Category: Samples

            Crime Prevention Programs: The Criminal Justice System

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Crime prevention

            Crime prevention refers to mechanisms put in place by government to restrain any victimization or commission of crime by criminals. It is an initiative, which ensures that laws are enforced, and criminals are held responsibility in an effort to reducing crime and in maintaining criminal justice. Different countries observe different laws according to their criminal justice systems. For instance, United States justice system has the three component of crime prevention.

The first component of the crime prevention is the law enforcement agencies, geared with the responsibilities of gathering evidence and capturing the suspected criminals.  After the crime has been committed, a curfew is set where the perpetrators are lynched and captured and held accountable for their actions. The second component is the trial process (Kuttschreuter & Oene, 1998). During this phase, the judicial system in place tries the suspects in the court of law.  When proved guilty, offenders are sentenced to a certain period or another form of punishment is administered that equals the adversaries committed. The last component in criminal prevention is the correction agencies. At this phase, the convicted criminals are taken to various corrections agencies such as prisons, treatment centers, jails or any other places of confinements set and approved for such purposes. Most of the criminal justice systems, lock the convicts behind bars, they are restricted to movements and meeting other people. Such offenders that are put behind bar and subjected to harsh punishments have committed adverse crimes.  The criminals convicted for minor offenses are not subjected to harsh penalties and may be allowed to enjoy some freedoms like movements and such are taken to correctional centers and trained on becoming responsible members of society.

Various institutions set provide and ensure that crime prevention programs and practices are delivered in accordance with the law. Some of these includes; the jails, prisons, correctional centers, schools and family settings. For instance, criminal programs are used in schools in curbing escalation of or involvement of the students in the pro-social activities and in decreasing their probability or potential of involving in criminals. Furthermore, family level factors come into handy in assisting curb criminal groups through emphasize on good parenting styles. Communities also play a vital role in reducing the incidences of criminal activities. Communities can come together and institute appropriate measures aimed at stamping out those people with orthodox characters and with criminal characters. For example, cities such as Birmingham, and Bogota have recorded diminished cases of crimes due to adherence to youth social programs that were geared at preventing crimes. Therefore, it is apparent that with appropriate polices and laws in place, crime prevention programs can to a greater magnitude reduce the crime rates in cities and country as a whole (Metropolitan Police, n.d, para. 1)

Crime prevention programs are important since they are used in various ways. First, they deter other people from joining the criminal groups that victimize innocent people. The criminal justice systems has laws that  allow r convictions of any person suspected and proved to engage in criminal acts and therefore enforce laws by prescribing an appropriate kind of punishments as a deterrent for further crime commitment (Wilpen, & Richard, 2003). They are also used in creation, implementation and monitoring the national action plan which fights for prevention of violence.  The crime prevention assists in enactment of necessary legislation on criminal justice laws that foster unity and ensure that the criminal gangs do not perpetrate violence.  Furthermore, the crime prevention is also helpful in providing justice to the victims or the sufferers of the actions of the criminals.  Without such programs, people who are hurt, injured, or even victimized by the criminal groups would not be able to access justice. These programs strengthen the victims of violence by providing a voice or a platform for them to respond by giving their side of story against the victims (Wilpen & Richard, 2003). It is through such programs that the accusers get an opportunity to explain and give their side of story.  These prevention programs also ensure promotion and adherence to the international, laws, and treaties and other mechanisms geared at protecting the rights of people. The crime prevention ensures that both the rights of the criminals and the accusers are brought into limelight and respected. This is achieved through the pursuit of laws and observance of the rights of people under custody and the level of punishment that is supposed to be leveled against them.

It is therefore evident that the crime prevention programs are salient to the process of enforcing law and ensuring that criminals are stamped out from the society. However, the program cannot be successful without the input of the people and the society in collaborating and ensuring that criminal justice laws are instituted and well implemented. Even though the program has not yet gained full attention, it is paramount that the crime prevention programs enters into a cordial relationship with the criminal justice system to ensure that fair and justice prevails in the court of laws. The criminals brought into the courts need to have a fair trial and if convicted, their rights should be respected and therefore, the level of punishment accorded to each one of them should reciprocate the offenses committed.  The system should also perform to the expectation of the society to deter any other groups of youths from sprouting out and becoming criminal gangs. A case like that of Birmingham presents a practical initiative of how the crime prevention programs can be of great assistance in ensuring that crime is stamped out.

References

Kuttschreuter, M., & Oene, W. (1998).  Crime prevention and the attitude toward the       criminal justice system: The effects of a multimedia campaign . Journal of Criminal             Justice, 26(6), 441-452.
Metropolitan police. (n.d). Crime Prevention. Retrieved on 24^th October, 2011 from             http://www.met.police.uk/crimeprevention/

Wilpen, G., & Richard, H. (2003). Introduction to crime forecasting . International Journal           of Forecasting, 19(4), 551-555.

 

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Fluency Mini Lesson

‘Fluency Mini-Lessons’ written by Newmark Learning is good book on teaching the many features of fluency. This particular book is a helping tool for teachers to help their students to focus on fluency skills to improve their understanding.

On Monday is when I intend to begin my units laying a lot of emphasis on vocabulary words. This will be done in class and every student must get involved by reading the text in turns. Throughout the readings, there will be pauses to reflect on the author’s choice of words with an interest n the vocabulary.

Tuesday will be the day for word patterns looking at the reason as to why the words are used. Then in groups, let them discuss how the new words have been used and rewrite the passage using different words with the similar meaning (Sunshine Online’s Literacy, 2011). This is to make sure the students have understood the meaning and are capable of using the words correctly.

Wednesday we will be looking at reading fluently and self-correction as the students read the wrong vocubulary and corrects themselves. The reading partners will be given smaller American Revolution themed texts to read aloud to each other. In their groups, the partners will assist each other to identify the intricate words and correct each other’s mispronunciations.

Thursday will be on understanding the text by the whole class. The class will read the text together for the last time to have a common overview of the text contents. This session will involve mostly the teacher’s guidance and interpretation.

The last day, which is on Friday, is the most important day as it determines the results of the whole exercise and its effectiveness. This study will revisit all the areas covered throughout the week and the text of study too. A short assessment would be necessary to prove that the students are well equipped.

End of unit assessment: Fluency Mini Lesson? Read and give a short summary the book Fluency Mini Lesson by Newmark Learning.

Overview:

Applying the reading process as a method of comprehension is a factor to consider in the Fluency Mini Lesson. This is characterized by the perfect use of synonyms, antonyms, and multiple words. Understanding is revealed by retelling, summarizing or rephrasing in the main idea. By this, students are able to draw conclusion about a theme and hold their findings with textual evidence. Students demonstrate a certain level of understanding in a variety of different texts. Fluency Mini Lesson has enabled to draw the relationship between characters, character traits, settings and the plot. This mini study aims at helping the students breakdown any subject into simple units that can be easily understood. This helps students to recognize descriptive language and images. The teacher shows the importance of visualizing the text and how this skill enables one to have a better comprehension.

After a thorough revision with the teacher, the students will once again repeat the text to apply the new dishes. After reading, the students are tested on writing and understanding of the new words learned. This is done using cards that have pictures and the words with the meaning written in them (Johnson, 2011). Afterwards, they have an assessment at an individual level of comprehension. The features of this method as put by Newmark Learning include speed and spacing, which is how fast, or slow one’s reading skill is. Pausing involves using punctuation marks to understand and know when to stop or pause while reading. While reading, change of voice is an important skill to have in order to portray the meaning of a passage. The external body look through voice and facial expressions is yet a tool to show the meaning of a passage. The study is dealing with a subject from a raw perspective giving the student a clear visualization of the events therein. Giving simple sentences breaks down the subject to a level where any student can understand easily.

This skill is more of an auditorial skill than a writing skill. It has more to do with one reading aloud to him or herself than writing. To help the students to differentiate between complete sentences and fragmented ones is a helpful method in helping them understand the contents of the text (Teachers .net, 2011). This is easily done by reading the sentence and asking the students whether the sentence is fragmented or not. Drawing a sentence on the board and asking the students to restructure it can be very effective as well. This assures the teacher that the students are improving if they are able to perform such a task. The students also understand well when the massage is brief and precise. Highlighting the key word would be very helpful in capturing the main idea. Sentence building games have students adding to the sentence or changing the words but maintaining the content of the sentence. Giving clue words help students elaborate the events contained in the text. This are the main advantages involved in using these elaborative methods in teaching students with a surety they will understand each step of the text.

 

References

Johnson, A. (2011). Sentence Fluency Activities Mimnilessons. Retrieved from http://www.teacher2teacherhelp.com/six-trait-writing/sentence-fluency-activities-and-minilessons/

Sunshine Online’s Literacy. (2011). Guided Reading Lesson Plans. Retrieved from http://www.sunshinebooks.com.au/

Teachers net. (2011). Six Traits Writing Assessment. Retrieved from http://cyberspaces.net/6traits/index.html

 

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Rap music

The role of the media propagating America’s fears

The media institution is known to be the author of the stories that are disseminated and passed on to people hence making the society to be consumption oriented and mediated society (Well 23) Many things people know and care about is mainly based on the images, symbols, and narratives in televisions, film, radio, among other Medias. For instance, people tend to construct their social identities such as male, black, white or an Asian through the texts modified by the media. This leads to having a society that is increasingly segmented by the social constructions of gender and race.

Media is therefore the cause of what represents the social realities inclusive the perception of people in different types of music with rap music included. Generally, rap music has been represented in a negative way by mainstream media outlets thus influencing the perception of the people in the music. The way in which rap music has been represented illustrates an oppositional category that creates much fear in the moral fabric of the society as a whole unlike it is with other music genres, which have less negative coverage. For instance, media’s news reporting concerning the rap artists never leave out any past secrets, thus enhancing the negativity about the rap music and the artists.

Most newscasters focus more on the negative side of the rap music such as promotion of violence and sexism in rap lyrics hence propagating fear in the American society. This overrepresentation of negative information is mostly based on African American societies. The most important thing that lacks from the coverage is the recognition of the role played by the rap music, which is the political voice particularly for the African-American urban youths. This is because this group of people rarely gets an opportunity to express their views in mainstream media. Therefore, the prejudice reporting of activities associated to rap music and artists is particularly troubling because the mainstream media in a democratic post-industrial nation represents the collective conscious of the American nation.

According to Glassner (1999), rap has grown to become a cultural movement with basically fixed values that are assumingly based on a rebellious spirit, aggression, and materialism. It has been noted that the rap music’s content ranges from interesting songs that motivate individuals to dance to political information that incites violence against the establishment of the police force. However, further studies reveal that rap music has also tried to include positive information that leads to the promotion of self-enhancement and safer sex (Glassner 56). Unfortunately, the media continuous to selectively exclude news that are positive when reporting on rap music hence creating or propagating more fear among the Americans.

Research shows that rap music is not responsible for promoting negative representations of the African American youth culture. Nevertheless, the media especially the television and print media keeps on framing the news piece concerning the rap music in particular hip-hop culture in a crime discourse. According to research, the crime discourse is not new but it existed even before the beginning of the rap music to take the center stage in the spotlight. Media outlets such as newspapers among others assist in promoting a distorted view of crime through their frequents reporting on violent crimes disproportionately hence propagating fear in American society. In reality, there are a few number of violent crimes committed in the united states of America on a daily basis, but the distorted media representations worsens people’s perception.

It is noted that the typical violent criminal is influenced by the representations of the media. Thus, it is the young marginalized males who are normally the minority who are feared most by the public and considered the most dangerous criminals. To some extent, I agree with the idea that hip-hop culture or rap music is associated with the black cultures because it is difficult to demonstrate the recent history of without considering the culture of the African Americans. This is because they are noted to be the major influence of rap music within the country. This is proved through the artists of the rap music maintaining theirs roots as the production of the black culture as it functions on an international scale and appropriated by various cultures very easily.

The media has propagated fear through its association of African Americans with criminal behaviors. Media depiction acts in away that intensify this belief through the constant coverage of crimes involving blacks as the major perpetrators and victims of crime. This relation is enhanced even more when the artists of rap music are reported because a crime has been committed. The media coverage have the tendency to insinuate that fans for rap music and artists behave in a criminal manner even though the percentage of rap artists involved in criminal activities may just be a small percentage of the entire number of criminals.

The rap artists experience a good number of social and political issues such as employment issues, housing, and education among others. However, these issues are never part of the common discussions in media because of the general view that African Americans are perceived to be the problem especially in the American reducing moral values (Keyes 34). Therefore, with this kind of portrayal of the blacks, the rest of the country may develop fear or encounter moral panic because of the existence of the blacks in the country.

The increasing negative views of the minorities African Americans in particular the rap artists does not base only in the music and the reports of the media, rather they also lie in the reaction of ideas of the officials within the African American society.  This is because the effects of the rap music are most cases ignored in particular those lyrics that deal with gritty and other negative issues. For instance, parents or grown ups may choose reject rap music because they do not identify with the content of the music.

However, despite the fact that rap music contains both positive and negative influences on the generations, it continues to exist. These negatives views on rap music and the black communities by the media coverage’s propagate fear in the American community. Thus, this is a clear indication that the media plays a big role in creating fear in America through overrepresentation of some issues to the public. I agree with this because the media has the tendency of creating a moral panic to the public through their reporting in television, radios or other specific Medias.

In conclusion, the media coverage tends to distort the information by exaggerating their reporting concerning certain issues such as violence. Therefore, due to this kind of information, the public gets or develops a moral panic due to fear. Thus, despite the fact that rap music is known to promote violence and other crimes, to a small extent it also creates positive impacts. Therefore, the media should not take advantage of its negative sides to over represent it because it only enhances fear to the American society. The negative representation leads to having a society that is increasingly segmented by the social constructions of gender and race.

Works Cited

Glassner, Barry. The culture of fear: why Americans are afraid of the wrong things. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1999. Print.

Keyes, Cheryl. Rap music and street consciousness.Boston, MA: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Print.

Well, Alan. Mass media & society.New York, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. Print.

 

 

 

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Brief history of Atomic Theory

            The Atomic Theory states that all matter can be broken down into minute particles known as atoms. It further describes the atom as the minutest particle that can exist on its own and preserve the qualities of an element. This theory, though seeming simple when considered superficially, is very profound. It negates the notion that matter such as water would continue to have its usual properties, despite the minuteness of the quantity being observed (Lahav, 2008).

The different accounts of the atomic theory can be traced all the way back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Democritus is credited with its pioneering. This Fifth Century BC materialist philosopher stated that every form of matter is composed of lesser units that exist freely in an empty space. He was of the thought that these tiny units were indivisible and unchangeable and he went ahead to give them the name ‘atomos’. This Greek name means something that cannot be cut. Although his thought is challengeable currently as atoms are divisible and have much more smaller units, his underlying thought that matter is made up of tiny particles moving around in a void still remains the basic foundation of atomic physics.

Another philosopher, this time from India, also added profound knowledge on this idea. Kananda, a philosopher from India, during the Sixth Century BC also came up with his own atomic theory. He independently also came up with the theory that matter can be broken down into its constituent parts, “paramāṇus”, which he thought to be inseparable and perpetual. He advanced that these made up the water, earth and fire. However, he forwarded several theories on how these paramāṇus combine, but he believed that their interaction was solely governed by Ishvara, a Hindu god.

In the year 1800, John Dalton came up with the theory that all elements were made up of atoms. The atoms were identical irrespective of the element and they combined to form different compounds. He also forwarded that these atoms could be neither created nor destroyed. Today, this theory is however not accepted in its entirety, as atoms are sub-divisible into protons, neutrons and electrons (Click and learn, 2010).

 

References

Click and Learn. (2010). Atomic Theories. Retrieved from http://www.clickandlearn.org/gr9_sci/atoms/modelsoftheatom.html

Lahav, O. (2008). History of the atomic theory. Retrieved from http://chemistry.learnhub.com/lesson/3663-history-of-the-atomic-theory-i-ancient-times

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Construction Failure 

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DATE: October 19, 2011

SUBJECT: Construction Failure

Introduction

The field of Civil Engineering is the core of all human civilizations. It shows their superiority and advance. Egyptians, Romans, Greeks buildings and constructions are reaming evidences for their intelligence in the field of civil engineering. These magnificent civil engineering legacies went through many experiences of success and failures and gained collective knowledge. Thus, today’s engineers use several engineering legacies to construct magnificent buildings. However, with all the collective knowledge and the technology that current engineers have, failures still occur. Malfunctions occur due to design errors, type of site selection, and the structure of materials. In addition, these failures lead to loss of lives and property. Examples of countries that have experienced construction failures include Kuwait and United States of America. Although Kuwait is a developed country and the United States is one of the most advanced nations in the world, both experience construction failures. Therefore, it can occur to any nation despite the level of technology.

 

Definition of failure

There are many definitions for construction failure in engineering. Some of them are too general while others are specific. Feld & Carper (1997) states, “Failure is a catastrophic structural collapse”. However, this definition is not reliable because it just defines a few failures. In addition, it does not define specific factors in failures but only gives the overall definition of failure. Feld & Carper (1997) have given a specific definition with a more expressive approach that states, “Nonconformity with design expectation”. This definition is more specific and includes many aspects that help one to understand more about failures.

 

However, another definition of failure has been adopted by The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Feld &Carper (1997) state, “failure is an unacceptable difference between expected and observed performance”. This definition considers many important factors like the serviceability problems including roof leakages, extreme deformation, early corrosion of materials and insufficient internal environmental structure.

 

The last definition is the most specific definition as compared to the rest because it comprises more factors of failure, making it easy for one to comprehend. In addition, the relationship between expectation and performance included in this definition is useful and helps to explain many things in realistic and unrealistic perspective. Therefore, it is important to understand the definitions and causes of failure. In addition, failures play an important role in the engineering profession because the experience it gives enables them to learn and perform better in their occupation.

 

Causes of Construction failures

Several things may cause construction failures. Failures result from assumptions made by engineers on details that seem to be less important when in the real sense; they contribute to inaccurate planning of the project. These assumptions may cause incidents of failure and damage to the construction. As a result, the company suffers loss of money, people and property. Therefore, engineers and workers who do not consider perfection in all their project details, by checking for small mistakes will face a construction failure.

 

The first category that causes a construction failure is the design errors. The design of the construction is very important in the process of starting the construction, because if the engineer is undetermined in the design and does not care about the specific and small details, it may lead to construction failure. It is for this reason that engineers should take time to study every single detail in the design. For example in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, On May 31, 1889 most of Johnstown was destroyed by a three-story wall of water killing two thousand and two hundred of the inhabitants (Feld & Carper, 1997). This was the worst civil disaster ever experienced in the America. The tragedy was caused by a privately owned earth rock dam. This dam was designed by several construction companies, and every company inherited the project and they added new piece of construction work. This resulted to failures such as leakage and no effective discharge system. Consequentially, Feld & Carper (1997) states, “the water level could not be lowered to make repairs. The water capacity entering the dam was “285 m3/ min (10.000 ft3/min) and the spillway capacity was only 170 m3/min (6000 ft3/ min)”.

 

The water rose to the extent of overtopping the dam and the engineer who was in charge at that time informed the unleashed that a 12m (40-ft)-high wall of water was traveling at 25 km/h (15mi/h). Another example is in the capital city of Kuwait. The project was to construct a twelve-story building. The engineer in charge was not following the code of the load weight. Actually, the engineer constructed with concrete that could not hold the weight of the building, so the engineer’s design had an error. This caused a collapse in the whole construction and more than seventy-eight workers had passed away ). These two design failures caused huge lost in money and lives.

 

The second cause of construction failure is the site selection. The site selection is one of the most important things for engineers because the site may affect the project. Therefore, if the engineer did not choose the site very carefully, and fail to carry out accurate operations in geological surveying may lead to construction failure. For instance, Jaber Al Ahmad international stadium in Kuwait established in 2001 next to the capital city that contained several entries and exits of different high ways collapsed because of its poor location (http:www.news.gov.kw/). This stadium had a strategic and perfect location from economic and traffic perspective. However, the stadium’s underground site was not stable and due to the existence of underground wells, that was creating a cavity.

 

The stadium’s engineering team ignored the geological survey as they were choosing the location. After four years of work, they completed the project and they faced a problem. Geologists noticed the wells cavity after the stadium was established. They researched on the stadium’s capacity and realized that if a big number of audiences of twenty thousand or more occupied the stadium it might collapse. Hence, if the engineers failed to spot the error in the right time, it would have led to the biggest civil disaster in Kuwait. As a result, this expense of the project costs made the construction company to go bankrupt.

 

The third cause of construction failure is the quality of the structure of the materials. If the structure of the materials are poor and do not have good quality, it will lead to construction failure. For example, Mushrif Sewage treatment Plan in Kuwait had a big failure in the last two years that led to a big environmental disaster because the engineer who was responsible used a poor quality pipes that caused leakage (htt://www.news.gov.kw/a/31472). The construction company had to first find the source of leakage, and stop the Sewage from spreading to the residential areas and the sea. This process took a long time and the sewage affected some of landscapes. As a result, the present government has to bay for the re-construction of the sewage lines and contain the pollution.

 

Another example is the AshtabulaBridge in Ohio. During a winter snowstorm on December 29, 1876, AshtabulaBridge collapsed (Feld & Carper, 1997). The railroad bridge served for eleven years. Because of the collapse, eleven cars and a train locomotive filled sixty-five feet’s into Ashtabula creek (Feld & Carper, 1997). It caused over eighty deaths and because of a fatigue and brittle fracture at a flow in an iron casting (Fed & Carper, 1997). The AshtabulaBridge caused a deep canyon next to the LakeShore. The collapse effects were tragic to the extent of killing over eighty people.

 

The Ashtabula bridge construction was designed purposely to cut costs but it resulted to adding more expenses due to the effects of its destruction (Pinsdorf, 2004). An engineer who was driving the train on the bridge between the state of Pennsylvania and Chicago noticed that the train was going down and heard a threatening crack sound. He managed to survive as he was fighting for his life by gasping for air. The area experienced a heavy snow downpour and windstorms, which fell into the creek. As a result, there was tragic loss of property as eleven vehicles fell in the creek (Campbell, 2008). The train carried over one hundred people including the railway employee staff. The vehicles fell on top of one another and items such as lamps and stoves made them to blaze on fire. The fire later spread to where other people were located and burnt them to death. Fire rescue teams struggled in rescuing the victims but were not able to save a large number of the trapped population.

 

Preventing Construction Failures

In order to prevent construction failures, several steps should be taken. These include educating constructors on the errors that should be avoided. This education should be provided in learning institutions to enable students become competent constructors and engineers. Another helpful technique is learning from past mistakes. Those errors done in the past should act like a learning tool for constructors to avoid such mistakes in future. There should also be research carried out that will help in identifying appropriate ways of constructing without risking failure. After a construction design has been made, it is important to go through the design several times. These reviews should be done by the constructor, architect, engineer and any other relevant person.

 

Apart from the construction team being cautious of how they build, the relevant government authority should also go through the plan of the bridge and approve whether it has been designed properly. Some constructions will show signs of failure before collapsing. Constructions do not necessarily fail because they were designed or built poorly. The use of a bridge could contribute to failure. Lack of maintenance could be another reason for construction failure. It is therefore important to practice safety measures when operating within the construction. Any construction being put up must be built by qualified personnel. If the architects, engineers and the constructors are not qualified or knowledgeable enough, then the construction will likely fail. The government should ensure the operating personnel are licensed. It is important to insure the construction of failure or any loss that might have occurred. Although this is not a preventive measure, it is a vital precaution and it should be implemented.

 

Conclusion

Construction failure should be dealt with in due process especially by construction and engineering companies such as real estate or power industries. Assumption of details relating to this issue should not be tolerated because it leads to greater consequences for the parties involved. Construction companies should focus on analyzing details involving the quality of materials and the construction location to prevent future damages that would cause effects that are more adverse.

 

References

Campbell, B. C. (2008). Disasters, accidents, and crises in American history: A reference guide to the nation’s most catastrophic events. New York: Facts on File.

Feld, J., & Carper, K. L. (1997). Construction failure. New York: Wiley.

Pinsdorf, M. K. (2004). All crises are global: Managing to escape chaos. New York: FordhamUniversity Press.

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Lithium-ion Batteries, Hybrid Vehicles Technology

Dhameja, S. (2001). Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston, MA: Newnes.

This article is necessary because it illustrates some of the operational theories and design guidance for technicians dealing with developing efficient electrical vehicle power sources. The sources expand more on the importance of producing more vehicles with zero emissions because their demand is high. I may use this source in researching on the issues that may affect electric vehicle performance such as battery charging and discharging and battery temperature constraints.

Iqbal, H. (2010). Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals. New York, NY: CRC Press.

This source is important because it comprises of design fundamentals, component sizing, and systems’ interactions of alternative vehicles. Hence, it is vital in technology updates because of the significant information it provides concerning technological advances. I may therefore use it in finding more details in system level perspective of electric and hybrid vehicles.

Masaki, Y., & Brodd, A. (2009). Lithium-ion batteries: science and Technologies. New York, NY: Springer science business media, LLC.

This book is important to technology update report because it is a compilation of the current information that is related to Lithium-ion technology. It offers all-important aspects of lithium battery operations. I may use this source in carrying out the research especially in finding a comprehensive description of the state of art of the lithium system.

Science News. (2007). American Chemical Society (ACS): Toward Improving the Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071217110106.htm

This article is important to the technology update report because it illustrate the efforts launched by various scientists and manufacturers in order to enhance the safety of the rechargeable power packs that are found in large quantities of consumer electronics’ products. In addition, the article illustrates that it is rare to find fires and explosions involving lithium ion batteries happening anywhere. However, despite the large publications on the incidences, the consumers are still concerned hence being forced to carry out costly recalls of millions of batteries. Therefore, the article is vital since it provides the necessary information that is required to be used by the technology to overcome such issues. I think I may use this article in acquiring information that could help me in understanding clearly the reasons as to why lithium-ion batteries sometimes catch fire or even explode.

Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy. (April 8, 2011). Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy: Research into batteries will give electric cars the same range as gas cars, experts say. Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110406085630.htm

According to this article, lithium batteries are a significant opportunity for electric cars if the development of this technology succeeds. This is because in reality, the density of energy of lithium batteries would be high compared to that of petrol and diesel. Therefore, it is important in the technology up-to-date report because it provides the necessary information especially on the advantages of having electric cars. I might use this source especially in finding more about how electric cars will be able to provide similar range as gas cars.

Van, W., & Scrosati, B. (2002). Advances in lithium-ion batteries. New York, NY: Springer.

According to this source, there has been a great improvement in the process of development on almost all areas concerning chemistry and engineering of these systems. Therefore, this book is important to technology up date because it provides information concerning the direction being taken in advances of lithium ion batteries in the future. Thus, I may use the source in researching more on current advances on lithium-ion batteries.

Voelcker, J. (2004). Technology, IEEE Spectrum Magazine: Lithium Batteries for Hybrid Electric Cars. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic publishers.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/lithium-batteries-for-hybrid-cars

This source is important in the technology update report because it provides the necessary information concerning the lithium-ion batteries for hybrid cars. The article also demonstrates that everything depends on the pace of development of lithium-ion batteries. I might use this article in increasing the energy the batteries store and the speed in which they can discharge it.

Wakihara, M., & Yamamoto, O. (1998). Lithium-ion batteries: fundamentals and performance. Michigan, MA: Kodansha.

This article is important because it explains that rechargeable batteries with high energy density are in high demand as energy sources for different purposes such as zero emission electric vehicles. The source provides fundamental topics dealing with the characteristics of the lithium ion battery on the market. I may use this source in understanding the new challenges that are facing the further development of lithium ion batteries from both material science and technology.

 

References

Dhameja, S. (2001). Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston, MA: Newnes.

Iqbal, H. (2010). Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals. New York, NY: CRC Press.

Masaki, Y., & Brodd, A. (2009). Lithium-ion batteries: science and Technologies. New York, NY: Springer science business media, LLC.

Science News. (2007). American Chemical Society (ACS): Toward Improving the Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071217110106.htm

Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy. (April 8, 2011). Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy: Research into batteries will give electric cars the same range as gas cars, experts say. Science Daily.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110406085630.htm

Van, W., & Scrosati, B. (2002). Advances in lithium-ion batteries. New York, NY: Springer.

Voelcker, J. (2004). Technology, IEEE Spectrum Magazine: Lithium Batteries for Hybrid Electric Cars. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic publishers.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/advanced-cars/lithium-batteries-for-hybrid-cars

Wakihara, M., & Yamamoto, O. (1998). Lithium-ion batteries: fundamentals and performance.Michigan, MA: Kodansha.

 

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Constructivism and Educational Psychology

Introduction

Educational psychology is the process of how people acquire knowledge within an educational environment. It seeks to examine how scholars, especially those with disabilities or specially gifted grow and learn in that setting. Constructivism is a knowledge concept explaining that people acquire knowledge from the relationship between their thoughts and experiences. I am currently pursuing a Major in psychology because of my interest in learning about people’s behaviors. I chose the topic of Constructivism and Educational learning because it will inform me about students’ behaviors, in addition to how it influences their learning experiences within an educational setting. I decided to do my research by selecting five articles whose topics related to Constructivism and Educational psychology. However, it was challenging to find articles that were gave full details on the topic of study because most of them gave summaries. From the findings of this research, I learned that students have different conceptions on the various learning methods used in the education system.

The constructivism system of education restricts students in acquiring knowledge in a controlled environment. Information Technology currently plays a great role in the education systems of learning and its greater influenced might be experienced in the future. Autonomy support is a great motivating factor in the student’s performance. Peer learning encourages the value of student interactions in several educative experiences. The main points that enabled me a better comprehension of this topic included the influence of information technology in education systems, the concept of Constructivism, importance of autonomy support and advantages of peer learning. The research findings I got from the articles were of great assistance to my study because they provided concrete information that was based on real life case studies, which enabled me a better comprehension of the topic. The research has given me a different insight on Educational psychology and constructivism. For example, I was not aware that the topic had such a great influence in the education systems. The research topic has helped me in my study course of psychology because it has informed me of the connection between psychology and the education systems. Personally, the research has enabled me to knowing the value of teamwork and independence in motivating individual behavior. As I graduate from college and later work in an organization of my career choice, the research will help me to incorporate the values of teamwork as discussed in the methods of peer learning to be successful in life.

Annotated Bibliography

Sofie, M., Loyens, M, Rikers. P & Schmidt, G.H. (2009). Students’ conceptions of constructivist learning in different program years and different learning environments. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79 (3), 501-514.

The article points out on how different views have made learning theories to be brought to attention. It explains that the related ideas are recognized as important factors in determining the effectiveness of learning. However, the author argues that students can conflict in their different conceptions depending on the learning experiences. The article presents an investigation that was done to gather information on different conceptions of students in Constructivism education (Sofie et al, 2009). The experiment was going to determine if students with better experiences in education had different conceptions in Constructivism education than those students who were less experienced. In addition, it would also find the extent to which the conceptions of Constructivism were different in conservative lecturing environment to a problem-based educational environment. The students were divided into three categories depending on their college year. The researcher used a cross sectional strategy was used to evaluate students’ ideas of constructivist actions including knowledge structure, joint education, individual instruction, utilization of real problems, individual ability to gain knowledge and learning motivation. The investigation results were in form of questionnaires that were presented to the first year and second year students (Sofie et al, 2009). The students were found to have different conceptions in the area of knowledge development, individual instruction and the utilization of real problems but failed to show variation in joint knowledge and learning motivation (Sofie et al, 2009). However, a relationship effect was discovered in those students who had a perceived in themselves the inability to acquire knowledge. This article is helpful in that it enables us to know that beginning students are most likely to have variations in their concepts of learning. In addition, it informs us that the different conceptions of students can influence the educational environment. However, this article is limited in the fact that it does not explain the concept of Constructivism learning in a broad context.

Miranda, M. V. (June 06, 2009). Creating the Successful Community College Student: Using

Behaviorism to Foster Constructivism. Community College Enterprise, 15, (1), 21-38.

The article argues that the constructivism concept of learning is not the best method for teaching majority of students who attend community colleges (Miranda, 2009). The author states the reason being that the students have bad education experiences, poor academic record and self-worth and hence are unable to gain from the constructivism system of learning (Miranda, 2009). However, the author explains that a form of behavioral strategy that has been refuted by educationalists in Constructivism has helped those community students in improving their academic performance and social incorporation. The article proves this explanation by referring to a case study that describes the behavior of community college students in a classroom. After being in college for one and a half years, the students still found it difficult to maintain eye contact with their lecturers. However, this situation changed after they participated in a behavioral program known as Finding Your Classroom Voice. The students’ self-esteem improved remarkably and they answered several questions in every lesson. In addition, they benefited from their learning experiences and were confident that they would succeed in their academic achievement. The breakthrough was attributed to the efforts of the school administrators in including more staff and students to participate in the program. The article explains the main concept of constructivism as assuming that when individual learning is being constructed, students develop new acquaintance based on the former learning. However, this concept differentiates with the concept that defines the learning process as the inactive transmission of data from one person to another. This concept views reception as the main key of explanation as opposed to constructivism that uses construction (Miranda, 2009). The article explains that Constructivists view the development of new acquaintance arising from the student’s discovery of his own world. This knowledge finding is caused by the discovery, whereby the student reflects on that information and his decisive evaluation that determines his approval or denial. The educator’s duty is to control and guide the students learning procedures despite them being performed individually or in groups. The author explains that the educators in the constructivism system believe that making students experience a passive system of learning, whereby the educators are left with full responsibility in decision making has been a problem suffered in the United States education system. The article is very informative in that it explains the concept of the constructivism in the education system in great depth. However, it introduces us to the behaviorist concept of the education system but fails to give more details of its explanation.

Sang, G., Valcke, M., Braak, J., & Tondeur, J. (January 01, 2010). Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology. Computers and Education, 54 (1), 103-112.

The article emphasizes on how important it is for student educators to incorporate methods of information technology in the educating and learning procedures. The author argues that the number of teachers that take interest in using information technology strategies in their teaching and learning methods is low despite the improved access to the technological information and facilities. The article also describes the factors that cause educators to show small interest in incorporating the information technology methods. The article bases its research on a research study performed in China (Sang et al, 2010). The researchers carried out a study to find out how the use of Information Technology influenced the teachers in terms of gender, educating beliefs, individual teaching efficacy and attitudes. A survey was used and it involved several educators from four Chinese universities (Sang et al, 2010). The researchers found that the futuristic incorporation of information technology and teaching methods has a connection with educators’ factors apart from gender. Based on the results on one of the models used to conduct the survey, the futuristic incorporation of Information Technology methods depend on the educator’s opinion factors such as educating beliefs, educator self effectiveness, individual computer effectiveness and the computer mindset towards education. The article is useful as it informs us of how information technology will greatly influence the educating and learning systems in the future. However, the concept of learning systems using information technology has not been explained. In addition, the article has only looked at the concept only from the teacher’s side and failed to include the students.

Filak, V. F., & Sheldon, K. M. (October 01, 2008). Teacher support, student motivation, student need satisfaction, and college teacher course evaluations: Testing a sequential path model. Educational Psychology, 28 (6), 711-724.

The article explains that the concept of individual determination conceives that persons with contented necessary psychological requirements while participating in an action have a higher possibility of gaining from that activity (Filak & Sheldon, 2008). The author describes how researchers explain that autonomy-supportive societal framework the level of human need contentment. The article describes an experimental case study, whereby a four-stage course representation was used in a classroom environment. Information was collected from students during a mass communication class and the results divided into fourteen laboratory segments. The experiment included a survey that indicated how students felt about the subject, the teacher’s autonomy support and the students’ motivation to study the course and measure of contentment they experienced (Filak & Sheldon, 2008). The results showed that the teacher’s support on autonomy led to an increased motivation in students becoming determined and contentment in psychological needs. In addition, the students’ academic performed was highly improved. This article is useful in that it gives information on how autonomy support is significant in improving students’ academic performance by satisfying their psychological needs in an education setting. However, it does not give enough reasons as to why autonomy support is important but rather focuses only on its motivational factor. .

Topping, K. (January 01, 2005). Trends in Peer Learning. Educational Psychology, 25 (6), 631-645.

The article goes through the development of several types of peer learning. However, it focuses on only three types, which include tutoring, assessment and cooperative learning. It describes peer tutoring as the process of learning, whereby students learn by assisting and educating one another (Topping, 2005). The author defines peer assessment, as the process whereby students evaluate work that has been done by their fellow students. In addition, the article explains cooperative learning as a method used in a progressive educating strategy, whereby small groups of students depending on their different learning capabilities utilize several activities and procedures in bettering their comprehension of a particular subject (Topping, 2005). The article describes how the influence of peer learning has been expanded beyond the school curriculum through its applications in business organizations. The author describes how peer learning has been used in education systems that involve children with disabilities and adds how emotional and societal benefits have drawn as much attention as cognitive benefits (Topping, 2005). In addition, the article also explains how information technology is currently playing a significant role by being a major part in several aspects of peer learning. The article is highly informative in an aspect of educational psychology which is peer learning because it gives several basics to explain its concept. However, it does not explain the benefits and limitations of peer learning.

 

 

 

References

Filak, V. F., & Sheldon, K. M. (October 01, 2008). Teacher support, student motivation, student need satisfaction, and college teacher course evaluations: Testing a sequential path model. Educational Psychology, 28 (6), 711-724.

Miranda, M. V. (June 06, 2009). Creating the Successful Community College Student: Using

Behaviorism to Foster Constructivism. Community College Enterprise, 15 (1), 21-38.

Sang, G., Valcke, M., Braak, J., & Tondeur, J. (January 01, 2010). Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology. Computers and Education, 54 (1), 103-112.

Sofie, M, Loyens, M, Rikers. P & Schmidt, G.H. (2009). Students’ conceptions of constructivist learning in different program years and different learning environments. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79 (3) 501-514.

Topping, K. (January 01, 2005). Trends in Peer Learning. Educational Psychology, 25 (6), 631-645.

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Human Resource Development

My Job Experience as a Quality Control Technician

As a quality control technician, I am supposed to ensure that goods and the accorded production processes meet desired safety and quality standards as indicated by an organization. Quality control technicians are entitled with the responsibility of ensuring that manufacturing processes and functions are effectively and safely handled at all times. With this given job, I have learnt to be a responsible person in everything I do in order to create success generally in my life.

As a quality control technician, I have to ensure that productions personnel are well trained as well as identified organizational guidelines have to be well executed. Thus, incase of any failure I am supposed to ensure that the mistake is corrected to avoid the allocation of poor and unsafe products to the customers. Therefore, my job experience as a quality control technician has transformed me into a hardworking person, keen in following details, punctual and disciplined employee and a learner in all instances. This is because my job demands production of quality products that necessitates discipline and keenness towards ensuring that such standards are achieved. Following this, I have to employ various tests especially with regard to manufacturing tools and materials to achieve both time and resources efficacy.

In addition, globalization has necessitated socializing with different people owing to the nature of workplace diversity. This includes learning and interrelating with the various cultures within the workgroup for healthy associations and creating the cooperation required to achieve organizational goals and quality standards. This has enabled me to be a responsible, hardworking and a good time manager at all times in order to meet the company’s targets within the manufacturing needs. As a student, am always keen in listening to my instructors to acquire excellent knowledge for personal improvements at the end of the study.

Balancing Personal Accounts

According to Gitman (2010), a personal account is mainly used by individuals for documentation purposes with regard to various needs. Balancing personal accounts enhances good monetary management habits. I balance personal accounts every month because it enables me to verify my account records and ensure they align with records held by the bank as illustrated in a banking statement. In addition, balancing my personal account helps me identify any present banking errors in time so that they may be corrected before the set period, which is always about sixty days. For instance, I may have made a mathematical error in my checkbook register, therefore balancing my personal account frequently enables me outline the mistakes and inform the bank about it in time for correction purposes.

Balancing personal accounts helps in reconciling my checks and deposits. In other words, it helps me to determine any pending checks that may have not been cleared by the bank. To achieve this, I have to use a listing of cleared checks that are printed in a different section of my bank statement. I also have to ensure that each amount illustrated on my bank statement is well recorded in my check register inclusive of direct deposits (Gitman, 2010). Therefore, as I look through my deposits slips and paycheck stubs it acts as a verification tool since it ensures that all deposits are included in the bank statement. Thus, all the identified processes are enhanced and made easy due to frequent balancing of the accounts.

The most beneficial aspect of balancing my personal account is attributed to fees payments as it aids in maintaining tangible records of amounts transacted. This ensures that I have enough finances to cover my learning needs as well as compute any balances. Moreover, I also determine earned interests before recording them in my check register for confirmation purposes with the reflected book balance. Frequent balancing of personal accounts is therefore necessary for any individual willing to ensure healthy financial management.

 

Reference

Gitman, L. (2010). Personal Financial Planning. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

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Manatee Insanity and the Environment

The connection between human beings and the environment depends on people’s activities that may affect the environment in a negative or positive way. For example, activities performed by man could aid in polluting the environment. Various actions in economic growth including industrialization have polluted the environment occupied by the manatees through emission of poisonous chemicals and gases. In addition, since manatees are aquatic creatures, industries that over pump water from oceans decrease the water levels that are replaced with underground water bearing increased salt content. The concentrated water stimulates the growth of predator plants that wipe out other useful plants used by the manatees for food.

The manatee environment is negatively affected by human beings through various ways. For example, boaters who navigate water catchments on high-speed end up injuring and killing the manatees by running over them with the traveling vessels (Pittman, 2010). Surviving manatees are left with injuries on different parts of the body including deep cuts that may cause them to suffer further infections leading to severe internal injuries that eventually may lead to death. In addition, some boaters over speed to the extent that they brutally kill the manatees by cutting their body into two parts (Strutin, 2000). Although manatees have excellent listening capabilities than other aquatic mammals, the boats release a very low sound that confuses them to an extent that they become unaware of incoming water navigation vessels.

Another example of individuals that influence the manatee environment in a negative way is cast developers in real estate. In construction plans for building houses, developers destroy water catchments features including trees and other surrounding plants to create room for buildings. For example, a park in southwest Florida suffered the effects of real estate development including an interrupted flow of water, maximized pollution, a decrease in the number of wading creatures and plants. In fact, the habitation spaces for animals like panthers and wood stocks began to reduce in size (National Parks Conservation Association, 1998). The third type of people include property rights lawyers who oppose environmental groups. The advocate’s rights establish certain privileges that have influenced the value of the environment in a negative way since it encourages increased industrialization for economic development. Enhanced industrialization leads to water pollution due to the release of poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide from manufacturing processes. As a result, manatees die due to exposure of such gases to their breathing systems.

Louv holds that a hopeful future is only achievable for people who are able to find a balance between actuality and essential life concepts. This means that the quality of the natural environment in the future depends on how people choose to live and influence the environment presently. For example, if people continue to pollute the environment, they are likely to suffer consequences from negative environmental effects in the future. This relates to the cast development case that discusses how the destruction of environmental features or the purpose of constructing industrial projects could lead to adverse consequences in the future. Leopold viewpoint accords individual responsibilities towards maintaining environmental qualities and this can be related to the boaters’ influence; the life of the manatees as part of the environment depend on one’s responsibility not to over speed and run over the creatures. Boaters are liable for taking precautionary measures when using boats in order to ensure safety for aquatic life.

Dewey’s views explain that an experimental analysis allows people to acquire more control of their natural surrounding and find out required communal standards in terms of ecological safeguards. This point can be related to the advocate’s relationship with the environment whereby he has the ability to come up with certain standards that affect how the environment needs to be influenced by its surrounding. For example, in Florida, a Manatee Act illegalizes the harming and killing the creatures. The ways that people affect the environment are dependant on such a standard. I believe that the environment has continuously been degraded by people necessitating the institution of certain restrictions that people can adopt and live by in order to preserve the environment to make it suitable to live in. This fits in the universal view that standards define ways in which people influence an environment.

The Restoration of the Everglades is a continuing attempt that was formed to minimize the effects of the damage caused in the EvergladesPark. One of the attempts involves forming an act termed as the Forever Act, which intends to solve the political dilemma noted on the water resource. It was introduced By LawtonChiles with the purpose of cleansing the polluted water bodies in Everglades. The Act involved setting policies including assigning the responsibility of studying water purification to environmental organizations, enabling better water supplies, controlling several animal species for their protection and initiating tax collection programs. This fits within the suggested standards of preventing the environment from pollution regarding the discussion concerning the power of advocates to influence the environment in negative or positive ways through setting credible standards.

The EvergladesPark is a large location, occupied by pastures and water. The environment comprises of various plants and animals as well as limestone rocks. The location was adopted as a national park by United States authorities in an attempt to conserve its natural features that make up the ecosystem (Graf, 2004). In the early fifteenth century, EvergladesPark was used as a mining area by Spanish travelers exploring the region for gold. By the eighteenth century, many occupants including miners and agricultural farmers occupied the area bent towards pursuing different activities including industrialization and farming (Graf, 2004). As a result, in the nineteenth century, negative effects were largely witnessed in the given region because of lessening water levels.

However, a need to protect the environment was realized and therefore necessary measures towards protecting the land were instigated by Stoneman Douglas (Graf, 2004). An analysis of the Everglades reflects the world’s outlook on the environment, explaining the views that environmental contamination has greater consequences in the future with regard to climatic changes. For example, ecological degradation results to global warming whose effects include climatic changes such as drought that leads to both loss of lives and food. The connection is noted in that the welfare of living creatures in an environment depends on the responsibility of human beings to conserve the same.

The Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) is a top learning institution in the development of a higher learning institute that is environmentally sensitive in terms of preservation activities. The institute has several awards including Energy Preservation amongst others (FGCU, 2011). The university’s environment is conserved through following certain policies including the use of solar power as a replacement of electricity, efficient use of printing papers and recycling of metal wastes such as metal cans, plastics and glasswares. In addition, transport means are also environmental sensitive because several employees use bicycles and carpools in connecting home and work. Other forms of recycling include the mobile phone recycling, whereby phones are charged using solar power.

The FGCU campus construction contains storage machinery that contains ice that is used for physical plant processes and is known to be the most efficient approach in energy conservation within Florida. The equipment sends cold water through an underneath passage to minimize the temperatures of the institution’s buildings depending on the urgency of each structure (FGCU, 2011). The machinery produces ice during the night when electricity levels go down. As a result, this strategy leads to minimized expenses and saves the energy that would have otherwise been used by the generator to produce electricity to the state.

The construction and structuring system of the FGCU campus includes an erosion management project that encourages land conservation. This is achieved mainly in flood periods and in the occurrence of wind erosion. In addition, the project also prevents the sedimentation of the sewage system and other harmful waters from entering the school’s location (FGCU, 2011). The water management system within the campus preserves and protects itself by one and a half inches from hard surfaces flows instead of the usual desired distance of one inch. In the construction plan, the level of site interference involving groundwork is restricted as a way of protecting various kinds of vegetation that occupy building sites by re-establishing back their original setting (FGCU, 2011).

School’s properties, sites and construction equipment are fashioned depending on State and National policies that align to the Disabled Act (FGCU, 2011).  The construction plan of the campus also comprises of a circular spatial arrangement that gives enough room for packing spaces and area drives (FGCU, 2011). By analyzing the construction design of FGCU, it is evident that it reflects the worldview of incorporating strategies for the prevention of ecological degradation and conserving energy in terms of architectural requirements. Campus buildings and facilities have been constructed in a way that is environmentally sensitive. This is illustrated in the building’s functions towards preventing soil erosion and the exhaustive use of electricity amongst others (FGCU, 2011).

One of the subjects in the Marine and Ecological Science major that reveal the university’s worldview includes the Environmental Studies that focus on the study of the relationship and interaction between human beings and the environment. It trains campus students for future job opportunities that relate to solving global environmental problems. The subject enables students to learn from various experiences in theory, practical sessions and other innovative approaches instilled by the institution. As a result, learners are well prepared and equipped with skills for achieving desired goals in the environmental science career. The students are also able to apply various scientific processes acquired form the institute in the fashioning of the Metropolitan Environmental Policy (FGCU, 2011).

Environmental studies also focus on exploring environmental concerns from the financial, traditional and scientific perspectives. This subject reflects the worldview through training people on how to advocate on ecological wellbeing and being reliable representatives by creating awareness towards the importance of conserving natural wealth. The course also reflects the practical aspect of taking measures in environmental safeguards that the campus has been able to accomplish (FGCU, 2011). Another notable course is Marine Science that involves the study of aquatic organisms, their characteristics and relationship with the environment.

Marine Science combines past scientific principles and concentrates them in addressing problems noted in global oceans and other water bodies. Students are prepared and well equipped with skills for future careers in the environmental field. The subject also requires students to combine several science courses including Biology, Chemistry and Physics, amongst others. This reflects the worldview of the campus, whereby the study of Physics in Environmental Science can be related with the university’s buildings and facilities that have been built to save environmental resources by apply concepts evidenced in the given academic discipline. For example, the thermal station in the campus was built with ideas acquired from physical science towards conserving energy.

Another subject in the major is known as Bioengineering and it involves the study of scientific disciplines that focus on the organs of a living organism such as the tissues and cells. Its content is largely supported by other scientific units including Biology and Chemistry amongst others. Students are trained on how to apply different technologies to help in ecological safeguards. For example, Bioengineering trains students on technological methods of preventing soil erosion.  Some of those methods include biotechnical stabilization, which makes use of mechanical components that join biological components such as plants in the aversion of soil erosion and slope breakdown (Gray & Sotir, 1996).

In addition, technological methods are used to examine and develop the most appropriate erosion defense systems. In agricultural science, ideas are used to identify the appropriate types of plants to use in effectual handling of soil erosion. Comprehension and awareness are highly recommended for the two areas of science in order to enable actual accomplishment of soil protection within the land resource. This reflects on the University’s worldview of precautionary roles in land preservation actions. For example, the construction organization of FGCU is intended for controlling soil erosion by preventing storm water from washing away soil (FGCU, 2011).

Other subjects involve Community Health, which involves studying health elements and how they influence the community surrounding different geographical locations (FGCU, 2011). In Community Health, students are prepared for future opportunities in medical and health careers. Elements of health responsible for sustaining people’s health are outlined, relating to the university’s worldview that conserving the environment also has benefits in upholding human health. For example, inhabiting an environment with clean air and land settings prevents health vulnerability of people suffering from diseases such as cholera and dysentery.

References

FGCU. (2011). Environmental Health and Safety: Campus and Buildings. Retrieved from http://www.fgcu.edu/EHS/CampusBuildings.html. The site acts as a credible source by the fact that it has been compiled by the University’s staff comprising of plausible actors like the lecturers and other professionals.

Graf, M. (2004). Everglades National Park. Mankato, MN: Bridgestone Books.

Gray, D. H., & Sotir, R. B. (1996). Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slope stabilization: A practical guide for erosion control. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

National Parks Conservation Association (1998). Restoring the Everglades. National Parks, 72(3-4), 22-24.

Pittman, C. (2010). Manatee insanity: Inside the war over Florida’s most famous endangered species. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Ralston, S. (2009). Dewey and Leopold on the Limits of Environmental Justice. Philosophical Frontiers, 85(1), 85-107.

Strutin, M. (2000). Florida state parks: A complete recreation guide. Seattle, WA: Mountaineers Books.

Vaughn, J. (2011). Environmental politics: Domestic and global dimensions. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press

 

 

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Water Pollution Problems in Georgia

Water pollution has become a major global problem, notably considered among the leading causes of extensive diseases and deaths in many countries. Water pollution is defined as the contamination of water bodies occurring when impurities are released directly or indirectly into catchment areas before any form of treatment is achieved. This affects plants and organisms dwelling in water bodies negatively. Discharge of these pollutants does not only affect humans but also natural biological ecosystems in many regions. Georgia is one amongst many locations experiencing colossal problems of water pollution. Actually, illegal dumping or discharging of pollutants in water bodies from industries has contributed to immense health problems. Untreated human wastes, sludge, and toxic substances are common pollutants identified in most water bodies accruing from the various industries present in Georgia.

The major cause of water pollution in Georgia is toxic chemical substances from industries, notably nitrates. Nitrates largely support nitrifying bacterium in waste by-products and the organisms usually develop during the third phase or the last stage of the nitrate cycle. Despite Georgia’s beauty and diversity, its waterways have been threatened by the noted extraordinary development that has been experienced for about twenty years (Olli, Darracq and Destouni 47). Georgia comprises of fast developing counties that have led to enhanced industrial constructions and subsequently notable effects in the past two decades. Due to population increase, Georgia has rapidly expanded its construction of industries as well as commercial buildings in order to create room for the ever-increasing populace. However, this expansion has led to high costs in terms social consequences as evidenced in natural resources particularly water resources.

Nitrate substances are a major cause of water pollution and they comprise of dangerous toxic chemicals mainly released from manufacturing industries. Nitrate chemicals contaminate both surface and underground water. Even though the ground serves as an excellent mechanism for water filtration, the nitrate is dangerous because it dissolves into the ground in large amounts causing water pollution problems. Moreover, nitrate substances from agricultural industries do contaminate surface water. This is especially noted in instances when waste products from industries manufacturing agricultural substances release untreated waste substances into water bodies. Nitrates are usually infiltrated in the environment from fertilizers, sewages and human or animal waste products. However, research carried out indicates that fertilizers and untreated sewages contribute greatly to surface and underground water pollution as opposed to animal wastes. The nitrate substance is regarded as a dangerous chemical because toxicity results to the natural breakdown of nitrite from nitrate (Weinberger, David and Francis 138). This contributes to diseases such as methemoglobinemia or bluebaby, which threatens blood oxygen capacity in humans and animals.

The pollutant has become a global problem due to its adverse influences in habitat destruction. It pollutes surface and underground water bodies thus threatening life from basic levels. Upon its accumulation to high levels, it affects the health of various organisms. Additionally, such accumulations cause algae blooms that when ingested by marine fauna, plants and algae it threatens the continuity factor. Most rivers in Georgia have been ranked among the worst in contributing to water ailments and the death of aquatic life. This is because of the chemicals especially nitrates, which are discharged from industries thus rendering of the contents ineffective for domestic use. For instance, the Savannah River is one of the most polluted water bodies in Georgia, ranking among the top ten toxic rivers that have affected surface and underground water in the state. According to a 2010 investigation on water pollution, it was determined that Georgia has over fifty-two percent of polluted rivers that are presently unsuitable for fishing, swimming, navigation and drinking (Olli, Darracq and Destouni 52). Many industries continue to produce chemicals and thus end up exceeding the permitted pollution levels. Subsequently, nitrate is a major problem because of the increased loss of aquatic life as well as water ailments resulting to high mortality.

Various solutions can be used in the control or reduction of the nitrate issue. First, decreasing nitrate levels acts as one of the possible solutions in controlling the problem from persisting. Nowadays, scientists have provided different practical solutions in minimizing the present pollutant levels of nitrate substances within the environment. Although, the solutions have both societal and monetary costs, they are suitable in minimizing pollutants granted that people act responsibly. Additionally, nitrates can be reduced with use of mangrove plants through the eutrophication process. The control of nitrates also depends on aquarium care. This is achieved through diverse stages whereby a saltwater aquarium with a newly cyclic tank can be set up and maintained regularly. Mangrove plants are used with salt water systems in controlling the nitrates. Scientists also believe that mangrove plants act as a natural way of handling nitrate prevention in aquariums (Weinberger et al 148).

Another way of reducing nitrate concentrations is through the filtration setup method. The principle behind the use of natural filtration setups is that the nitrifying bacteria aid with overcoming the breakdown process. The three basic natural method of nitrate control is use of rocks or set up method known as Berlin system, the use of the sand method known as Plenum filter and combination of both rock and sand methods. Thus, good maintenance of the reef tank should be routinely completed for effectuality purposes. Ridding silicates from the filtration tank does not eliminate the brown algae problem. Thus, in order to keep the nitrate levels at a minimum level, presence of invertebrates within the reef tank should be utilized to lessen nitrates levels. Sometimes, it is advisable to change water from a tank using the method of instant nitrate reduction since it reduces nitrates at a faster rate thus infusing a fundamental solution to the problem control (Weinberger et al 141).

However, note that the above solutions negatively affect aquatic organisms because the eutrophication process may cause new species invasion. This process may cause a shift in the species composition within the ecosystems. When there is an increase of nutrients in an ecosystem, the primary producers acquire the initial benefits that contribute to decreased biodiversity. Under eutrophic conditions, dissolved oxygen levels reduce to hypoxic levels thus fish and other marine animals may suffocate or die. Additionally, use of saltwater aquarium contributes to growth of brown algae that is difficult to remove it. The same algae threaten the existence of marine living organisms due to lessened oxygen levels. Additionally, brown algae and silicates may be present in the reef tank as relayed through commercial sea salts or tap water thus constituting to the substrates present in the bottom of the tank. The substrates may eventually consume the silicates present in the tank leading to a reduction of brown algae, which may pose a threat to vital aquatic organisms. Thus, it is essential to treat the sewages and employ methods that can reduce nitrate concentration in water since they are hazardous substances to animals, plants and human beings.

Work Cited

Olli, G, A Darracq, and G Destouni. “Field Study of Phosphorous Transport and Retention in

Drainage Reaches.” Journal of Hydrology. 365 (2009): 46-55. Print.

Weinberger, Leon, David Stephan and Francis Middleton. “Solving Our Water

Problems: Water Renovation and Reuse.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 136 (1966): 133-154. Print.

 

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