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Many changes in organizations cannot be accomplished without use of information technology. It is important for any organization that wants to be successful, to change the structure of business operation that may include building new systems. According to El Sawy and Nanus (1989), building new informational systems impact a lot in that, it changes a firm political arrangement and effectiveness in relationship for other businesses operators. Building informational systems involve analyzing of organization problems in the current informational system and evaluating the needs through selecting appropriate technology. In conjunction to its analysis, firms that have used information system have succeeded in fundamental ways. Information system has been useful in ensuring development.

The First role that new informational systems play is, it assists in implementing decisions that are made by others in the organization. In addition, it helps in giving solutions to enhance development that deal with future problems that a company may encounter. There specific procedure that are required in fulfilling this roles, this include, Systems analysis that is commonly used in solving problems with coordinating and directing other use of processing data’s facilities such as time sharing and services agencies.

There are approaches that are used in fulfilling the responsibility for determining the appropriate informational system. The first approach is risk aversion that involves analyzing the current problems in existing information systems together with its risks. The risk is determined by matters such as whether the chosen equipments are effective in the organization. Risks can also be identified by analyzing if the some companies are content with it. If informational system is not effective in organization then is considered a risk taking in using it.

Flexibility is the second approach that entails ability of selecting the appropriate technology that would suit peoples information wants. In selecting a flexible technology, an organization should be willing to endure its consequences. In some cases, it may be costly but the Management should keep on monitoring its effort in system building and evaluating its advantage. Additionally, the new information systems should show effectiveness along with process of preparing organizational change.

Various models are used in designing informational that commonly describes the development of information system. Among the methods is life cycle that has become more cumbersome and complex when its users attempt to introduce new tools. Traditional system involves the advance process that is usually divided in distinct stages. Each of these stages was complied with activities used to implement information system from any organization. These stages go through contracts where users use data processing to keep information in suitable way. For instance, when organizations keep their information based on the profit it makes in a year, data processing is suitable for it keeps information in a meaningful and easier way to access. However, this approach may be expensive and inappropriate when using small desktop systems (El Sawy & Nanus, 1989),

El Sawy and Nanus argues that, traditional method is not accepted by many in the current world except in areas of payroll, accounting, or else complex manufacturing methods in response to its nature, policies for space systems often are mandated. Springs emphasizes that, although traditional system are easier to access, it has a tendency of uncertainty in that a times may not respond well.

Another method used in building information technology is waterfall development model whose principle is divided into phases with overlaps and splash back. It emphasizes on time scheduling, target dates and implementation of the entire system. Prototyping is another method used which is development approach of activities used in software development. In this approach, the user is throughout involved in development process that tends to increase user acceptance in final implementation. Its principle is on understanding the fundamental problem in business that in returns helps in solving the necessary problems. This method is suitable in coming up with the best implementations for a structured system that is well understood and useful. It is best suited in small-scale set up and most valuable when appropriate design solution is unclear.

Prototyping is an example of new approach that is used in systems building for digital firm era. This is done in a very short time trough use of objects in much of code generation. It creates working software through breaking the object into a smaller object. When using this method, it is less costly compared to other traditional systems approaches. One of its greatest advantages is that if the user does not like the product replica image, changes can be made immediately. However, if the user ignores the basic principles of this method, one may cost the organization a lot of money.

For fast, easy and convenient aspect, application of software method is used in building information systems. It provides an easier way of getting the correct code, updates along with its enhancements. When selecting this method, it is vital to evaluate, program function, its flexibility, database requirements, documentation, its quality and maintenance cost.

 

References

El Sawy, A. O., & Nanus, B. (1989). Toward the design of robust information systems.    Management Information Systems, 5 (4), 33-54.

 

 

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Business communication

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For the last decades, business communication has been used to build partnership, promote ideas, advertising in addition to promoting customer relation. Without communication, no meaningful business activity can occur meaning that the business would stagnate in terms of production and other aspects of business (Cherry, 1988).  As such, many businesses have generated effective communication, which improves leadership and communication skills. In this regards, this paper seeks to analyze two passages of business communication.

Hilolsman and Kupritz (2011) in their article argues that, a conversation analytical approach to business communication is a time overlooked. For instance, taking the case of leadership, conservation can provide a vital analysis during business meeting that would reveal the perspective of what is going on. Through linking, such evaluation to wider social set up, conservation analytical ensures leadership skills are enacted. This enhances communication in that, when leadership team takes the initiative of discussing the business matter to other staff members, they will have a sense of ownership in that company. Employees will feel motivated; thus enhance effective communication between the two parties.

In reality, this article has assessed that, leadership conversation approach to other employees is a desirable quality for communication. For example, Hilolsman and Kupritz argues that, employees in the real-world situation require being motivated. Particularly, this can be achieved by involving them in decisions making in addition, updating them on company’s matters. As a result, they will offer helpful contributions or else appreciative comments when possible. There are set of guidelines used while involving employees to effective communications. First, the leadership team should focus on what employee need to know. An employee representative should be referred to in knowing employees need and their contributions towards the company. In decision-making, the management team should value employees’ contribution.

Kotelnikov (nd) in his article gives essential guidelines in making great presentation that include appearance, introduction part and the way a person respond to listeners. For instance, an individual should dress in attire, which is appropriate to that event. In most cases, business casual attire is appropriate in that it imposes an idea of been part of the event. Been on time is another aspect mostly regarded…..argues that, it impresses total commitments in the event. In conjunction with this, it is important to switch off phones to ensure proper concentration.

During introducing, making eye contact and smiling is essential. This will project an image of approachability along with confidence borne in mind that, many people finds it easier interacting with jovial people. In addition, it is vital to be free through not carrying a huge notebook or else bag. It is also important to ensure the right hand is free for handshakes. Listeners will feel free talking to that individual which in return will enhance effective interaction.

The above guidelines will enhance effective communication. In the case of keeping time, it creates the idea of valuing the event that in return will make the listeners attentive during conversation. This is supported by Krizan, etal (2007) who argues that, when the guest invited in a social set up keep time, listeners will have gotten time to gaze at that person as well as getting time to know the guest in details. This implies that, the listeners will have connected to the speaker. On the contrary, if the guest pop in, in the midst of a meeting, many people will end up staring at him which in return will distract communication.

In conclusion, as discussed in this paper, it is important for all business set ups to ensure effective communication because in business relationships, people expect to be calm and be controlled. Therefore, the guidelines discussed above are essential in business communication. (Brown, & Levinson, 1987).

 

References

 

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Cherry, R. D. (1988). Politeness in written persuasion. Journal of Pragmatics, Vol 12, 63-81

Hilolsman, T.& Kupritz, V.W. (2011). The Impact of the Physical Environment on Supervisory    Communication Skills Transfer. Journal of business communication. Vol 48, 2: pp. 148-       185.

Kotelnikov,V. (Nd). Effective business communication. Retrived on 4^th April 2011 from: http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/biz_communication_main.html

Krizan, C.A.,Merrier,P.,logan,J.P.,& Williams, K.S. (2007). Business Communication.       Washington DC: Cengage Learning

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Outline the nature of Bureaucracy and assess the Limitations of this Organizational Design

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Abstract——————————————————————————————————–3

Overview of Bureaucracy ———————————————————————————-4

Introduction—————————————————————————————————5

Characteristics and Limitations of Bureaucratic Organization————————————5

Power and Decision Making Process———————————————————–5

Internal Communication System—————————————————————-6

Change Management——————————————————————————7

Efficiency and Bureaucracy———————————————————————-8

Merits of Bureaucratic Perspective of Organizational Structure———————————-9

Conclusion—————————————————————————————————11

Reference—————————————————————————————————–12

Abstract:

The advent of industrial revolution and then intermarried with high rates of globalization and the undying desire for organizations to have more power led to development of various types of organizational cultures and structures. While the ideological perspectives of social scientists like Max Weber and McGregor among other important figures in the field of organizational behaviour immensely changed the way in which an organization was generally looked at, it has generally been assumed that effective functioning of the organization depends on its culture and also its structure. However, scholars have not put enough focus on studying the existing limitations of these structures and cultures. This is in spite of the rapid globalization and the general change in the global business environment. Therefore, the impact of organization design and structure have on the functioning of the organization have been assumed. However, researchers and managers must look deeper into the weaknesses as the organization design forms an important part of its existence. 

This paper aims to look at the limitations that accompany bureaucracy as a form of organizational design or structure and how the identified weaknesses relate to the success of the whole organization in achieving the desired goals and objectives in this period of globalization.  In order to do this, the paper assesses the existing body of literature which helps in coming up with an introductory summary of bureaucracy and later comes up with preliminary practical support derived from common perspectives held by the analyzed literature.

 

 

 

Overview of Bureaucracy

A bureaucracy can be described as a pyramid type of organization wherein the top most position is held by the person with the ultimate authority. As the levels descend so does the degree and gamut of authority associated with the positions till it reaches the rank and file of the bureaucracy. The main characteristic of a bureaucracy lies in the fact that each lower level of the organization is responsible to the upper level (Weber, 1946). That is though each level has authority of its own, that authority is enjoyed due to the permission of those in the position above them.

The bureaucracy is an organizational structure wherein a group of professionals functions under the umbrella of compartmentalized rules and regulations. Each official has a strict framework of rules to work with and under as also his authority is charted out and he cannot exceed his boundaries. The interpersonal relationships with his peers as well as his superiors and subordinates are all laid down and they form the foundation of his working. Thus, though he may enjoy authority, it is subject to the wishes of his boss and also if he falls from grace, there is every chance that he may lose his position and thus the power. In summary, the bureaucratic

It was the German sociologist, Maximilian Carl Emil “Max” Weber who first defined the distinctive features of bureaucracy and laid the path for others to further define and refine theories about bureaucracy. As per Weber, the uniqueness of a bureaucracy is due to the structure of authority in the organization as well as the ubiquity of division of labour which pinpoints exactly the function and job of each individual which are described in detail by the system that dictates the behaviour of the individuals in the organization.

 

 

Introduction

While change is inevitable in the business environment, it is one of the facets of organizational environment that pose great risk to any organizational structure and therefore every organization must struggle to align its culture with the prevailing paradigm shift so that it is not left behind. Because of the varied types of tasks and functions handled by different levels of the management, communication becomes a very important tool in making change a success and an integral part of the organizational culture. This is because every unit of the organization must know what change is to be adopted so that they all align themselves toward achieving the same objectives.

The Economist Intelligent Unit (2008) reports that businesses that have problems in dealing with people issues cannot successfully embrace change because communicating the desired change becomes very difficult hence restructuring is hindered (also Herod 2009). An environment of communication is therefore essential to ensure smooth transition during the adoption of the desired change. This forms a central part of various organizational designs where each design has its own way of dealing with issues that face it.

Characteristics and Limitations of Bureaucratic Organization

Power and Decision Making Process

The salient feature of a bureaucratic organization is probably the fact that it entails very strict decision making process where power is a very important part of the process of decision making. It is this centralized decision making process that gives a particular individual in the organization the utmost authority to influence events in the organizations. This aspect raises concerns of the ability of the bureaucratic setup to solve all problems that face the organization. With the modern aspect of globalization, many problems face the organization and therefore endowing one individual with the power to make decisions and offer solutions to problems, then it adds up to giving individuals who do not have relevant knowledge in certain fields to  provide solutions. This ultimately adds to political service as opposed to creating efficiency and effectiveness in the organization.

Internal Communication system

One of the major challenges brought by the advent of globalization is ensuring an effective and efficient communication system in the organization. An internal communication system is an essential item of the organization for guaranteeing a productive workforce through effective communication with the organization’s employees. This means that the success of the system goes beyond the relaying of information from supervisor to employee or employee to employee. Creativity must be carefully incorporated into the system while at the same time maintaining consistency and following through to ascertain effectiveness intended. It is obvious that a typical business organization will face various situations, desirable and undesirable. An effective communication program put in place gives a better avenue or platform to keep the employees informed of both situations as they occur.

Even though exciting developments in the organization may motivate the employees in one way or another, argue Smith and Mounter (2005), creativity is necessary when communicating the various situations so that nothing is put out of the actual measure. For instance, the managers might be tempted to exaggerate on the unachieved goals while under- representing the achieved ones. Employees will feel there is no honesty on the part of the management and may not give their full cooperation when it comes to achieving change in the organization. The essence of communication should lie in giving the employees more inspiration to achieve the desired organizational goals.

 

 

Change Management

A good strategy for implementing change in organization must be systematic involving careful evaluation of the organization’s present standing and its future. The first step in change is therefore finding out whether the organization needs that change. A change that is necessary is that which solves a known problem to the concerned organization. It implies that finding the source of a problem to an organization goes hand in hand with establishing whether change is desirable or not and it further means that there is recognition of the problem. Bureaucratic organizations do not give ample space to enable this kind of restructuring in shortest time (Lambert et al 2007)

Secondly, the management needs to decide on the change. This will entail identifying all the relevant obstacles that might impede achieving the desired change. The obstacles, of course, can only be identified after the management has attempted to determine the organization’s future state. The management will find it relevant and resourceful to model the future company in operation by deciding precisely what it will be like. By making such a model, the management can then easily identify impediments that need to be dealt with.

The third step would be implementation of change and at this point, the organization must decide the strategy to use in the implementation. The strategy could be top-down or bottom-up. If the organization decides to implement change through a top-down strategy, it is likely to benefit from the fact that this strategy is fastest at achieving change. However, given that the bottom-up strategy is more gradual, it serves better at eliminating any impediments identified at stage two.

After the change has successfully been implemented, it must be measured against the set yardstick for the level of success to be established (Cavanagh 1994). This is the last stage of managing change in the organization and it entails evaluating the change by comparing the achieved level with a given benchmark or yardstick.This important process of internal communication is challenged by a characteristic feature of a bureaucracy that produces isolated strata within the organization with each stratum tending to resist the pressure to conform to the demands of other parts of the organization.

Efficiency and Bureaucracy

Developing a strong and efficient bureaucracy depends upon the selection process for its members who have to be selected purely on their merit and capability and not because of any other factor (Herod & Wright 2002). Or as Putterman and Rueschemeyer (1992, page 245) explained the Chinese structure of an efficient and effective bureaucracy being dependent upon the selection of a team of dedicated and capable officials who had the interest of the State and its citizens at heart. Such officials align their own goals and interests to be in line with those of the State and hence there is no conflict of interest in their day to day working. Only those officials who have these capabilities inherent in them are to be selected as bureaucrats who will act justly even in the face of strong power and financial wielding cartels (Herod & Wright 2002).

This may not be an exceptional case and could apply to other countries also as Munck (2007) asserated. In Prussia also after the annihilation by Napoleon the entire economy and society was in doldrums and it took the expert team of officials to bring it to normalcy and then on the path to development (Tett 2009)). They were the utopian civil servants who devoted their career and life to serving the State and its citizens much like the modern day technocrats who are highly placed in the Western governments. These modern day servants of the state are very essential for the sustained economic and social development of a country (Gerth et al 1954). They are the epitome of commitment, dedication, integrity, competence, and selfless service to the citizens. All the State has to do is bestow adequate authority, responsibility on the officials so that their behaviour will attract respect, honour and also provide these officials with adequate financial security so that they do not fall prey to temptations.

Such a meritorious officialdom system was embraced by the Western countries nearly after two thousand years of Chinese existence (Fairbank and Reischauer 1979, p.69). The officials must be scrutinized for their integrity, honour, decency, and virtue and their loyalty to those in power must give way to patriotism and work ethics for the general good. It is only then that the economic and social growth will not be hindered by any power wielding group. Though due to globalization there may be incidents of imitation and influences exerting pressure for conformity, the efficient bureaucrat will not concede his principles or yield to temptation (Cox 1997).

There needs to be caution advised over the assigning of powers to the bureaucrats. As Smith and Mounter (2005) argued, if left to itself it will self reproduce like an amoeba and become so large that its usefulness may be put to question. It my however transpire that the bureaucrats serve those whom they had to supervise, the power-to-be using their political, business or financial clout to get the desired obedience from these bureaucrats (Biyanwila, 2006).

Merits of Bureaucratic Perspective of Organizational Structure

The bureaucracy can help to monitor the prices and establish stable prices so that the indigenous manufacturers do not get a raw deal. Maintaining price levels will also help to stabilise the economy and reduce the inequality between the different strata of society and also further the improvement in the standard of living (Tett 2009). Even though the doors might be opened for foreign investments and imports, the bureaucracy can apply some restrictions whereby the local businesses are not put at a disadvantage because if this happens the local economy will fall apart as there will be a severe adverse balance of trade. Therefore care has to be taken to safeguard the local businesses and this is possible only by a vigilant bureaucracy.

Also there should be clear and unambiguous rules and regulations imposed for the importers as well as exporters and there should not be any dual system by giving special concessions to some countries over others. This clear transparency will create confidence in the minds of foreign investors and will help to improve the economic and social life of the importing country (Herod & Wright 2002). Such impartial regulations can be formulated and applied by an efficient bureaucracy only. A democratic government would be most helpful for such a bureaucracy to function effectively. Though in authoritarian or dictatorship the bureaucracy would have no place to function so would the doors are closed for globalization. For productive globalization to exist it is essential that the economy be an open one and liberalization be prevalent otherwise the duties and taxes on imports would deter any foreign investors. The bureaucrat has to judiciously monitor these rules and regulations in such a manner that the investment keep on coming and the indigenous businesses also prosper.

Globalization as the grandeur in the term implies has resulted in the death of many a small businesses or even domestic industries in developing and under developed countries (Herod 2003). The foreign investors with their state of the art technology and strategic management philosophies earn such a high competitive advantage that the local businesses do not stand a chance of surviving in the face of such fierce competition as to quality as well as prices (Herod & Wright 2002). The bureaucracy has to help the local businessmen to be able to compete with these foreigners by providing them capital at liberal terms as well as access to knowledge and information about the latest in technology and machinery and allow import of these technology and machinery.

Conclusion

Having assessed the characteristics of a bureaucratic organization and put the characteristics in a perspective of the globalised business environment with rapid changes and transformation, it is evident that the most feature of globalization that poses a challenge to a bureaucratic organization is the need for quick decision making process with an emphasis on the ability to manage change. We also find that effective internal communication is needed if success is to be promised whenever an organization wishes to carry out any restructuring. Not only that; but even in the day-to-day activities, there must be effective communication going on.

 

Reference

Bakan (2004), The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power. London. Constable

Bauman, Z. (1998), Globalisation: The Human Consequences, Oxford, Polity Press.

Berman, M (1982). All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. London. Verso.

Biyanwila, J (2006), The Privatisation of Electricity in Australia. Unpublished.

Burawoy, M. 2003. For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of Antonio

Cavanagh B., (1994), Global Dreams. New York. Simon and Schuster.

Cox, K.R. (1997) Spaces of Globalisation: Reasserting the Power of the Local. New York: Guilford Press.

Cox, K.R. (1998), ‘Spaces of Dependence, spaces of engagement and the politics of scale, or:

Erikson, E., (1971). Identity, Youth and Crisis. London: Faber.

Fairbank, J K and Reischauer EO 1979. China: tradition and transformation. London: Allen & Unwin

Frank, (2002), One Market Under God:Extreme Capitalism, market populism and the end of economic democracy, London, Vintage Books.

Fromm, E. (1978). To Have or to Be? London. Abacus.

Fromm, E., (1947), Man for Himself: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Gerth, H., & Mills, C. Wright, (1954). Character and Social Structure, London: Routledge & Keegan Paul.

Gillan, Lambert (2006), ‘The Whitegoods industry’, Waring, Bray, Evolving Employment Relations. Industry Studies from Australia. Sydney. McGraw Hill.

Gouldner, (1954). Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, New York: Free Press.

Gramsci and Karl Polanyi. Politics and Society, 31(2): 193-261.

Harvey, D. (1989), The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford. Blackwell.

Harvey, D. (2000), Spaces of Hope, Edinburgh, EdinburghUniversity Press.

Held D, McGrew A, Goldblatt D, & Perraton J (1999) Global Transformations. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Herod A. (2009), Geographies of Globalization, Oxford, Blackwell.

Herod, A. (2003), ‘The Geographies of Labor Internationalism’, Social Science History, Vol. 27: 4, 501-23.

Herod, A., & Wright, M. W. (2002), Geographies of Power: Placing Scale, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing.

Klein N. (2001). No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs. London. Flamingo.

Lambert R., Webster, E., & Andries B. (2007), Grounding Globalisation: Labor in the Age of Insecurity. Oxford. Blackwell.

Leys C. (2001), Market Driven Politics: Neoliberal Democracy and the Public Interest. London. Verso.

Looking for local politics’, Political Geography, 17.1, 1-23.

Munck R., (2007). Globalisation and Contestation. London. Routledge.

Putterman, L and D Rueschemeyer (eds.) 1992. State and Market in Development:  Synergy or rivalry? London: Lynne Rienner Publishers

Robert O’Brien, Marc Williams (2004), Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics. Hampshire. Palgrave Macmillan.

Smith, L. & Mounter P. (2005) Effective internal communication – Routledge Books

Tett G. (2009), Fools Gold: How Unrestrained Greed Corrupted a Dream, London, Little Brown.

 

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Introduction

Bullying in school

            In essence, school bullying is a major problem that occurs in many schools. School bullying is said to be the bullying that occur mostly in school. It is well documented that, bullying is the abusive treatment that involves harassment. In this regard, bullying ranges from simple to more complex bullying. Bullying can be verbal, psychical or else emotional. Mostly it is repeated often. School bullying can also be perpetrated by the school system or else teachers. Researchers argue that, bullying is the most severe problem that cannot be sidelined (Poland 3). Psychiatrist outline that, school bullying is a relentless problem that affects the victim well-being in the aspect of emotionally, psychologically and a time psychically. It is therefore, important for the education system to be aware of the fact that, bullying have complex effects and for that reason; it requires to be addressed. In this regard, this paper seeks to discuss in detail; school bullying in Poland.

It is a well documented that, education system is compulsory until the age of eighteen years. Upon a compulsory education; the situation of school bullying has worsed with many students being the either the victim or the bully. In Poland, there are various types of school bullying. The nature of Poland school bullying includes physical, emotional and verbal bullying. Studies show that, physical bullying is outlined to be the unwanted physical contact between the victim and the bully (James 10). This is the most identifiable bullying. Physical bullying includes fighting, teasing, slapping, shoving, pushing, school pranks and headlocks. Emotional bullying is said to be the bullying that damages the victim emotional well-being. Examples include isolating a certain person out of the group, ignoring people for a purpose, gossip, provocation and hurtful body motions such as pointing. On the other hand, verbal bullying reefer to any argot statements that make the victim gratuitous emotional distress. These include commenting negatively on someone looks, body and clothes, use of tormenting and abusive words. Researchers argue that, bullying is sophisticated in Poland high schools (Conn 10). For that reason, it becomes more difficult when the bullying is physical. A time, bullying in Poland school occur when  a group of students isolate one student and tease him with strange behaviors meant to hurt. With this regard, it vital analyzing what attributes to school bullying.

In reality, the main intention of school bullying is said to hurt the individual from whom the violence is targeted.. First, many bullies when bullying other students usually desire for attention. Psychiatrist argue that, many children that fail to get emotional support at home try to get noticed in schools in a negative-way (Conn 15). By doing this, they attempt to become the centre of attention through humiliating others. Secondly, some children may bully others influenced by what they see at home. A time, many students repeat behaviors they witness at home. For instance, the students may have witnessed parents being bullies by the other and, they may be the victims of being bullied by the older siblings. The victim is influenced by life experiences thus, bullying others. A time, bullying is caused by a desire for control. In this regard, many people live in undesirable family situations and a time in abusive situations. With this regard, many may end up causing school bullying in an attempt of exerting control of their control. As a result, they end up manipulating others in threats and taunts due to desire for power.

In many cases, school bullying in Poland is caused by gang membership. A student living in a small town, can identify himself in a group of the gang and as a result, end up imitating gangs behaviors transferred to the school environment. Sociologists argue that, gang membership greatly attributes to school bullying because; people tend to imitate what they imitate from their fellow colleagues (James 20). In addition, school bullying is caused by media influence. Intrinsically, it is well known that, media plays a role in encouraging and praising violent behaviors. Taken out of environment, the troubled child or student may use this as an example of being aggressive to gain popularity from other peers. Other researches indicate that, some students’ personalities are naturally more aggressive, impulsive and dominating (Poland 25). Poland argues that, children that have Attention deficit hyperactive disorder have a likelihood of becoming bullies. However, this does not imply that, some people are born bullies instead; it is a learned behavior. Mostly, all bullies posses’ common attitudes and behaviors. For instance, they have contempt for the weak, fail to take responsibility for their actions and mostly, they are concern about themselves. In some cases, psychologists argue that, bullies tend to have low self-esteem although not proved.

It is estimated that, 20-40 % of the bullying victims in Poland report to having been bullied. A large percentage of victims do not report when they are bullied (Poland 20). This implies that, many suffer emotionally due to not speaking out the incidence. With this in mind, it is worth noting that, school bullying in Poland has both short and long-term effects. Although effects differ, they have one thing in common; they affect the well-being of both the victim and the bully.

Examples of short-term effects for bullying victims include extreme depression, low self-esteem, bed-wetting might occur to younger victims, sleeping problems, physical symptoms like upset stomach and headache, anxiety over going to school and drop in school performance. Short-term effects for bullies include higher risk for substances abuse, school dropouts and difficult in maintaining friendship. Another short-term effect may include both the victim being hurt physically particularly if bullying involved fighting. If the bullying continues for a long time, it may have severe effects. Long-term effects include chronic depression, self-destructive behaviors, and trauma disorders. In conjunction with this, long terms for the bully increase a likelihood of the perpetrator being committed to crime, chances of bullying a spouse and chances of engaging into illegal drugs.

The struggle of reducing school bullying has been a concern for the last decades in Poland. In facts, students, teachers, parents and the entire education system should make use of various strategies to prevent school bullying. It is a well documented that, bullying is more intimidating and effective. In this case, the victim is feeling of isolation and fear is intensified. For that reason, parents should often discover the signs of bullying before they become long-term effects. Researchers argue that, the most common strategies for reducing school bullying are to ensure that an adult is aware of what is happening to their children (Smith 10). This implies that, parents should hold their children accountability regarding school affairs. If the apparent recognizes some effects of bullying, he or she should report the case to the school administration. The parent should emphasize on caring behaviors so that the child may not end up becoming the victim of bullying. There should be effective communication in the school administration between teachers, students and parents. In Poland, it has been reported that, school box where students can report their concerns, problems and suggestions can effectively reduce school bullying. In this case, effective communication will be enhanced thus reducing chances of school bullying.

The issue of school bullying increasing rapidly in Poland, imposing the need for the school administration to emphasize on positive peer relation, teaching students on solving their differences that attributes to school bullying and offer a range of extracurricular activities that appeal to range of interests. As a result, many students will be equipped with suitable knowledge required in solving conflicts thus reducing school bullying cases.

Reports indicate that, until 2006, there was no information addressing the problem of aggression in schools and ways of counteracting them (Bruce 10). As a result, journalist intervened in addressing school bullying, which, for many years was sidelined. Journalists made use of campaigns that involved many schools demanding actions to be done concerning school bullying. Over 3,000 schools joined the campaign in Poland. In addition, the president of Poland participated in the campaign by addressing the need for addressing the problem by coming up with solutions that would assist in eradicating school bullying.

 

Conclusion

            School bullying in Poland has been a severe problem affecting many schools. As discussed in this paper, research indicates that, it is mostly caused by a desire for control, media influence among others. School bullying affects both victims and bullies emotionally, socially and a time psychically (Bruce 18). With this in mind, Poland education system has addressed the need for parents carrying their responsibility in child bearing and effective communication in schools. In this regard, this paper has analyzed school bullying in Poland.

Work cited

Bruce, John. Blue: The Family. California: Dorrance Publishing, 2010. Print

Conn, Kathleen. Bullying and harassment: a legal guide for educators. New York: ASCD             Publisher, 2004. Print

James, Richard. Crisis intervention strategies. New York: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print

Poland, Shirley. Hearing the Silent Cries. New York: Xulon Press, 2008. Print

Smith, Peter. The nature of school bullying: a cross-national perspective. London: Routledge,       1999. Print

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How and in what ways is architecture linked to politics, and what effect does this have on

architecture and on the architect.

            Architecture is a common word that is used to mean putting forward a skill through as guideline in giving explanation in constructions of the apartment. Architecture involves having the aspect of the construction that includes setting up, calculating the approximately cost and construction supervision. Secondly, the Architect is the person who does the service of Architecture in arranging, drawing and assessing the construction of the building in additional to construction on behalf of the use of human on the other hand politics is defined as an aspect that different people make decisions. Architecture is commonly acknowledged like political symbols and works of arts.

Architecture is all the time political in that whatever thing in it is political. This means that Architecture has responsibility in the economy and also in cultural object. Architecture depends on the basis of funding and power in selection of site; plan, financial plan and the expenses found in architecture that includes; painting, lettering and music. The economic factor generally have effect in that it limits the architecture break the rules and modernize power although they may happen to engrave areas designed for forthcoming social deed and this may have effect on the architect in that he or she may not be in a position to perform his duties well. Architecture invention progresses possibilities of foundation change that appear to be more political.

Buildings are distinguished immediately in how they are made. Through this perception concrete qualities and building arrangements are so important in architecture process. The aspect of art is therefore attached to communal context and times gone by. Building skills can express sense but their political responsibilities tend to function differently. The aspect of back up in equivalence and consecutive production highlights shelter as a social agenda or some of the architecture efforts that define its cost-effective and social responsibility. This was clearly shown when Le Corbusier stated in his statement that one can get rid of architecture and not for approved separation but for the responsibility of architecture to deal with the social problems. This was still a concern in Le Corbusier more than even a performance that even was seen in German that made the architecture production changed. When production is affected the architect work is also affected in that he or she will be limited to perform his work.

The negative response towards huge descriptions is clearly seen in communal buildings when homes are not organized and when sexual characteristics in inner design are done away with, contributes to the challenges seen in communal pattern. This was shown by different individuals such as Hannes Meyers who stated that unlock distant accommodations would contribute to persistent associations found in the free plan of democracy in his project of League nations. This contributed to the architects of the recent steps forward while not having a feature of freedom and having common tools that reflected in representing transformation in production. This plays a major role in Architecture political responsibility. On the other hand Postmodernism when it was in its first sense came out with parts that were found in causing social disappointment. The unsurpassed violence that was found in Nazi Germany and the raising up in global capitalism are all factors that demoralize the hopes and power of the architecture.

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Antidepressants are psychiatric medications that are used to alleviate mood disorders such as anxiety disorders, major depression and chronic mood disorder. Example of antidepressants drugs mostly prescribed by psychiatrists and physicians includes tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tetracyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many have argued that, antidepressant often causes adverse effects on those that are severely depressed to the point of attempting suicide (Briley, 1999). As a result, many have been warned on the use of antidepressants for it has been assumed to increase suicidal thoughts along with its behavior. This paper discusses that, antidepressants do not lead to suicide.

Among the individuals that disagreed on the fact that this medication do not lead to suicide were Goran Isacsson, Mulder, R, Louise Bradvik and Mats Berglund. Goran Isacsson was a senior physician for affective disorder in the department of psychiatry. Been a senior physician, he did a study that demonstrated that antidepressant treatment prevents suicide. He used detections method of different antidepressants within forensic screening of 14, 857 suicides where he compared with 26, 422 cases of other causes of death. The result showed that, many causes of suicidal were because of depression and not the use of antidepressants. Among those cases, 1539 suicides were controlled through the treatment (Briley, 1999).

For eleven years as a senior physician, he analyzed this treatment to have suicide control. However, the few cases were caused by overdose of drugs. In his research, he concluded that, antidepressants were the major cause of decrease of suicide that was demonstrated by his result. From his study, it was obvious that, this treatment tends to decrease the rate of suicides cases but in few cases if overdose can lead to suicide.

The other study he did was forensic toxicology of 16, 937 suicides in Sweden 1995-2005 that indicated that the use of antidepressants decrease suicides. Most of his evidence was consisted of studies that demonstrated decrease of suicide cases by use of this medication in different population. As he analyzed the causes of suicides in Sweden, a large number was caused by depression. From his argument, if these victims used antidepressants, the number could have reduced.

Roger Mulder was the second individual who in his study concluded that antidepressant treatment is associated with reduction of suicidal ideation and its attempts. His main objective was to measure the changes of suicidal behavior for depressed patients during the first six months of this treatment. Patients that made suicide attempts dropped from thirty-nine to twenty during treatment. In addition, suicidal ideation dropped from 47 % to 14 %.  Significant outcomes showed that, treatment of depression along with antidepressants is associated with reduction of suicidal cases. The results concluded that, suicide behaviors are most common in depressed patients and this medication was effective in reducing the disorder. This was because of the low rate of emergent suicidal cases that dropped instantly.

Other studies were made by Louise Bradvik and Mats Berglund on suicide in severe depression that was related to treatment, depressive characteristics and rate of antidepressant overdose. Louise Bradvik in her research assessed that, suicide is caused by severe depression and not the treatment used. Investigation of high cases of many attempting suicide were in large number among many clinics. With introduction of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, it prevented severe depression on suicide victims. From her argument, this treatment was best recommended on professional dealing with suicidal victims along with researches within the field of sociology. Its significant was due to the control it has on severe depression thus reducing suicidal attempts. This research was also supported by Mats Berglund who in his study evaluated ninety-six suicides with severe depression. Among the number, 57 had made suicide attempts and the occurrence of attempt was less common after using this treatment. Among depressed patients, mood disorder is most considered the reason why many depressed victims’ attempts suicide. Therefore, treatment of depression is assumed to reduce the rates of attempted together with completed suicide (Leonard, 2001).

The use of antidepressants was evaluated to be the suitable treatment to depression. This was proved by the fact that, 91 % of the patients met the criteria of been treated from depressive disorder with use of melancholia or else psychosis. The symptoms of elevated mood decreased from 80 % to 40 %, which in return reduced suicidal cases. Based on their arguments, mood disorder was the greatest cause of suicide in many victims. Therefore, antidepressant treatment been associated with suicide was not logic (Shader & Ciraulo, 2010).

From their researches, they assumed that increased treatment of depression might reduce the risk of suicidal attempts. They estimated 98 suicide victims that were admitted in Department of psychiatry, Lund University hospital from 1956 to 1969. When antidepressants were used, the number of patients decreased to 3 %. However, when the drugs are overdosed they concluded to have a major cause in suicide. From their knowledge, a possible relation between depressive symptoms with suicide in spit of antidepressant therapy was not fully investigated. This is been one of the reason why argue that this medication lead to suicide.

Madrona (2010) argues that, if one is suffering from major depression, antidepressant medication should be used under the guidance physician, which helps to relieve the symptoms such as suicidal attempts. The use of these drugs have been said to reduce short tem effects of suicidal cases. The impact of antidepressant in patients with suicidal behavior cannot be ignored. According to Leonard (2001), the use of this prescription enhances improvement of patients suffering from depression thus reduces suicidality when the victim use this medication.

Conclusion

In conclusion, as discussed in this paper, the use of antidepressants is vital in treating depression. Born in mind that, the treatment of depression reduces attempted rates and completed suicide, this medication is vital in reducing suicidal cases as discussed by Goran Isacsson, Mulder, R, Louise Bradvik and Mats Berglund. These individuals have shown the importance this medication has in reducing suicidal attempts.

For eleven years as a senior physician, Goran Isacsson in his research affirmed on how this treatment has suicide control. This was proved by the annual number of suicide cases that reduced because of this medication. Roger Mulder in his research explained that, suicide behaviors are most common in depressed patients and when this medication is applied it reduce this disorder. Other studies were made by Mats Berglund and Louise Bradvik on suicide in severe depression that was evaluated that depressive characteristics and rate of antidepressant overdose are the major causes of suicide. These individuals in their research supported that antidepressants do not lead to suicide.

 

References

Briley,M. (1999). Antidepressant Therapy at the Dawn of the Third Millennium. London: Taylor and Francis

Leonard, B.E. (2001). Antidepressants. New York: Birkhäuser

Madrona, L.W. (2010). Healing the Mind through the Power of Story: The Promise of Narrative Psychiatry. New York: Inner Traditions / Bear & Company

Shader, R.I.,& Ciraulo,D.A. (2010). Pharmacotherapy of Depression. New York: Springer

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