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Denial of Service Attack

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Denial of Service Attack

A denial of service attack or DoS is a form of violation on one’s computer resources. The attack can target an individual’s single computer or a firm bearing many computers. The attack attempts to make all computer resources unavailable to their intended users. A DoS may be intentional or malicious in nature, reflecting different means and attack motives. An intentional attack involves a company or individual’s efforts to prevent a computer service or an internet site from functioning. Note that, this form of prevention may be effected partially or fully, depending on whether the attack has been applied on a permanent or temporary basis (Fu, Chun, & Jingchao, 2010). Targets for DoS attacks are mostly high-profile websites or web servers that hold sensitive information like, banks databases and root name savers among others.

Denial of service attacks have been evidenced in many forms with the most common noted as the saturation of target machines with communication requests that emerge externally. The requests either block the machine and make it non-responsive to normal traffic or make the machine too slow to be termed available to users. Generally, DoS attacks are implemented with the primary aim of coercing target machines into a reset state or in the consumption of excessive resources thus rendering the machine as unusable. From this relation therefore, two major types of attacks are noted namely flood and crash services.

There are three basic types of DoS targets. The first type consumes computation resources such as disk space, bandwidth, processor time or random access memory. The second targets the disruption of computer configuration information like software information. Additionally, it may also disrupt state information and physical network components (Fu, Chun, & Jingchao, 2010). The third type of attack obstructs communication channels, subsequently blocking communication. In some instances, the attack will release harmful software or malware to overwork the processor and prevent any work from being executed. The malware also triggers errors in computer resources micro codes preventing specific functions from being carried out. In extreme situations, the attacks will prevent the computer from booting up; this involves the maintenance of a locked state leading to an eventual crash the operating systems.

Vast attack methods have also been identified primarily attributed to dishonorable practices from computer and information technology specialists, who have formulated many DoS attacks. Ordinary methods include ICMP flood, low rate DoS attack, the SYN flood, peer-to-peer attacks, teardrop attack, application level attacks and distributed attacks amongst others (Fu, Chun, & Jingchao, 2010). The attacks are performed using a vast variety of programs. A significant problem is that the programs are formulated, constructed and manufactured specifically for the execution of DoS attacks. Approaches incorporated with double capabilities, known as Packet injectors, are able to perform various tasks and attacks in a synchronous manner.

There are various ways of preventing and responding to DoS attacks. The most common method is the installation of firewalls. Firewalls have inflexible commands that either allow or deny routes for IP addresses, ports or protocols. Therefore, when a computer engineer or specialist identifies a DoS attack that can be blocked, the address or identifier is run through the firewall by offering non-permissive instructions. However, DoS attacks that are presently being launched have become too complex for the firewalls (Luo, Edmond, & Rocky, 2009). For instance, if the attacks focus on the port 80 of a web service, the firewalls are unable to prevent the attacks because of their inability to distinguish DoS traffic from good traffic. Other methods of prevention and response include the installation of switches, routers, intrusion prevention systems, application front-end hardware, DoS defense systems and sink pipes.

References

Fu, Y., Chun, Z., & Jingchao, W. (2010). A research on Denial of Service attack in passive RFID system. Anti-Counterfeiting Security and Identification in Communication, 2010, 24-28.

Luo, X., Edmond, W. W. C., & Rocky, K. C. C. (2009). Detecting Pulsing Denial-of-Service Attacks with Nondeterministic Attack Intervals. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2009, 1-13.

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Nutritional

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Nutritional

What is epigenetics?

Epigenetics is the scientific study of genetic changes in gene appearance, which is caused by the alteration of the underlying DNA sequence (Nova science, 2007). Sometimes, the environmental factors, diets and lifestyles can alter the gene expression through influencing the epigenome to switch within the cells thus modifying the genes.

What is the epigenome?

Epigenome is a complete DNA cell structure containing two components including the covalent and non-covalent components. It is where the programming of gene appearance profiles depends upon. The epigenome consists of chemical components that change the genome in a way that directs it on what, where and when to do something. The mark, which is not a component of the DNA, can be passed from one cell to another or from one generation to another.

What tags onto genes to turn them on or off?

In the field of epigenome, researchers study the chemical tags on the genome controlling the gene activities. The genes turning on and off are the changes that occur in the DNA structure in a sequential order leading to disruptions of protein productions. The genes may lock in a specific part of DNA resulting to alterations of its shape in a way that makes the adjacent DNA section to be more or less accessible to polymerase enzymes.

How does this relate to the risk for chronic disease?

When genes switch on and off, they may pose a serious risk for chronic diseases because they are controlled by proteins and once the proteins are disrupted, abnormal proteins may result thus contributing to diseases such as cancer and brain tumor. The genes, which the body tissues do not need, are turned off by epigenetic mechanisms and those genes that the tissues need for continuation of gene expression are turned on. This contributes to gene transformation in the tissues resulting to cancer diseases.

What might be the role of nutrition in epigenetics?

Nutrition in epigenetics plays a vital role in preventing diseases and maintaining body health. The nutrients extracted from food penetrate into the metabolic pathways whereby it becomes modified and molded into small particles that the body can use. One metabolic pathway plays the role of making methyl groups vital for epigenetic tags, which silence the genes (The University of Utah, 2011). Through epigenetic mechanisms, nutrients modify physiologic and pathologic processes, which are critical for gene expression. The nutrients interact with genes, people’s lifestyles or other nutrients. The scientific experiment carried out in mice indicated the way the diet of the mother is vital in shaping the epigenome of her offspring. It is believed that earlier nutrition prevents disease development later in life. Thus, nutrition is essential because it protects the body tissues from gene expression thus reducing the diseases.

How important is an individual’s epigenome compared to his or her genome?

Individuals will have ready access to their own genome because the epigenome varies from one individual to another. Epigenomics is important in an individual because every human genome contains around 25,000 genes, which encode all proteins, as well as other molecules that make up an individual (Nova science, 2007). The epigenome is vital to the vast nucleotides collection because it provides instructions on when proteins are supposed to be produced and which tissue production is supposed to take place in an individual. Epigenomics helps in explaining the mechanisms through which the environment affects individual’s phenotype. Most epigenetic alteration occurs within the course of one individual thus DNA methylation is an essential gene regulator for normal development and cellular differentiation of the organisms.

Would you recommend it for the class? Why or why not?

In summary, I have learned that nutrition, lifestyles and environmental factors play a vital role in gene expression. Balance nutrition is essential because it protects the body cells from diseases that may attack the body. I would recommend it for the class because it is fundamental in helping the students to understand DNA structure as well as develop essential knowledge vital for improving their health.

Works Cited

Nova science. Epigenetics: Expert questions and answers. 11 January 2007. Web. 12 October

2011 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/jirtle-epigenetics.html>

Nova science. Epigenetics. 24 July 2007. Web. 12 October 2011

<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/epigenetics.html>

The University of Utah. Nutrition and the Epigenome. 2011. Web. 12 October 2011

<http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition>

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The experience of a single mother raising 2 or more children

The experience of a single mother raising 2 or more children

Statement purpose

The aim of my research is to examine the real experiences single mothers undergo in raising their children. Literature reveals that single mothers face a lot of challenges which has developed my curiosity to discover them from horse’s mouth.

Literature review

Single mothers encounter stressing events because of raising children on their own. More so, many people also believe that single mothers are stressed. This stress though does not seem to affect them in taking care of their children (Bronniman, 2011). Another research talks of stereotypes effects and their influence on single mothers’ perception. That society blames the single mother for several ills in the society. Conversely single mothers view post-secondary education as gateways to better life, for themselves and their children (Haleman, 2004)

Second issue identified is that single parent view their parenting as effective contrary to what majority thinks. Existing literature supports their satisfaction by refuting some of the claims that single mothers are worse parents. For instance, single mothers prefer single parenthood to seeing their children grow in a violent environment (Parron, 2008). In addition they consider their parenting methods effective. Ellwood and Jencks 2002, emphasis these negative believes in the society and reinforce single parenthood preference. According to them, Americans hold that it’s better to raise a family as two parents than one. However, they also note that in case of disagreements and where things turn violent, choosing to do it as a single parent can be a good idea.

Single mothers struggle to balance work and raising children is another issue that has come out. At times, a mother’s chances of developing her career are held back by family obligations. On the other hand, single mothers may miss some family movements because of work (Greenberg Quinlan Rosner, 2010). Other research indicates working mothers encounter challenges trying to strike a balance between the family and workplace. According to them these two have a reciprocating relationship. Work has to give in a little bit to accommodate family and the opposite is true (Robbins, & McFadden, 2003).

Discussion

Single mothers stress and its effect on childcare

Single mothers undergo stressful conditions as they struggle to financially support that family and at the same time play roles within the family that men spouses would play. Available information point’s that single mother’s stress affects their children.

Single mothers have enormous responsibilities rested on their shoulders. This ranges from bread weaning duties, housekeeping to actual care of their children. As a result women finding themselves in this problem of single parenthood, have to struggle with many problems. For example we have economic hardship. In most cases single mothers are employed in low wages jobs. To make the matter worse they are not able to work overtimes because they also have the responsibility of caring for their children. Other alternative to solve these problems like support from other parents through aids and government support comes with their conditions (Jencks & Ellwood, 2002). Even more worrying is the blames by the society placed on single mothers for social ills. They are blamed with destroying the American families, drug abuse and other misfortunes.

Stressors like the ones mentioned above affects single mothers who have to deal with more than one responsibility. In the same stance, a child is affected both indirect and directly, by mothers stressful condition. It has been noted that mothers with little satisfaction in their jobs do not enjoy their children much, have less control of their children and they do not come out as confident parents (Broniniman, 2011). Children reciprocate the lack of motherly love with loneliness, regression and other negative emotions. Comparative studies though have not shown that single mother quality of child care differs with that of married women.

As opposed to being beaten by these stressors and negative stereotypes that single mothers face in the society. A study on a number of them reveals determination to pursue dreams they hold for themselves and their children. Haleman (2004) study reveals how single mothers pushed by these stereotypes are determined to improve their life and the future of their children, by improving their education. Many people in the society believe that post-secondary education will help an individual to improve earning potential. On the other hand, major cause of economic hardship for single mothers’ economic hardship is lack of education. So what this research demonstrate with the cases of the 10 women pursuing higher education. Is that there is deliberate effort by single mother to improve their lives and come out of the dungeon the society has put them in.

Single mothers are better parents contrary to what the society believes

A second theme that has come out in relation to single mothers’ experiences is that a good number of them seem to prefer single parent family to incompatible relationships. Their decision to go it alone is made out of concerns for their children. In a nutshell there are positive reinforcements that make women to make the decision to raise their children as single mothers.

Previous researches have shown that children would be better raised on a home where there is minimum violence. In fact it has been suggested that it’s better to raise a child in a single parent family than in one where both are present but cannot accommodate each other. This has been verified by a study conducted on Filipino households which demonstrated that many parents opt for single parents to avoid raising their children in violent homes. As a result mothers prefer single families as opposed to living with a husband who does not deserve status of a father (Parron, 2008). In a single parent family, the child is inclined to enjoy more time of one parent and of course avoid growing up with memories of violent parent (Parron, 2008).

Second Reinforcement that has pushed mothers to a single parent family originates with a chronological development of the family unit. It is described to begin with changes from traditional extended family to like for a more nuclear family. Then even further where female spouse consider themselves as being single parent within a marriage institution. The rationale behind this mentality is that female spouses bear parental responsibilities in the family. For instance parent chores like taking children to school are carried out more by women (Naidoo, 1998).

Society places a huge burden to single mothers, whose children show deviant behaviours. We have looked at some of the things that push these women to single parents’ families. Consequently it would be unfair to fail to square out this blame and only seem to explain this deviance as an outcome of one parent effect. It has been documented that children are negatively affected by situations that co-occur with the development of a single-parent family. Examples given include conflicts between parents, economic disequilibrium with two parent family and instability in the place of residence (Net Industries, 2011).

Striking a balance between workplace and the family

In whichever angle you look at their lives, single mothers face strong competitive forces. Our first theme indicated stress as compelled by many public opinions, as one of the things that tear their hearts apart. This devastates their spirits and put them in awkward position. Single mothers have to peddle on in these murky and disturbed waters, for themselves, friends and children. Their lives must go on and they must do whatever they can to balance these forces tearing their lives apart. At the heart of these matter is even more powerful threat that cuts across the heart of the matter. This is the struggle to develop a career and at the same time attempting to maintain their parental roles.

To understand the gravity of single mothers challenges, it would be justifiably correct, to look at some of the forces that drives a single mothers spirit. As a start her economic status is a great incentive for her to fight to guarantee their children a dream of a better life. Single mothers’ life is in a precarious condition when compared to that of parents in traditional two parent family. This is justifiably so due to the many financial burdens that these mothers have to handle (Greenberg, 2010). In their work, Robbins and McFadden 2003 describe things that make single parents different from traditional families that have two parents. The former is said to have poverty or face decreased income, there is absence of a support system, time pressure is said to be raised and personal satisfaction lowered. Faced with these challenges mothers believes that it’s only by struggling that they can be able to guarantee a better future for their children.

Faced with this daunting challenge of guaranteeing their children a future and of course ensuring personal gratification, they have a strong value of their work. Majority of these mothers admit that it’s difficult for them to maintain equilibrium between family life and work. In spite of this these mothers claims that they would still go to their workplace even when the financial drive is missing. Comparative surveys between married women and single mothers indicate that the latter are more likely to be negatively affected either by work or family. For instance they would either miss family occasions because of their jobs or fail to develop their careers due to playing parental roles (Greenberg, 2010). The conflict between family life and workplace is said to be reciprocating, when it comes to single mother’s life. That is in some instances family life may place some demand on her work that must be accommodated by her career. Similarity work would do the same to family life (Robbins & McFadden, 2003).

In conclusion, what this study has discovered is that society puts a lot of pressure on single parents, with majority being mothers. There are many negative attitudes that single mothers are poor parents and many social ills today, can be linked to increased single parent families. Single mothers as a result exact great pressure on themselves to meet the demands of life. As a result they become stressed and this affects them and their children. However there is little connection if any to link their stress with quality parenting. Actually women are seen to be making deliberate effort to make their lives better if only to make their children have a better future. However there is a lot of imbalance in what single mothers control as compared to traditional two parents families. Single mothers’ struggling to lift their families from abyss of poverty, are thus often torn between their careers and their role as parents. These are the tenets with which I will set to discuss the indisputably intertwined experiences of the young single mothers.

Annotated Bibliography

Bronnimann, Salome. “The Stress of Single mothers and its Effect on Quality Child Care.” Research Journal Vol.7. (nd): (np). Web. Retrieved on 12October 2001.

In this report the author discuss the various causes of stress in single mothers. According to her background survey, single mothers experience stress due to their families’ financial needs and also having to provide their parental role alone. This research surveyed single mothers of two schools and employed six questions. The findings indicated that indeed mothers encounter stress, but unlike what is commonly believed, they still manage to offer quality care. More so other causes to child care were also noted in the research which means stress is not the only effect to childcare problems in single mothers’ families. This report literature review employs quality data sources. In addition other authors like Haleman state that the society puts a lot of pressure on single mothers. This therefore indicates single mothers experience stressful events. The author is a master student in Master’s college.

Parron Annie. Single Parents Parenting. nd. Web . retrieved on 14 October 2011.

In this article the author discusses some of the advantages of being single mothers. She points out to research that suggest that raising a child in a single parent household is better than bring up that child in a violent one. The author is a single parent and her work is an incite into the real life of a single mothers. Most of the work that exists indicates that single mothers have a difficult life. Like in the work of Bronimman we saw that stress due to financial problems makes a single mother life difficult for any mother to contemplate. This work therefore gives another view to this picture. Other literature like in Jencks and Ellwood also backs the decision to have a single parent family instead of raising children in a violent home.

Robbins, Lenore Rasmussen & McFadden, Joan R. “Single Mothers: The Impact of on Home and the Impact of Home on”, Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education, 21.1 (2003): 1-10. JSTOR. PDF file.

This report discusses the findings of a survey conducted to determine the level of satisfaction in working mothers due to the demands from both family and work. The prime desire for this research was to establish what stresses working single mothers and also to highlight factors that makes them satisfied both at home and in work. Research employed questionnaire method to acquire information form working single mothers. Analysis of findings indicates that among other factors working single mothers identify changes in their work as well as family as a major cause of their stress. Both authors are established professionals in this field. Lenore has a Phd and is an educator in University of Utah. McFadden on the other hand also has a Phd and is professor on family education in the University of Ball State.

Net Industries, Single-Parent Families – The Well-being of Children Raised in Single-parent Homes. Free Encyclopaedia, (2011). Web. Retrieved on 12 October 2011 from file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Desktop/single%20mothers/Single-Parent-Families-Well-Being-Children-Raised-In-Single-Parent-Homes.html

The author of this article discusses poverty in single mothers family as the main cause of behaviour difference as observed in children from the single mothers’ families compared to traditional two family households. Author also states that due to this poverty single mothers are unable to provide their children with quality education and indeed help them develop good behaviour. Other literature reviewed in this work indicates that indeed compared to traditional two parents families the single mother family economically is weaker. However, the idea that single mothers are not better parents has been contested by other literatures. Single mothers have been highlighted as determined to work hard either by improving their education or in their careers to ensure their children have better lives. This website covers topics on single mothers’ issues as discussed in other literatures.

Greenberg Quinlan Rosner. Single Parents in America. (2010). Web. PDF files. Retrieved on 12 October 2011.

Authors of this project report discussed experiences that single mother undergo in their life. According to the authors single mothers have many competing interest in their live that puts them on the tips of their toes. The authors also describe single mothers as very determined individuals who despite the pressure that these opposing interest puts on them, have a strong fighting spirit. Their fighting spirits is said to stem from a desire to guarantee a better life for their children. This premise is backed by Haleman’s experience with graduate single mothers. Some of the things that the author discusses as putting pressure on single mother are work and family. The authors used surveyed data from multiple researches conducted on American single mothers. In addition Greenberg is an organization that carries out research on single mothers.

Haleman, Diana L. “Great expectations: single mothers in higher education.” International journal of Qualitative studies in education, 17. 6 (2004): 769-784. JSTOR. PDF file.

In her work, the author follows ten women experience with higher education. Her background information resonates what has been highlighted in other literature that society has a bad perception about single mothers. For instance single mothers are blamed by society for destroying traditional families and also many social ills in the society. Her work suggests that due to these pressure single mothers develops some perceptions that make them act in certain ways. For instance she say that single mothers believes that by working hand in post secondary education they can improve their children life in the future. This determination espoused in this work has also been seen as a major drive for working single mothers in other literature. The author is a profession in the field of education.

Naidoo, Pravani. “The Experiences of Divorced Mothers as Single-Parents,” Psychology in Society (PINS) 23, (1998): 17-34. Web. Retrieved on 12 October 2011.

In this work, the author highlight a different reason for the increased spread of single parents’ families and especially those run by mothers. According to the author participants in his research indicates that this is as a result of what he calls a theme of transition and continuity. That is single mothers’ stems from marriages where they were the key parents and that what is taking place is just a continuation. For instance those single mothers who were in marriage for instance are used to doing things for their children with little input of their partners. The author belongs to department of psychology in university of Vista in Bloemfontein. This gives him a strong background for understanding human behaviour.

References

Bronnimann, Salome. “The Stress of Single mothers and its Effect on Quality Child Care.” Research Journal Vol.7. (nd): (np). Web. Retrieved on 12October 2001.

Ellwood, David T., & Jencks Christopher. The Spread of Single – Parent Families in the United States since 1960. Web. PDF file.

Greenberg Quinlan Rosner. Single Parents in America. (2010). Web. PDF files. Retrieved on 12 October 2011.

Haleman, Diana L. “Great expectations: single mothers in higher education.” International journal of Qualitative studies in education, 17. 6 (2004): 769-784. JSTOR. PDF file.

Naidoo, Pravani. “The Experiences of Divorced Mothers as Single-Parents,” Psychology in Society (PINS) 23, (1998): 17-34. Web. Retrieved on 12 October 2011.

Parron Annie. Single Parents Parenting. nd. Web . retrieved on 14 October 2011.

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Motivational Interviewing

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Motivational Interviewing

Motivational interviewing is a technique concerned with helping people change their lives and it is especially used by clinicians in helping addicts refrain from substance abuse. In this technique, the clinician does not impose directions for the client to follow but rather, seeks to get as much as possible from the client about what he or she would want to change concerning their lives. It is also based on collaborations between the client and therapist as both decide the best way to solve particular problems. It is also based on self-rule of a person rather than imposed authority by a clinician. This technique holds the rationales that communicating with clients makes them feel respected and persuade healthy discussions for behavior modification upon requests rather than commands (Sobell, & Sobell, 2008).

This approach can be quite helpful in outlining stages of change a person maybe in. There are generally four stages of change, ranging from the pre-contemplation stage where clients do not consider changing or thinking about it. The second stage is the contemplation stage where clients start considering changing. The third stage is the preparation phase where individuals realize they need to change and therefore prepare towards it using gradual approaches. The fourth stage is the action stage where clients start making progression and change. The fifth is maintenance where the client is helped in upholding the acquired healthy ways. Through asking evoking questions from the client concerning a given behavior, a clinician is able to identify what stage they are.

This approach is centered on the use of suggestive questions towards seeking what the clients think about changing. For instance, a clinician could ask, do want us to talk about your smoking? If the client is not willing, then one knows he is the pre-contemplation stage and does not consider changing. When they agree to talk about it, the clinician could then ask if they have done anything about it (Sobell, & Sobell, 2008). This would aid the clinician in knowing whether the client has considered changing or is contemplating. Further questions could ask the client what changes they want to make in their life.

There are five principles that help clinicians in the motivational interviewing approach. These are expressing empathy, avoiding argument, supporting self-efficacy, rolling with resistance and developing discrepancy (Bundy, 2004). Expressing empathy aims at creating complete perception of the clients and demonstrating active listening as well as understanding predicaments evidenced by the client. Avoiding arguments is another useful principle since creating opinions counter productivity when clinicians insist on changing some behaviors while the clients fail to approve of the same. Clinicians should support self-efficacy that making the clients to feel capable of making the change themselves. This further encourages the clients in making the changes without much resistance. Handling resistance should be done skillfully to ensure a client does not continue defying orders (Bundy, 2004). Developing discrepancy involves setting goals and presenting consequences of the current clients’ situations.

Bundy (2004) further cites eight steps required for the approach’s efficacy. The first concerns establishing a rapport with the client in order to create a healthy setting for the expression one’s ideas. The second is setting the agenda for the change program factoring the clients’ priorities. The third is assessing the readiness for change through asking questions. The fourth deals with sharpening focus after an identification of what the client requires and focusing on changing one thing at a time. The fifth step is identifying ambivalence, conflicting ideas or issues way that may need clarification towards preventing resistance. The sixth step is bringing forth motivational statements that seek to encourage the clients by rephrasing issues positively and reminding them of what could be the best results. The seventh step deals with handling resistance through reflection. The eighth step is shifting the program’s focus after a certain indicator has been achieved.

Behavior is determined by thoughts and beliefs that a person holds. Adjusting behavior then requires changing a person’s thoughts and beliefs by centering them on achieving set targets. This is the aim of motivational interviewing as it seeks to encourage clients to believe that change is possible. This encourages clients to strive for change with least resistance as opposed to imposed change where clients evidence the loss of autonomy. According to Drugnet (2011), motivational interviewing raises awareness in the first stage of change, helps an individual to better decision making in the second stage, and helps to enhance change during other change stages. With the inclusion of individual involvement in the process, a client is persuaded into moving gradually across the identified stages.

References

Bundy, C. (2004). Changing behavior: Using motivational interviewing techniques. J R Soc Med, 97 (44): 43–47.

Drugnet. (2011). Motivational Interviewing. Retrieved from http://drugnet.bizland.com/intervention/motivati.htm

Sobell, & Sobell. (2008). Motivational Interviewing Strategies and Techniques: Rationales and Examples. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/gsc/forms/mi_rationale_techniques.pdf

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Description of similarities and differences inherent in the dances

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Description of similarities and differences inherent in the dances

One similar strand characteristic of the three dances is opposite gender involvement where all instances have a man and woman dancing. In both the country-dance and Cuban salsa, the partners strive to dance in unison and harmony while connecting to a larger group of couples taking part in the same dance. However, in the CookIsland dance, the dance partners try to out do each other with little or no focus on the harmony and unison. All the dances especially the country-dance and CookIsland dance exhibit feelings of extreme happiness and a carnival atmosphere. There is an ardent element of vigor in the Cuban Salsa and the CookIsland dance where vigor is associated with skill while dancing. The Cuban Salsa takes it to a climax with varying foot moves and techniques consistently changing. In contrast, the Country-dance involves the participants dancing a predefined sequence. Of the three dances, the Cuban Salsa emerges as a sensual dance where the couple has to exhibit a higher level of oneness complimented by skill. Thus, the age group engaged in this type of social dance is likely to be young. Conversely, the country-dance is less vigorous thus encompassing participants that are more diverse.

Cultural themes and backgrounds represented by the dances

The Cuban salsa chiefly involves shifting one’s weight on a set number of beats usually eight. This is in tune with music characteristic of the Cuban culture namely the son and rumba. As evident in the dance, the leader is the male dancer who signals the female dancer using movements of the arms. In real sense, the Cuban culture places leadership roles on the male figures and depending on responsiveness to the leadership, the female either created a feeling of harmony or disharmony. The country-dance is more socially enhancing since the entire couples dance to a similar dance sequence. This can be traced to the historical instruments used in producing relevant music, the Shawm as well as sackbut. These instruments were loud and thus were used for outdoor festivities where everyone from the western village was involved. This meant incorporating as most people into the dance, thus a simple routine or sequence was developed and couples would dance to it. This manner of dance traditionally was characteristic of Christian communities explaining less public physical contact. On the other hand, the Cook Island dance is historically meant to bring out the difference between a woman’s harmony and a man’s erotic character. The woman is to display harmony by gracefully swaying the hips while feet are wholly on the ground or flat while the shoulders are held up and still. The man makes jerky movements with the body and knees knocking simultaneously with the beat. This dance is known as the hura and the songs have lyrics telling a story or tale with a moral teaching. This explains why one or few couples dance while the rest watch since the dance is meant to attract and retain the audience’s attention.

Men-women interaction in the dances

The Cuban Salsa has men lead the women while dancing to form the open or closed positions. The responsiveness of the women brings out the harmony of the couple especially if in tune with the man’s prompting. The interaction in this social dance is intimate where the woman “reads” the man’s next move and anticipates for fast and graceful response. Given this level of interaction, it is suited culturally suited for adults. The CookIsland’s hura has the man following the woman’s as if to compliment the graceful sways with the vigorous upper body and knee jerks. This places the woman as the center of the dance with her gracious sways. There is little or no physical contact thus the dance was cultural practiced from early childhood. The country-dance is not strictly an opposite gender interaction dance, the vital requirement is having a partner. Consequently, the interaction between man and woman is least sensual of the three dances in country-dance.

Work cited:

Country Dance Cotton Eyed Joe &BB Polka Draguignan, Youtube.com, November 2006.

Chris Wins Cook Islands Dance Contest, Youtube.com, September 2007.

Cuban Salsa Dance Styling, Youtube.com, December 2006.

(Teachers name), Social dance, Arts and architecture, October 6^th 2011.

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Same Sex Marriage: An Ethical, Moral and Legal Issues

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Same Sex Marriage: An Ethical, Moral and Legal Issues

Babst, G. A., Gill, E. R. & Pierceson, J. (2009). Moral argument, religion, and same-sex marriage: advancing the public good. Lexington, KY: Lexington Books.

The book deeply focuses on the moral and religious issues concerning same sex marriages. Most chapters in the book concentrate on the liberal democratic theory concerning gay marriages and that ways of dealing with the topic can be argued without incorporating moral and religious issues. Such terms as the constitution, public policies and democracy have been engaged in order to deliver a credible argument.

This book is essential to this topic because it analyses this topic using a philosophical approach. It does analyze it using common approaches such as religion, morality and normality, but rather uses the same foundations and incorporate them constitutionally.

Cantor, D. J., Cantor, E., Black J. C & Barrett, C. D. (2006). Same-sex marriage: the legal and psychological evolution in America. Middletown, CT: WesleyanUniversity Press.

This publication appraises decisions that have been made by the Supreme Court for the last forty years. It also addresses some theories that have been raised pertaining to homosexuality and how they are now reviewed scientifically rather than religiously or through personal opinions. The book also reviews gay families and the affected children’s outcome when they grow up. Additionally, reviews on same sex marriages have affected the law of adoption.

The book is significant to this study as it evaluates the history of homosexuality and sex marriages up to the present period. It also outlines other issues surrounding such marriages such as children and accorded to the same. It offers a holistic analysis on marriage as a whole.

Gallagher, M. & Baker J. K. (2006). Demand for Same-Sex Marriage: Evidence From The United States, Canada And Europe. Institute for Marriage and Public Policy, 3 (1), 1-12.

This article offers a statistical perspective of same sex marriages. It analyzes the demand for same sex marriages even after its legalization. The best example employed is Canada where many homosexuals choose not to marry even after same sex marriages were legalized. The statistics focus on countries such as Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia, amongst others.

The article is significant because it offers a statistical perspective on the topic. It overcomes the moral, legal and ethical issues and outlines trends occurring after same sex marriages have been legalized.

Mancoske, R. J. (2006). Legalizing Gay Marriage. Michael Mello. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 33(1), 257-259.

In this article, the writer appraises the views of Michael Mello concerning an analysis of social and political forces that influenced the Vermont Supreme Court when it made the ruling over the Baker v. State case. According to Mello, these same forces project social values, modernity and civil society views. When offering the decision, Mello feels that the court accorded what is known as a political compromise.

This article is significant as it focuses on a particular court decision that was influenced by the moral, ethical and legal issues surrounding the topic. It analyzes a case study and therefore offering a focused standpoint on the issue.

Newton, D. E. (2010). Same Sex Marriage: A Reference Handbook. Goleta, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC.

The publication tackles the history of the general social attitudes towards homosexuality in the United States and other nations. It also discusses the arguments, for and against, that have been offered concerning homosexuality. Additionally, a discussion dealing with the similarities and differences between the issue in the United States and other countries have been outlined.

This book is important because it offers a foundation for the topic. It gives the basic arguments that have been used since the argument’s inception. In addition, it offers a wide comparison on same sex marriages in the United States and other nations, and therefore high information.

Smith, M., (2005). The Politics of Same Sex Marriage in Canada and the United States. Journal of Political Science & Politics, 38(2), 225-228.

The article analyzes the moral, ethical and the legal issues concerning homosexuality mobilizations, movements, court cases, and political interests in Canada and the United States. The legal, moral and ethical issues of same sex marriages influence the discussions made in the House and politicians’ campaigns. The article also compares the experiences of same sex marriages in Canada and the United Sates.

This article is significant as it reflects how the legal, ethical and moral issues affect other fields such as the political practices. It also compares the Canadian and United States experiences thus elaborating whether the given problems are held with the same respect in other surrounding countries.

Volokh, E., (2008). Same Sex Marriage and Slippery Slopes. Hofstra Law Review, 33, 101- 147.

The article offers a strict on legal review on issues concerning the identified topic. It focuses on the slippery slope of homosexual associations and the issues to focus on when dealing with the given concept. Such issues include opposing an issue A on its own terms, since distinguishing issue A and issue B offers a given level of authority of doing the in future periods and the fact that proposals should be considered independently.

This article infuses within the topic a distinct legal concept that surrounds the topic. It allows the writer to be specific rather than general in terms of issue appraisal.