. Additionally, psychological stress is also suspected to trigger Asthma in the sense that, stress affects the immune system thus, increasing the magnitude of the response of inflammatory allergens with irritants. In addition, respiration infection has also been outlined to cause asthma. In conjunction with this, the genetic variants is also said to be the major cause which becomes worse when the victim is exposed to the environmental cause of asthma.

It is borne in mind; asthma begins at an early age mostly during childhood especially in the family histories of allergies, hay fever or eczema. Nevertheless, in few cases, it begins at an old age stimulated by environmental causes of asthma. Asthma symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, bluish colors to the face and lips, rapid pulse, sweating, chest tightness and irregular breathing pattern. The key treatment of asthma is to stay away from substances that control airway inflammation and trigger symptoms.  Other treatments include controlling drugs that prevent attacks, quick relief drugs during attacks and inhaler to prevent airways from swelling.

Medical expects believe there is no cure for Asthma although in some cases, symptoms improve over a time. With suitable medical treatment and management, victims with asthma can live normal lives. Nevertheless, the complication of asthma causes death.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

            Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the lung disease defined by a long-term cough and destruction of lungs. The disease is comprised by three related conditions that include chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In facts, each condition has chronic obstruction of air flow in the airways and out the lungs. In this regard, the obstruction is permanent and progressive over a time. Often, patients with COPD experience fatigue, cough that has mucus, wheezing, recurrent respiratory infections and difficult in breathing. It is borne in mind; the symptoms are chronic in the sense that, occur frequently.

Subsequently, causes of COPD are smoking and in few cases caused by inhaled fumes, chemicals, pollution, chemicals and dust.  Fundamentally, COPD has no cure but, there are medication used to relieve symptoms by keeping the disease from being worse. In this regard, medications used to treat OCPD are inhalers to open airways, inhaled steroids for reducing lung inflammation and in severe cases surgery treatment that involve removing lung diseased. It is also recommended to avoid smoking areas, cold air and air pollutants. It is important to note that, under severe cases, the disease causes death.

Differences between COPD and Asthma

            First, in many cases asthma starts occur in childhood while COPD occur later in adult hood. Secondly, Asthma does not worsen with age on the other hand; COPD tends to worsen over time. Thirdly, asthma is mostly caused by allergens, weather, stress and heredity while COPD is directly caused by smoking and in few cases caused by pollution, chemicals, dust and inhaled fumes. Fourthly, Asthma is often linked with symptoms in form of attack while COPD has chronic symptoms that tend to occur frequently.  Fifthly, almost all COPD patients have smoke or exposed to a smoke exposure environment, while asthma patients more often are non-smokers. Sixthly, in COPD symptoms there is cough in mucus form, while asthma is pure cough. Seventhly, the key asthma treatment is to free symptoms that trigger the attack, while the key COPD treatment is to stop the progression of lung damage and decrease exacerbations. Finally, COPD affects both airways with parenchyma, while asthma only affects airways.

Similarities between COPD and Asthma

            In facts, both COPD and Asthma have various similarities such as, both are chronic inflammatory diseases, which involve small airways which limit airflow thus, difficult in breathing. Secondly, both diseases are caused by similar environment factors such as air pollution, dust, smoke and chemicals among others. Thirdly, the medications of both diseases are similar for instance, inhalers to open airways, avoiding air pollution and any environment factor that may trigger the diseases. Fourthly, there are similar symptoms in both diseases that include difficult in breathing, wheezing, chest tightness and irregular breathing problems. Fifthly, both diseases do not have cure but, there are various medications used to relieve symptoms that keep each disease from getting worse. Sixthly, both COPD and Asthma victims are issued with antibiotics that are prescribed to reduce symptoms from getting worse. Finally, both COPD and Asthma result to death in severe cases.

In conclusion, it important to note that, both COPD and Asthma are severe disease, which requires effective treatment. Failure for treatment, with no doubt; both diseases become severe to the extent of causing death. By the fact that both diseases are considered inflammatory diseases it is with no doubt; they require proper monitoring in order for the patient to live well. As discussed in this paper, both COPD and Asthma are most triggered by various substances such as dust, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, respiratory infection, mold and chemicals found in the food; it is essential to avoid such triggers of attacks. With this in mind, this paper has analyzed how COPD differ from the Asthma by outlining both similarities and differences of COPD and Asthma.

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Conflict diagnosis

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For many years, the first objective during conflict resolution is to determine the root cause of the conflict through conflict diagnosis. In achieving the effective procedure in conflict resolution process, there are a number of guidelines required which include, selecting appropriate dispute resolution in helping clients, coaching clients to make use of the chosen dispute resolution process and preserving the relationship of clients with other clients among others. Studies done by various people have illustrated some of the facet of conflict diagnosis. This paper aims at analyzing these articles in addition; the significance of using conflict diagnosis and conflict resolution in the conflict outlined (Coltri 2004).

In the article conflict in marriage, Fincham and Beach (1999) argues, the investigation of marital conflict have reached the crossroad. For the past twenty-five years, marital conflict behavior has yield a clear picture for intervention. Fincham and Beach argue that, there is a need of mass observation in a relatively theoretical manner to begin creating a unified theoretical framework to offer in solving the conflicts. For this reason, they reviewed the effects that marital conflict has on family health, mental, physical and how it has been viewed in the society. After highlighting these concepts, they illustrated how conceptualizing marital conflict provides an integrative theoretical framework for prevention, treatment and marital conflict research.

Their systemic research showed that, psychology has emerged in assisting couples dealing with marital distress. The intervention of conflict resolution has been widely accepted in examining the nature of conflict within marriage and the negative impacts it has on marital relationship. Their main emphasizes been the importance of conceptual development in conflict. After highlighting, they have identified the some goal directed behaviors that act as fundamental tools in having an understanding of marriage. As a result, they have illustrated how goals perspective offers a unifying framework for solution regarding treatment, prevention of marital conflict.

While doing their researches they have assessed that, marital conflict has affected the individual well being in that, many people end up depressed in addition, have eating disorders. Similarly, it has been noted to be psychological abuse that a time occur when one of the partner is out of home taking alcohol or in few cases because of early onset taking of alcohol which may have emerged earlier as a result of poor parenting.

Although married couples have been said to be healthier compared to unmarried, cases of marital conflicts have changed the story. Marital conflict has now been associated with poor health that has led the victims affected to have diseases such as cancer, chronic pain and cardiac diseases. The hostile behaviors during conflicts has been said to cause these diseases. Although the marital conflict affects both couples, Fincham and Beach in their article argues that, it has pronounced health effects on wives in that they are affected more emotionally compared to men.

In essence, this article has outlined that, marital conflict is mostly to cause poor parenting, likelihood of parent-child conflict, conflicts between other siblings and lack of love during child bearing. This implies that, conflicts that emerge during child development can end up affecting the child. The demand for parents being responsible in child bearing is emphasized in that if done, it is argued in this article to reduce cases of marital conflicts.

As discussed above, by using conflict diagnosis it has outlined various problems that result from marital conflict. These include depression, anxiety, health problems, poor parenting and eating disorders. With this knowledge in mind, Fincham and Beach have been able to come up with suitable treatment, which may be of use in treating various disorders caused by marital conflicts (Coltri 2004).

In addition, proper understanding on what causes marital conflict has also been established. By tailoring the process to what causes this conflict, it assists in constructing resolution, which minimizes the likelihood of recurrence of the conflicts along with other conflicts cropping up. Studies have indicated that, when causes of conflict are dealt with, it becomes a fundamental tool in prevention thus selecting appropriate dispute resolution in helping the married couples to avoid conflicts in future. In addition, it will assist coachers in coming up with solutions to the victims affected.

Researches have shown that, using conflict diagnosis comes up with the best solution that works best in various problems of marital conflict. As a result, it enables one a counselor or else a psychiatrist to better serve the victims. In conjunction with this, skills will be set up in understanding the conflict in depth to come up with strategic actions that would resolve the conflict. Concerning this, social analyst argues that, counselors, psychiatrist along with people that deals with conflict resolution require equipped knowledge when dealing with conflicts (Coltri 2004). In cooperation with this, two important guidelines are required, knowing the foundation of conflict and coming up with the problems related to the conflict. In this case, Fincham and Beach (1999) create awareness of the problems connected to marital conflict such as depression, anxiety and health problems among others. The victim will be aware if the dangers that emerge from conflict such as depression, health problems therefore, if these problems arouse he will know how to deal with each problem. This means that, the victim will not waste money treating a disease that is known but he will know what he or she is treating.

After assessing the conflict diagnosis towards marital conflict, Fincam and Beach came up with resolutions. These include dealing with the root issues, which compile on what generally causes marital conflict. According to Fincham and Beach (1999), alcohol tends to be the major cause of marital conflicts. With this in mind, couples will effectively manage their drinking behaviors that may end up causing conflicts. As a result, it will reduce cases of marital conflict.

 

Conclusion

As discussed in this paper, conflict diagnosis helps in solving conflicts that emerge in daily basis. Borne in mind, conflict is a problem that affects many individuals, there is a need of coming up with effective approaches to dispute resolution in helping the victim to deal with the existing problem and advocating for ways that stops its occurrence.

This paper has also analyzed an article of marital conflict by Fincham and Beach. The article has assessed some resolutions in this conflict. In coming with the best treatment, prevention and solution, the article has analyzed the causes of marital causes, effects and the problems associated with the conflict. As a result, the article has outlined the solution for handling marital conflict.

 

 

 

References

Coltri,L.S (2004). Conflict diagnosis and alternative dispute resolution. New York: Prentice Hall

Fincham, D.F & Beach, S.R. (1999). Conflict in marriage: Implications for Working with Couples. Retrived from: http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001249909

 

 

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Conclusion on the Obedience to Authority

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Conclusion

It is indeed factual that, obedience is vital and all human beings should practice in life. Obedience is vital to students, every individual and psychology scholars in that, it teaches an individual the need for respecting authority. As discussed in this paper, there are times when an individual act in obedience to thrill the authority without considering what he or she is obeying. For instance, a student abiding in order from the teacher to sell drugs shows how one follows rules from the high authority without questioning whether it is right. In this regard, Blass (2000) argue that, it is indispensable for everyone to understand the orders given from the higher authority before abiding to them. This is because, one may end up following unethical orders in the name of obeying the authority. In conjunction with this, it is vital for the management team in any given organization to explain the rules and regulations of an organization to the employees in addition, employees should better understand the rules of what she or he is obeying.

Ironically, this has not been the case; the society demands human beings to obey rules without questioning them. For example, despite the fact that; high schools in the United State give the students a chance to apply according to their interest for universities; the truth of the matter is, the education system demands all students to take a similar test. There has been continuous questioning of why such things occur. The answer toward this has been said to be;education system to inquire from the school along with the family whether students taking the same test is right. This will eliminate various problems that occur when students are forced to abide in rules that a time may not be favorable to them.

The paper has also discussed that, the high authority tend to make decisions without enquiring from the members that are expected to abide on those rules. It is vital noting that, this directly affects an organization or else company work performance. As discussed, it causes potential loss in that, employees might feel offended trying to obey the authority to the point of harming himself. With this regard, it fundamental for managers to understand the employees in order to build their confidence in obeying authority which-releases the psychology pressure and; as a result, enhances improvement in terms of work performance.

Having discussed this, the world has been affected by the approach of obeying authority. It is borne in mind, authority posses a certain power; which if not respected it leads to chastisement. As a result, many people end up obeying rules to escape from punishment. Actually, it becomes unrealistic to question the authority on understanding the rules well. From Milgram experiment, we can conclude that, there are many factors considered when obeying the authority. For instance, from the experiment; findings highlight that, to be termed respectable one requires to understand the likelihood of obedience and judge if they are able to obey rules. For instance, the US culture is more towards individualism; Asians are known to have a higher possibility towards obedience and for that reason, it is considered paramount important for everyone around them. With this in mind, it fundamental to understand the extent we can adjust to be acceptable to our society by doing what is right. In this regard, the paper has sought to examine in details, obedience to authority.

 

 

 

References

 Blass, T. (2000). Obedience to authority: current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm.

New Jersey, NJ: Taylor and Francis

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Conception of knowledge

Introduction

            It is a well-documented fact; analysis of knowledge is a fundamental aspect which many have different interpretations. In essence, there are two kinds of knowledge. Knowledge of things known as descriptive knowledge with productive knowledge that involve a change of things. With this regard, researchers argue that, each of the knowledge consist of particulars and generalities (Bridges 3). This implies that, level of learning is classified in various categories of memorization, application and understanding. With this in mind, there have been various philosophers regarding interpretations of conception of knowledge. These include Plato’s conception of knowledge in the theaetatus and Getter’s conception of knowledge. In this regard, this paper seeks to compare and contrast the views of two philosophers; Plato and Gettier.

Plato’s conception of knowledge in the theaetatus

            According to Hetherington (20), the Theaetatus is the Plato’s dialogues about the nature of knowledge. In facts, Theaetatus introduces knowledge as the perception of true judgment. In conjunction with this, Theaetatus assume knowledge as the true belief, which mostly are proved with facts. With this regard, Socrates assumption is different who promptly observes, which orators and lawyers tend to believe they are skilled to persuade people to anything they say. Stimulated by the concept of dream, Theaetatus believe that knowledge is true judgment accompanied with Logos. This concept is thereafter assumed to be the knowledge of the complex which means true belief. In this regard, Socrates uses syllables and letters as example stating that, the first syllables of the name Socrates is comprised of letters O and S and with this in mind, one can’t give the similar account in the sense that, they are simple vocals flatus. With this regard, knowledge depends on an individual judgment.

As said previously, analysis of knowledge in the Theaetatus been influenced by Plato who deeply propose that knowledge is the true belief based on the account or otherwise logos. In facts, in the Theaetatus assumption on conception of knowledge is that, truth is something, which if not found, can be locked and appreciated in a systematic way. In this aspect, the first thing that Plato is concerned about knowledge is that, learning process is relevant to acquiring knowledge. Nevertheless, this is not equivalent to acquiring skills like that of a skilful musician. In this case, a skillful musician requires more practical work than that of the learning process. Secondly, Theaetatus aspect of knowledge is developed in the insight that, if an individual perception whether based on sense experience or else rational process is equivalent to truth, which in this case, there would be no learning process. The third concept deals with knowledge as belief through which socrate compares human mind to that of birdcage. In this case, the belief of knowledge is outlined to be what man keeps on hunting about his mind on knowledge of something which a time may grab the wrong thing. In this regard, …..raises a contentious issue that, during conception of knowledge, an individual may mistake eleven with twelve. Subsequently, theaetatus outline that, one may not distinguish between the two numbers outlined above thus, concluding the assumption of knowledge to be a belief.

 

Gettier’s conception of knowledge

            According to Axtell (10), Edmund owe reputation as an American Philosopher that composed the traditional philosophical description of knowledge in his paper in 1963. In his attempt, Edmund Gettier utilized the thought of experiment through which the person acquire the knowledge criteria and yet seems not have knowledge. With this regard, the 1963 justification of Gettier is that, true belief is not adequate for knowledge in the sense that, an individual can be justified in believing the proposition that in reality is false. In demonstrating this, Gettier outline how chance events may be justified true beliefs while in facts, they are false belief. In outlining this, Gettier outline that, in such cases, events occur to justify beliefs. With this in mind, Gettier conception of knowledge is that, an individual can have justified true belief yet, not sufficient for knowledge. In proving his facts, he gives an example of an individual by name Smith who has a justified assumption that Jones the colleague will get the job because he has 10 coins in his pocket. In reality, Jones fails to get the job and instead, Smith does. Nevertheless, Smith unknowingly find ten coins in his pocket, which as a result, makes the facts to be justified despite failing to have the concept of knowledge. This is the reason why Gettier finds it wrong with knowledge being justified to be true belief.

In order to make knowledge more sensible, Gettier believe that, one requires new conception of justification in the sense that, only apparent justification leads to belief in the proposition. It is with no doubt; Gettier assume that, if an individual has enough information and not used in an accurate way, can lead to falsity despite the justification. In conjunction with this, Gettier’s is justified by the fact that, the conception of knowledge as well as, the justification is the initial step of figuring out when a person posses true aspect of knowledge. With this regard, the more an individual learn the word, the more he becomes more confident to the particular claim thus, not justifying knowledge as, necessary true belief (Wray 23).

Differences between Gettier’s and Plato’s conception of knowledge

            According to Wray (25), Plato conception of knowledge states that, for an individual to say he knows something, it must be true, consciously and justifiable while on the other hand, Gettier believe that, no knowledge is claimed in false beliefs until further knowledge proves. Secondly, Gettier assumption of acquiring knowledge differs to Plato in the sense that; Plato outline acquiring of knowledge to be based on individual judgment. On the other hand, Gettier believe that, an individual can have justified true belief yet, not sufficient for knowledge thus should not be based on an individual judgment. Thirdly, Theaetatus aspect of knowledge is developed in the insight that, if an individual perception whether based on sense experience or else rational process is equivalent to truth, which in this case, there would be no learning process while Gettier disagree on this aspect arguing that, despite an individual having enough information can lead to false interpretation if not interpreted correctly.

Similarities between Gettier’s and Plato’s conception of knowledge

            Both Gettier’s and Plato’s assumption on conception of knowledge involves the concept of checking true belief as the foundation of knowledge. Despite of the two aspects differing in explanation, one thing is common in both assumptions; beliefs are less or more certain if, they can be derived in foundation of beliefs. Such beliefs are the foundation of the conception of knowledge.

 

Best assumption

            Based on my perception, am greatly inspired by the great work of Gettier who in his attempt outline that, knowledge does not consist of justification of true belief. There is truth in this assumption in the sense that, people’s belief should not determine the concept of knowledge. This is because, an individual may belief something to be true and despite the beliefs; fails to have accurate definition on assumption thus, no knowledge (Axtell 18). Axtell (18) argue that, it seems reasonable outlining that, knowledge does not require justification in the sense that, in identifying knowledge with justification would be doubtful in that, a belief that is just doest not meet the criteria of knowledge. With this in mind, I oppose the Plato argument on the aspect that, knowledge is perceptions who in his assumption believe that man is the measure of all things. Ironically, Theaetatus contend that, if a man claims it is hot despite the weather being hot; it may be true in the sense that, beauty lies in the eye of the beholder. With this in mind, I disagree on this aspect and conquer with Gettier assumption that, despite justifications with beliefs there should be no assurance that the facts are true. This is because, although there may be evidences; it may not at all time outline foundation of knowledge.

Conclusion

            In conclusion, it is important noting that, there are various philosophers assist to explaining the conception of knowledge such as   Theaetatus and Gettier. With this in mind, this paper has compared and contrasted the views Theaetatus and Gettier conception of knowledge.

 

Work cited

Axtell, Guy. Knowledge, belief, and character: readings in virtue epistemology. New York:           Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. Print

Hetherington, Stephen. How to Know: A Practicalist Conception of Knowledge. New York: John             Wiley and Sons, 2011. Print

Nesher, Dan. On truth and the representation of reality: a collection of inquiries from a      pragmatist point of view. California: University Press of America, 2002. Print

Bridges, David. Education, democracy, & discussion. London: NFER, 1979. Print

Wray, Brad. Knowledge and inquiry: readings in epistemology. New York: Broadview Press,       2002. Print

 

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Computer engineering

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In essence, the concept of engineering has existed since earliest times of human devised developmental invention. The word engine has been argued to derive from the Latin word ingenium that mean mental power or clever invention (Pacey, 1991). In regard to this, Pacey argues that, computer engineering professional has been widely recognized due to its extensive knowledge of software design along with implementation that provides computer engineers with skills set that are appealing in the current business world. Computer engineering involves aspects of computer design, networking design, the creation of personal components for computer and integrating software options with hardware that drive the application. As said earlier, this field has been widely recognized as the most proficient professional.

For instance, computer engineering in china is most popular due to the advanced technology that has emerged. It has been the most emerging programs which brings bright career to students. As a result, China has made the course available to international students in English medium. Statistics for ministry of education reveals that, the computer degree courses has expanded rapidly with the quantity of foreign students that come to study in China increasing by 20 % since the year 2000 ( Pacey, 1991). Pacey argues that, the reason why the number has increased, has been assumed to be the China development in that big companies garrisoning in China have computers which favors the students studying. In addition, this has been similar to other non-western countries such as Australia, Canada, and Germany among others.

A computer engineering professional requires a minimum of Bachelor’s degree with a working knowledge of computers and computer software. Students starting the course are required to have passed in Mathematics and Science subjects. Computer engineering profile involves, testing the programs during use and before use to ensure that, they are running efficiently without error. When computer problems arise, they identify the problem in addition, develops a solution to fix it. Additionally, they also market their programs to buyers.

Reports in non-western countries indicate that, the average salary of computer engineer graduates has been $ 91, 000 while the undergraduate earning an average of $ 50, 0000 (Pacey, 1991). This has made the professional competitive in that many students ends up choosing the professional because of the advantages it has on payment. In addition, their work mostly depends on the work available. A time they work more while a times, they work less. However, they generally work for about forty to fifty hours in a week.

The wall street journal of engineering by Gereffi, Wadhawa and Rissing (2008) addresses a global issue that has extensively affected the professional engineering in the United States. The article challenges the most common challenge that shows a small number of computer engineering professional in United States compared to India and China. The United States confronts challenges in its ability to attract and retain the top engineering country. One of the reasons has been outlined as visa uncertainties along with its economic growth. As a result, many foreign students that would wish to study abroad have ended up shattering their dreams because there has not been a guarantee, getting visa. This has had substantial impact on the professional of computer engineering in that there no opportunities for foreign students that may be willing to study and work in United State.

According to Gereffi, Wadhawa and Rissing (2008) an issue of qualification has become a leading problem. The key issue has been considered as the quantity of education rather than the quality of graduates. Many in this case those with quality engineering education have ended up unemployed while those with quantity education have ended employed. Generally, this has affected the professional of computer engineering in that; quality factors have a significant impact on entrepreneurship and on innovation. Those with work experience have been sidelined while those fresh from universities have been most regarded. Consequently, it has generally affected this professional because many have ended up becoming less productive in work place.

This article indeed challenges the United State to consider quality work instead of quantity education. This will influence the professional to be more effective thus increasing the demand for the quality recent students. Additionally, if visa are available to foreign students it will attract and retain foreign students.

The end of AT & T

           In the computer engineering, the key challenge in its management is maintaining the balance between the current processes innovation related to the modern society and market profitability. In the article the end of AT & T, Riordan (2005) has outlined two major innovations that have various effects in the society. Watergate scandals have corrupted the United State government. The flesh Porsche 911 Turbo has helped the lovers of car At Paris Motor almost forget the current Arab oil restriction. In addition, the American telephone with Telegraph communication has been regarded as the largest corporation in the entire World.

First, Riordan (2005) argues that, AT & T has been said to be corporate Goliath that seemed as Gibraltar. Only thirty years later, the colossus was no more. Many factors have been assumed to contribute to the company decline. Its manufacturing subsidiary had experienced some challenges that led to the company to spanning off divisions but later in the end, it succumbed. For the period of company’s heyday since 1925 to the 1980s, Bell Labs came up with some inventions along with discoveries, which changed the way the society lived in addition; broaden the company understanding of the universe. The list of Bell labs innovation consists of many milestone developments of 20^th century that include the laser, solar cell, transistor, fiber optics together with satellite communications. For the past years, these series have led to remarkable innovation that has run of steam. As a result, the society has discovered their new way of life making their lifestyle interesting.

Based on the above characteristics, certain qualifications should be considered when Bell telephone is hiring engineers during the heyday of AT & T. These include, being innovative in their work place in order to broaden the company understanding. Additionally, they should have sufficient knowledge such that when technology problems arise, they would better identify the problem and develops a solution to fix it. This will ensure that the company maintains its productivity in addition, catering computer problems that may emerge in the laboratories thus ensuring that all things are done effectively.

IEEE ORGANISATION

            Basically, IEEE advancing technology for humanity has been widely recognized to have various benefits on members of computer engineer, its employee’s and computer engineering as a whole. As a result of been part of this organization, many have achieved their dreams thus becoming better in the society. In addition, many have been compensated in insurance. This paper seeks to analyses these analyses.

According to IEEE, its membership gain new resources, important opportunities along with many discounts that help an individual to advance in his career in best direction. Through an IEEE, one gets colleagues that share the same vision and commitment particularly those that have advanced technology. This implies that, IEEE helps an individual to build his future. Additionally, members gain exclusive access to the best television programs, latest research and news together with educational resources required to expand the skill and stay current. As a member, one becomes part of the globally community of technology professionals by learning what innovators share regarding the dos and the don’ts of what is needed in technology This builds networking opportunities in addition, build leadership skills because of knowledge required.

Computer engineering profession achieve more of what matter in life concerning basic things of life such as ensuring the member is continuing his education courses and certification, ensuring that the professional is competitive by holding conferences and mentoring the professionals and giving scholarships to the needy and bright students willing to pursue computer engineering course. In addition, they offer career opportunities for professional and students pursuing the course. IEEE is also devoted in motivating women towards advancement in technical along with scientific professional. As a result, many women are motivated to pursue technical careers making the professional to be gender equality.

The organization has countless benefits to its employees. It pays the major cost of their medical bill and dental. Employees that participate in IEEE benefits more in that, they are required to pay a smaller portion of the insurance cost by payroll reduction. An employee becomes more eligible for dental and medical coverage for a period of thirty days from date of hire. After that period, one is assured to enjoy medical health care programs.

In networking compensation, the organization offers a certain percentage for employee together with eligible depends for every twelve months subsequent to a $ 10 co-payment. Additionally, for the employees with eye problems, lenses are paid for every year but selected frames is an additional cost. On the contrary, if one uses a non networking benefit, one is reimbursed to the scheduled amount required to pay the required amount.

Employees with disability are provided with the short term or long compensation together with workers compensation coverage. IEEE offers life insurance, accidental death along with dismemberment insurance coverage which is approximated to four times of the employee annual salary. In this case, employee may request for the extra protection in the increment of $10,000 to maximum and $750,000 if a spouse or child life insurance is included.

Many investment options to allocate funds are considered to help employees. For this reason, employees contribute a certain amount which acts as part of saving. One is required to choose from being deducted to the payroll earning or contributing at least 2 % of their salary on pre-tax basis. In regard to this, a certain contribution is required that acts as retirement investment plan. This provides income for the retired individual which in this case depends on the contribution made by each participant account. Employees become fully vested for this plan after five years of employment. All contributions are prepared by IEEE and participants are required to direct the contributions in their account. As discussed above, it is clear that there are benefits of pension that are provided upon retirement basis and on the employee length of working. In retirement, various payments options are available which include a monthly income or lump sum payments which in this case include loans.

In addition, there is an employee program paid that helps employees with their employee to address their problems which may deny personal satisfaction and a time job performance. The services offered are confidential and if other referrals they are directed to IEEE counselors or psychiatrist. Some of the topics in those programs include stress, relationship, career issues, financial problems, elder care and challenges in work life situations.

In conjunction with this, a member of computer engineering is provided with quick access of the skills required in their professional. These enable them to be more productive in their work place. This implies that, they offer solutions to the problems experienced in their professional

In conclusion, as discussed above, it is indeed true that, IEEE have many benefits to the employees, computer engineering professional and its membership.

 

References

 Gereffi, N., Wadhawa, J. & Rissing, B. (2008). Getting the Numbers Right: International            Engineering Education in the United States, China, and India. Journal of Engineering   Education, 97(1) 13-25.

            http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/the-end-of-att

IEEE Advancing technology for humanity. Retrieved on 9^th April 2011 from:        file:///H:/Benefits%20of%20IEEE%20membership.htm

IEEE Advancing Technology for humanity. Retrieved on 9^th April 2011 from:            

Pacey,A. (1991). Technology in world civilization: a thousand-year history. London: MIT Press

Riordan, M. (2005). The end of AT & T The title Ma Bell may be gone, but its innovations are      everywhere. Retrieved from:

Ruohonen,M. (1998). Capacity building for IT in education in developing countries: IFIP TC3     WG3.1, 3.4 & 3.5 Working Conference on Capacity Building for IT in Education in   Developing Countries : 19-25 August 1997, Harare, Zimbabwe. New York: Springer

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Table of Contents

Type chapter title (level 1) 1

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Care for computers hardware

Introduction

            It is a well-documented fact; in many organizations there is a need for carrying out safety practices to create a favorable working environment. The key role for occupation safety risk is to eradicate problems that reduce the hazard associated with illness. With this regard, specific policies are implemented in regard to enhancing security in working areas. In this context, the occupation healthy and safety (OH& S) enhances that there is effective action plans that provide aspects for occupation healthy. Studies outline that; OH&S act provides information on risk management, Policy development, legislation with support materials, communication and staff development (Cimino & Shortliffe 10). With no doubt; the core goal of occupation healthy and safety is to foster a safe working environment. In conjunction with this, OH & S deals with various subjects such as occupation medicine, healthy physics, occupation hygiene and safety engineering. With this regard, this paper seeks to analyze the care for computers hardware through identifying OH & S areas that relate to the installation and maintenance of computer hardware, the safety maintenance of computer hardware and various work experiences regarding computer printer hardware.

 

 

 

SAFE WORK PRACTICES

OH & S areas of installation and maintenance of computer hardware

            According to Officewise (36), printing and copying machines such as facsimile machines, photocopiers and laser printers are most common in many offices. With no doubt; the usages of printing and copying machines have increased due to emerging technology. By using these machines, it enhances strong focus on professional service and support. It is borne in mind; office copying machines is the computer networking solutions, which as a result, offers businesses efficiency and productivity. Nevertheless, despite their widespread use and benefits; they pose risks to employees healthy along with safety under normal circumstances.

First, there are critical hazards on heat and light produced while using printing and copying machines and awareness of these hazards eliminates healthy risks in addition, safety handling of such equipment. It is a well-documented fact; light exposure from printing and copying equipments causes eye discomfort despite the fact; the damage is unlikely to happen incidentally. Following these serious effects, it is important for employees to have response plans of minimizing lights in addition, purchasing well-designed machines to assist in preventing excessive light.

Secondly, fax machines, printers and photocopiers are kept in one room; if there is inadequate ventilation then; this poses healthy risk to employees around these machines. Thirdly, some electrostatic processors such as laser printers and copiers use corona in making prints. Researchers argue that, the coronas are electron, which break the oxygen molecules that recombine with oxygen molecule to make ozone (Cimino & Shortliffe 50). Ozone is an irritant that irritates eyes, throat, nose and respiratory system. Cimino and Shortliffe argue that, photocopier has an average of 260 micrograms per minute though insufficient, degrades oxygen.

Appropriate protection

                        First, to avoid excessive light from the printing and copying machines; the user should avoid looking directly at the light from the photocopier. One should locate the photocopier machine in a convenient place that does not affect many people. In addition, the document cover ought to be closed during photocopying. Secondly, one should locate fax machines, printers and photocopiers in a location with the least disruption to enhance an adequate place for the machines. Thirdly, adequate ventilation is recommended for photocopiers machines in order to eradicate ozone. Fourthly, procedures for safe use of machines should be displayed for safe working environment. Fifthly, equipment should be restored in accordance to the given specifications to obtain appropriate instruction manuals and ways of handling. Following the manufacturing instruction is the core principle for ensuring that all practices are applied at the work place. This can be achieved through recognizing manual handling as much as possible in the work place environment.

 

 

 

HARDWARE QUALITY STANDARDS

HP LaserJet printer

It is a well-documented fact; the HP laser jet printer was the first world desktop laser printer. In facts, the HP Laser jet printers employ the electro-photographic laser marking the main independent supplier been in UK. The HP Laser Jet print cartridges are backed with HP’s first-rate, protection safety. In essence, it is warranted free from defects in workmanship and materials for 90 days from the date of purchase. In aspects that cartridge proves faulty; the client is obligated to complete services information on the product box on the name, place of issue, phone number, address and a brief description of the defective. 

Xerox Phaser 3300 MFP

The Xerox phaser 3300MFP is well-featured with high speed ideal for the personal use or a team work. The Xerox genuine suppliers deliver the superior value of the multifunction to 30ppm; the main suppliers been in United State. In essence, the Xerox phaser 3300MFP has a warrant of one year’s depot that enhances total satisfaction guarantee.

It is borne in mind that; both HP LaserJet printer and Xerox phaser 3300MFP do not conform to the Australian standards for service and repair in the sense that, they do not conform to the product specification. On the contrary, they conform to the International quality in the sense that, its quality fits internationally.

 

 

ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS FOR HP COLOUR LASERJET 2700N PRINTERS

            According to  Einbinder (39), there should be a stable temperature of 210 degree Celsius that is the printer fusing temperature. Secondly, HP Color LaserJet 2700n printers should be kept away from children in that, if swallowed it is poisonous. Thirdly, it should be kept away from dust to maintain its quality. Fourthly, it should be kept away from water to maintain its quality and functioning. Fifthly, it should be kept away from extreme heat to avoid it from melting thus, enhancing its quality.

 

 

MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

            In facts, the printer should be repaired occasionally to maintain its quality. It should be serviced frequently to maintain its value. When cleaning, one should bear in mind that; water is a dangerous cleaning agent and the best recommended cleaning agent is acetone, which is the organic compound that is colorless liquid. In conjunction with this, there are various methods that may be used in cleaning such as blowing and wiping. With no doubt; when maintenance is emphasis then, there is an assurance of the printer quality.

Conclusion

            In facts, computer maintenance plays a fundamental role in enhancing the quality. As discussed in the paper, one should establish a safe working environment; hardware should be handled with quality standards through effective maintenance and there should be a suitable environment for HP Color LaserJet 2700n printers. With this and many more, this paper has analyzed the care for computers hardware through identifying OH & S areas that relate to the installation and maintenance of computer hardware, the safety maintenance of computer hardware and various work experiences regarding computer printer hardware.

Work cited

Cimino, James., & Shortliffe, Edward. Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health    care and biomedicine. New York:  Springer, 2006. Print

Einbinder, Laura. Transforming Health Care Through Information: Case Studies. New York:        Springer,2009. Print

Officewise. A guide to health and safety in the office:             http://www.comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/39570/Officewise_OHS1_Apr_1            0.pdf

 

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Communication in an organization

            Communication in an organization covers all ways in both official and unofficial through which information is passed over across all the set-up of managers and workers who works in a business. Variety of methods of communication may perhaps be used in passing the official information involving workers and management; a time may be wrongly used in passing gossips or anything that entails the organization. One of the main challenges for any given organization is to guide these infinite communications as to provide and improve client relationships, improve the worker contentment, come up with sharing of knowledge in the entire organization and improve the business competitiveness. There are positive and negative factors that influence communication in an organization. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyse positive and negative factors that influences communication in an organisation.

Positive Factors influencing organisation communication

People working in team dynamics can have a strong influence in an organization. If people work in small team under the same organization they tend to have bond in friendship which can have influence on how the communication flows. This is obvious in that when the employees are friends they can communicate a lot when they are together. This may be of use in cases like when the manager is permanent sacked out of the office, the group may bring in the transformation. Friendship has its potential in that it creates an atmosphere for people to be in groups resulting to progressing in inspiration and commitment in any given organization.

Protocol of communication is also one of the positive factors influencing communication in an organization. The sequence can be observed to stand for the hierarchical outline that illustrates firmly official information flow. This means that it should starts from top to bottom or bottom to top that can occur in armed forces and some different business organization. All channels should be involved in the flow of communication. This supports all the members in an organization to get involved in the process of decision process. The structure of communications in organization will have important pressure on the correctness of decisions, the pace to which the leaders of organization can be reached and the fulfillment of the people involved in the organization.

The formal canals of communication can also have influence on the communication. A formal canal of communication means communication that is approved and proscribed by managers. Examples of formal canals of communication include information sheet, regular memorandums, reports and workers meetings. The formal channels of communication tend to cover a broader distance that helps the organization to expand and grow. The formal canals of communication have its potential in that it helps the manager get information in high level. When the organization uses the formal canals of communication such as electronic newspaper and news this has its potential on staffs in that they get the information of the organization news and its trend. When the report concerning the organization are written and organized by the top managers this helps in upholding successful internal communication through offering the comprehensive of the organization confidence, atmosphere and communication.

In rare cases an organization may employ a staff who cannot hear or speak. By use of technology this can promote communication through Face book and use of mails. The use of face book is important in that it will help those who cannot talk or hear get connected to their friends and colleague in an organization. By use of mails means the disable can work in an organization as they communicate effectively through emails. By use of texts for examples in mobile phones is also beneficial in that these people will not fell a sense of isolation and this will have its potential in promoting self-confidence and social interaction to both the disable and the other staffs in the organization.

Attitude is also a factor that can have positive effect in communication. Attitudes are usually the positive outlooks and negative outlooks of an individual. When the staffs of a given organization possess the positive attitude towards their job and their leaders in addition to leaders of the organization possessing right attitude on their employees this will result to effective communication. When they have right attitude they will respond well in communication for their relationship is mended well.

Organization is an emotional place. When the organization makes use of the emotions to motivate their employees to carry out duties in organization, these create emotions and have effect on the employee’s sense of contentment. Due to sense of contentment communication will take place well in the organization. Use of emotions in a positive way acts as organizing power in organizations that helps in generating organization formation in additional to shaping the behavior in organization. Emotions have its potential in that they increase motivational leadership in organization.

When the receiver of the message in organization have knowledge of the message being communicated this will result to good communication skills. When the employees in an organization are highly informed with communication technologies, access to electronic information and internet will be in a good position to understand the message being communicated in the organization by use of technology.

Good communication skills can contribute to effective communication in organization in that, when the employees in the organization have a good professional vocabulary and strong listening skills will have effect on how the message is being received. The employees will have proper understanding of the message and this will be of use to the organization. Ability to communicate in a language that is known by both the sender and the receiver is of use in great attribute in effective communication. When the individual in organization uses appropriate words while talking or writing could result to better understanding involving the sender and the receiver in the organization.

When the employees are psychological balanced in organization they will be in a position to understand the message properly in organization. It is also important to be familiar with the receiver’s needs, position, awareness of the subject and language skills that help the sender in organization prepare a victorious message. If the receiver is happy effective communication will take place in the organization making the organization to grow.

When the employees have interest on the duties that happen in organization will be of great benefit. The employees will be in a position to ask anything that entails the organization and they will be involved in decision making in the organization. If communication takes place in the organization they will tend to embrace it positively with proper understanding and good listening skills.

Provision of the feedback in the previous communication is also beneficial in the organization. The sender of the message in the organization or the person communicating should find a way of getting feedbacks from the person who receives the message in the organization. If the leader in organization allows questions when for example discussing projects in organization this will make the employees understanding the project. Face-to-face verbal way of communication is one of the way of getting feedbacks from the organization. When feedbacks from the employees are viewed this will make the organization work together as a team.

Organization should not overload information. The information should be communicated in less information to enhance proper understanding in interpreting the information. The sender of the message should pick the important points as away of not overwhelming the receiver with a lot of information.

 

 

Negative factors affecting communication in an organisation

 

Encoding factors

 

     When the Sender is insensitive in an organization effective communication may be hindered and the information may not be adapted to the intended recipient. Identifying the receivers wants, language skills, knowledge of the matters at hand and status helps the sender in setting up a successful message. For instance if the client is angry, an effectual response could just be to give an ear to the customer’s voice for a while.

When the sender lack communication skills basics it may result to problem with word selection and arrangement of such words, in a grammatically accurate sentence, then the receiver will be less likely to comprehend the message. In addition, if the sender has no particular information on the subject at hand, it’s likely that, the receiver will get unclear information. For example the resource management explaining on repairing computer software or a client shopping for a computer and the sales person explain some terms in a complicated way.

When the management sends a message full of excess information, the receivers may have a tendency to make up a barrier for the quantity of information coming in being very fast in that that the receiver may not be at ease interpreting that message. For instance if a salesperson is selling a product comprising more than twenty features, the salesperson can pick three to four crucial features to put an emphasis rather than overwhelming the receiver with a loaded information.

Emotional factor can influence communication in organization in that an emotional staff may not be in a position to express himself effectively. If the person for example is over excited, angry fearful or resentful that individual might be excessively lost in thought with emotions to get hold of the intended information. If a certain employee does not get along with a specific manager, the employee may have a hard time listening to the manager.

 

Transmitting factors

 

These are factors that hinder effective communication by getting in the way of information transmission and sometimes referred to as “noise”. These include the following.

When there are Physical distractions; for example in a noisy environment or a bad phone line may tend to interfere with communication. If a letter or email message fails to be formatted correctly or it has some spelling and grammatical errors, the recipient may be unable to be attentive on the information for the physical appearance of the written letter or email is shoddy and unprofessional.

Messages that lead to conflict in perception on the side of the recipient may cause incomplete communication. For instance, if a manager continuously uses jargon or slang to pass information to a staff from a dissimilar country who knows nothing on such expressions, the outcome will be automatically a mixed message. Another good example in an organization of a conflicting message could be if a supervisor asks for a report instantly without giving the writer sufficient.

Channel factors may also have effect in communication in that, if the sender decides on an unsuitable channel of communication, the communication may come to an end. Instructions with a lot of details communicated over the phone, for instance may be exasperating for both the sender and the receiver. If a staff is on a computer technical support assistance line discussing a setback, it would be useful for that staff to be seated in frontage of the computer, as contrasting to taking notes from the assisting staff and thereafter going back to the computer location.

When there are longer series of communication there are more chances of encountering ineffective information among the employees. If a message passes from the top management through a number of employees, the information directly becomes distorted. If one employee begins spreading information at one end of a chain communication of about eight people, the eventually returning information is usually abundantly altered.

 

Decoding factors

 

The communication sequence, however, may cease at the receiving sect due to some of the following factors.

When the management in organization sends a message to some employees, who lack interest in the message, the employees may hurriedly read or take note to the message inaccurately. This may lead to miscommunication in both sides. Lack of technical knowledge is also a factor that can have influence in communication. If for example a recipient is incapable to comprehend a message packed with technical information, the communication will come to an end.  Except a computer consumer knows something concerning the Windows environment, for illustration, the consumer may have trouble organizing files if set on technical instructions.

When there are inadequate communication skills this may have effect in communication. Staffs whose listening and reading skills are weak make ineffective receivers.  On contrary, staffs that have an excellent professional vocabulary and give attention to listening, encounter fewer difficulties in hearing and inferring good communication.   Several staffs tune out to who is conversing and mentally practice the response they are yet to give in return.

Emotional distractions can disrupt the receiving of information and interfere with transmission and creation of information.  If an employee obtains a report from the supervisor on the topic of proposed modifications in work measures and the staff does not mostly like the supervisor, the staff may have difficulty even analyzing the report objectively. The staff may analyze, not objectively, other than to find fault.  The staff may misinterpret terms and interpret negative impressions amid the lines.  As a result, the staff is likely to misinterpret part or the entire of the report.

Physical interruption may influence communication in that, if the recipient of a communication is positioned in an area with loud noise, glower on computer screens,  extremely hot or cold work places, bright lights or physical ailments, that recipient will most likely experience communication go down on a standard basis.

 

Responding factor

 

The communication sequence may be cut off if feedback is unproductive. These include;

When there is Failure in getting feedback, the sender must look for a way of getting a reply from the recipient given that communication is usually a two-way practice.  If for example a team manager does not allow any disruption or questions while explaining projects, he might find that the team members possibly will not completely comprehend what is required of them. One on one oral communication is well thought-out as the best kind of communication because feedback can be in form of nonverbal and verbal. If two communicators are divided, concern must be employed to request for significant feedback.

Inadequate feedback can interrupt with excellent communication.  If the supervisor gives out instructions in lengthy and complex sentences exclusive of giving you an opportunity to talk, you possibly will pretend to comprehend the instructions just to do away with the stress of the discussion. As a result of not fully understanding the anticipated instructions, the performance can be negative.

Conclusion

From the above stated factors, it is true to argue out that effective communication must be enhanced by both the sender and the receiver. Failure of one party to respond as expected can result into ineffective communication, which in return may affect the organizational performance. Therefore the management should have a relevant channel of passing information from the top management to the bottom most employees.

 

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